Quantum ELecTronics in silIcon Carbide (QELTIC)

Unbreakable codes, teleportation of information and ultra-fast computing will soon cease to be figments of science fiction literature thanks to the ongoing development of quantum technologies. Quantum mechanics is a branch of Physics that has allowed us to understand how nature works at the atomic and sub-atomic scales. This wealth of knowledge has already enabled successful modern technologies, such as smartphones, DVD players and MRI scanners. However, even more transformative quantum-based technologies are on the horizon and could lead to enhanced sensors, powerful quantum computers and un-hackable communication systems. These are considered imminent realities, so much so that governments and major ICT corporations are copiously investing to benefit from their future commercialisation.

Some quantum devices are currently at a stage of development where scientists and engineers are trying to determine in which shape or form they could be more efficiently commercialised. Whenever a new technology is being developed, a choice among possible implementations has to be made. For example, initial videocassette recording systems came simultaneously onto the market in two hardware formats (Betamax and VHS) from competitors Sony and JVC, before VHS eventually became dominant. Similarly, many materials are presently scrutinised to build the future quantum hardware. For instance, Google and IBM are investing in superconductors, while Intel and Hitachi have a prevalent focus on semiconductors, because they are already widely deployed in the microchip industry. Project QELTIC will investigate quantum effects in silicon carbide (SiC), a semiconductor made of silicon (the material used for most modern electronics) and carbon (the cornerstone element for life on Earth).

SiC is an extremely promising material because it hosts quantum effects that can be exploited to build a range of useful devices ranging from sensitive environmental sensors (temperature, radiation, magnetic field etc.) to secure communication devices and enhanced computing apparatuses. Crucially, SiC quantum technology could leverage existing industrial protocols and processes, as opposed to other materials that would require significant investments and additional infrastructure. The main hurdle to advance this technology is the realisation of nanometre size electronic components that allow one to deterministically engineer and control quantum effects. This is important because it would lay the foundation for scaling up to large integrated systems that can perform complex tasks, such as detection, computation and communication.

QELTIC aims to develop the underpinning technology to realise the first generation of quantum nano-devices in SiC. This research will cut through a diverse range of expertise by promoting a synthesis between quantum optics, quantum electronics and semiconductor device engineering. This will open a new direction in the field that has, until now, addressed these aspects separately. This project is one of discovery science with clear and realistic technological benefits. In order to enhance the commercial relevance of QELTIC's findings, the support of a diverse network of business partners has been secured. For example, ICT giants of the calibre of Hitachi and British Telecom will contribute towards the development of the technology and could act as early adopters. The National Physical Laboratory will support the project with provision of specialised laboratory equipment. The University of Strathclyde is ideally positioned to host this project, given advanced and expanding research activities in the quantum arena, its key role in the implementation of the National Quantum Technology Programme, and its strong ties with the nascent quantum-related industrial sector.

The societal impact of future quantum technologies cannot be overstated. The potential of powerful quantum computers and secure quantum communication networks is as unforeseeable today as rudimentary computers and small interconnected academic hubs were decades ago. In order to facilitate industrial scale development and adoption, project QELTIC seeks to realise the first generation of quantum electronics in silicon carbide (SiC). The focus on this semiconductor is deliberately aimed at maximising the impact on the development of scalable technologies. By combining the maturity of SiC manufacturing processes with the innovative potential of its quantum defects, QELTIC will provide a platform to scale up isolated demonstrations of quantum control to large integrated industry-friendly systems. Hence, there will be benefits for both the academic community and the nascent industrial ecosystem in quantum applications.

Besides quantum technologies, this project will impact the field of conventional electronics. In fact, due to its environmental resilience, SiC is widely used as the semiconductor of choice for operation in harsh environments, such as Space and Underground. QELTIC's results may become relevant for the development of smaller, lighter and more energy efficient integrated circuits than is currently possible for these applications. The interactions with the project's industrial partners will facilitate these commercial opportunities in the medium term, as well as the generation of intellectual property in the short term. As such, this project could widen the scope of UK's industrial R&D activities in the sector. For example, the establishment of a spin-off enterprise could result in the engagement of the national SiC manufacturing industry in Wales as part of the supply chain. Additionally, through the adoption of characterisation protocols developed jointly with the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), QELTIC will promote consistency and standardization in the use of SiC. This process will advise policymakers (e.g. the ISO standard body) for the harmonisation of the supply chain of new SiC-based products.

Planned interactions with corporate partners (e.g. review meetings and secondments) will also constitute the preferential route for knowledge transfer, directly promoting the enhancement of QELTIC's team members skills. For example, British Telecom will provide the team with training in commercial applications relevant to the telecom market. Furthermore, the PI will benefit from training in manufacturing techniques at Hitachi, and the PDRA will learn cryogenic experimental techniques at NPL. The PhD students involved in the project will benefit from exposure to the industrial world and will become much sought-after R&D recruits by the end of their studies. They will be part of NPL's Postgraduate Institute and will receive tailored training in industry-relevant measurement science. Further training opportunities will be available at the University of Strathclyde, including the Career Development Framework and the SPIRAL Programme. These activities will be instrumental for team members to develop a range of entrepreneurial, managerial and soft skills. QELTIC will thus contribute towards a supply of well-rounded and qualified people for scientific and technical careers.

Finally, concepts related to nanotechnology and quantum computing excite the imagination of school students and may motivate them to pursue scientific subjects in their curricula. This project, through dedicated public engagement activities supported by the excellent Outreach Programme at British Telecom, is well suited to inspire the young generations. In engaging with local schools, QELTIC will also promote a better gender balance in science and equality of access to higher education. To this end, Strathclyde students from minority groups or disadvantaged backgrounds will be invited to act as role models for school pupils.