Neutrino interactions, the Universe, and Everything
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Oxford
Department Name: Oxford Physics
Abstract
Neutrinos are the most abundant matter particle in the universe - around 100,000,000 pass through a person's thumbnail every second - but they very rarely interact with anything. This makes them difficult to study, and so neutrinos are one of the least-understood types of particle we know about. Despite this, neutrinos could be incredibly important to the makeup of our universe: some theories predict that differences in the physics of neutrinos and their antimatter equivalent, antineutrinos, could help explain why the universe is made of matter and not antimatter (or even why it exists at all). The big-picture aim of this project is to study the physics of neutrinos, and eventually to measure the differences between neutrinos and antineutrinos. We know about three "flavours" of neutrino (and antineutrino), named electron-, muon- and tau-neutrino, and we know that as a neutrino travels it can change flavour from one to another. This is understood theoretically through a process called "oscillation", and proving that it happens was one of the biggest discoveries of recent particle physics history, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2015.
This fellowship will allow me to further our understanding of the universe with DUNE (the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment), the future flagship neutrino oscillation experiment. DUNE aims to measure (and compare) the oscillation of neutrinos and antineutrinos with accuracy and precision that have never been achieved before. If we do see a difference, it could be one of the biggest particle physics discoveries of the century. Currently under construction, DUNE will use the world's most intense neutrino beam generated at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) in Illinois. We will measure the neutrinos using an extremely sensitive "near detector" (part of which will be designed in this project) situated at FNAL - near to where the neutrino beam is created - to ensure we understand the types and energies of the neutrinos we have produced before they oscillate. The neutrino beam will then travel 1300 km towards South Dakota, where the neutrinos will be measured again by four large liquid-argon detectors, to see how many have changed to another flavour.
One of the biggest challenges for DUNE's success will be understanding how neutrinos interact with argon nuclei. Because neutrinos are light, neutral particles they are impossible to see directly in particle detectors; we have to study them indirectly through the charged particles produced when a neutrino interacts with atoms inside the detector. A good understanding of how exactly neutrinos interact is therefore vital to answer deeper questions about the fundamental properties of these particles and how they might have impacted the evolution of our universe. DUNE uses a detector technology based on liquid argon; the way neutrinos interact with nuclei depends on the nucleus in question, in ways we don't fully understand, so studying interactions specifically with argon is crucial.
This award will allow me to pursue a coherent two-part strategy to understand neutrino interactions for DUNE: first, by directly measuring different types of neutrino interactions in the existing MicroBooNE experiment (also using liquid argon); and second, by designing a new gaseous-argon component for the near detector for DUNE. MicroBooNE is currently the only liquid-argon detector taking data in a neutrino beam, so we have the unique opportunity to make many "first-ever" measurements of these processes, with high statistics, using the same nucleus and detector technology as DUNE. This will be extremely important for improving our understanding of neutrino interactions before DUNE begins taking data; once it does, the gaseous-argon detector will allow us to measure the particles produced by neutrino interactions in unprecedented detail, ultimately enabling DUNE to make new discoveries that will forever change the way we understand the world around us.
This fellowship will allow me to further our understanding of the universe with DUNE (the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment), the future flagship neutrino oscillation experiment. DUNE aims to measure (and compare) the oscillation of neutrinos and antineutrinos with accuracy and precision that have never been achieved before. If we do see a difference, it could be one of the biggest particle physics discoveries of the century. Currently under construction, DUNE will use the world's most intense neutrino beam generated at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) in Illinois. We will measure the neutrinos using an extremely sensitive "near detector" (part of which will be designed in this project) situated at FNAL - near to where the neutrino beam is created - to ensure we understand the types and energies of the neutrinos we have produced before they oscillate. The neutrino beam will then travel 1300 km towards South Dakota, where the neutrinos will be measured again by four large liquid-argon detectors, to see how many have changed to another flavour.
One of the biggest challenges for DUNE's success will be understanding how neutrinos interact with argon nuclei. Because neutrinos are light, neutral particles they are impossible to see directly in particle detectors; we have to study them indirectly through the charged particles produced when a neutrino interacts with atoms inside the detector. A good understanding of how exactly neutrinos interact is therefore vital to answer deeper questions about the fundamental properties of these particles and how they might have impacted the evolution of our universe. DUNE uses a detector technology based on liquid argon; the way neutrinos interact with nuclei depends on the nucleus in question, in ways we don't fully understand, so studying interactions specifically with argon is crucial.
This award will allow me to pursue a coherent two-part strategy to understand neutrino interactions for DUNE: first, by directly measuring different types of neutrino interactions in the existing MicroBooNE experiment (also using liquid argon); and second, by designing a new gaseous-argon component for the near detector for DUNE. MicroBooNE is currently the only liquid-argon detector taking data in a neutrino beam, so we have the unique opportunity to make many "first-ever" measurements of these processes, with high statistics, using the same nucleus and detector technology as DUNE. This will be extremely important for improving our understanding of neutrino interactions before DUNE begins taking data; once it does, the gaseous-argon detector will allow us to measure the particles produced by neutrino interactions in unprecedented detail, ultimately enabling DUNE to make new discoveries that will forever change the way we understand the world around us.
Publications
Abe K
(2022)
Scintillator ageing of the T2K near detectors from 2010 to 2021
in Journal of Instrumentation
Abed Abud A
(2023)
Impact of cross-section uncertainties on supernova neutrino spectral parameter fitting in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
in Physical Review D
Abed Abud A
(2022)
Separation of track- and shower-like energy deposits in ProtoDUNE-SP using a convolutional neural network
in The European Physical Journal C
Abed Abud A
(2023)
Highly-parallelized simulation of a pixelated LArTPC on a GPU
in Journal of Instrumentation
Abi B
(2021)
Prospects for beyond the Standard Model physics searches at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment: DUNE Collaboration.
in The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields
Abi B
(2021)
Supernova neutrino burst detection with the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment DUNE Collaboration
in The European Physical Journal C
Abratenko P
(2022)
Search for an anomalous excess of inclusive charged-current ? e interactions in the MicroBooNE experiment using Wire-Cell reconstruction
in Physical Review D
Abratenko P
(2023)
Multidifferential cross section measurements of ? ยต -argon quasielasticlike reactions with the MicroBooNE detector
in Physical Review D
Abratenko P
(2022)
Differential cross section measurement of charged current ? e interactions without final-state pions in MicroBooNE
in Physical Review D
Abratenko P
(2022)
Novel approach for evaluating detector-related uncertainties in a LArTPC using MicroBooNE data
in The European Physical Journal C
Description | DUNE |
Organisation | Fermilab - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory |
Department | DUNE |
Country | United States |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | My team are working on development of the DUNE oscillation analysis and evaluating predicted oscillation sensitivities. I supervise two PhD students who are working on improved evaluations of the neutrino-argon interaction uncertainties, which are one of the most problematic forms of uncertainty for neutrino oscillation measurements. I am also employing two PDRAs on this grant, who are working on improving the software for DUNE's oscillation analyses and construction and operation of a prototype gaseous argon time projection chamber for DUNE's near detector. |
Collaborator Contribution | Access to collaboration simulations, tools, and software. Support from collaborators in the form of feedback during analysis working group meetings. Equipment and operations support for the prototype detector. |
Impact | A number of publications, scientific and public talks, and social media. This is not a multi-disciplinary collaboration, it is focused solely on particle physics. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | MicroBooNE |
Organisation | Fermilab - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory |
Department | MicroBooNE Experiment |
Country | United States |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | I am Physics Coordinator for the MicroBooNE collaboration. This is a senior management position, in which I oversee the physics programme of the collaboration. I also employ two PDRAs on this grant. One is data management convener for the experiment, and is developing a new measurement of a specific neutrino-argon interaction channel. The other is working on a new joint analysis of three neutrino-argon interaction channels. |
Collaborator Contribution | Membership of the MicroBooNE collaboration allows us access to their data set, simulated data, and collaboration reconstruction and analysis tools. It also gives access to collaborators who provide support and guidance to members of my group as analyses are developed. |
Impact | A significant number of publications, as well as engagement activities including scientific talks, public talks, and social media. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | T2K |
Organisation | T2K Collaboration |
Country | Global |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am supervising one PhD student (Tom Holvey) and one PDRA working on T2K. We are working on T2K's oscillation analyses - Tom has produced the main oscillation results for T2K in 2022, and Dan is working on the first ever joint beam+atmospheric oscillation analysis, which will combine data from T2K and Super-Kamiokande. |
Collaborator Contribution | The T2K collaboration provides support in the form of physics working groups (where members of my group present regularly and receive feedback on their work), as well as access to data sets, simulated data, and collaboration software. |
Impact | No outcomes so far (since I re-joined the T2K collaboration in 2023), but publications are being prepared and expected in the next few years. This is not a multi-disciplinary collaboration, it is focused purely on particle physics. |
Start Year | 2023 |
Description | ATOM Festival Stall |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Particle Physics stall at the ATOM festival in Abingdon Market Square. Talked mostly with children (but also a significant number of adults) about particle physics, particle accelerators, and particle detectors. Had a demonstration of a "salad bowl particle accelerator" powered by a Van de Graaf generator, so for younger students talked about static electricity and physics in general. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | DUNE talk - Rencontres du Vietnam 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presented recent results and sensitivity of the DUNE experiment at the Rencontres du Vietnam Neutrino conference, with around 60 international participants. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | http://vietnam.in2p3.fr/2022/neutrinos/overview.php |
Description | Even Bananas Season 2 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | With the support of the FLF award I have been able to write, record, and release more instalments of my popular YouTube video series "Even Bananas". The series is hosted on Fermilab's YouTube channel and has a wide international reach, with a very engaged community that often will continue discussions and ask more questions in the comments section. The statistics of each video supported by this award are (current as of 19/12/2022): - What are neutrinos good for? 40,373 views, ~2700 likes, 216 comments - How do particle accelerators make neutrinos? 46,251 views, ~3000 likes, 196 comments - How can neutrinos travel through solid matter? 65,708 views, ~4800 likes, 283 comments - Are neutrinos dark matter? 48,546 views, ~3000 likes, 429 comments - How fast do neutrinos travel? 55,814 views, ~4200 likes, 408 comments |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://youtu.be/-6iyyM5XRx4 |
Description | Lake Louise Keynote Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presented the keynote talk on neutrino physics at the Lake Louise Winter Institute in February 2022, a conference attended by around 80-100 participants. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://indico.cern.ch/event/1075471/ |
Description | MicroBooNE Social Media |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Run the MicroBooNE experiment social media accounts (twitter and facebook). Over 130,000 twitter impressions in 2022. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021,2022 |
URL | https://twitter.com/Microboone |
Description | MicroBooNE talk - Rencontres du Vietnam 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presented recent results from the MicroBooNE experiment at the Rencontres du Vietnam Neutrino conference, attended by around 60 international participants. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | http://vietnam.in2p3.fr/2022/neutrinos/overview.php |
Description | School Visit (Lincoln) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Gave a talk about my research on neutrino physics at a schools' event in Lincoln, attended by around 30 year 9 school students. The talked sparked questions and discussions about neutrino physics, particle physics, and studying physics at university. After the event one of the schools sent me a copy of a write-up by one of their students, which particularly mentioned that the students enjoyed my talk (and even remembered the name of one of the experiments I had discussed). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | School Visit (Oxford Day as an Undergraduate) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Lectured at the University of Oxford's "Primary School Day as an Undergraduate" on particle physics, with a lecture titled "Neutrinos: the Universe's Weirdest Particle" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Seminar - Oxford |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presented a seminar in the University of Oxford Particle Physics Seminar series: "Neutrino Interactions, the Universe, and Everything", December 2021 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Seminar - University of Birmingham |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presented a seminar in the University of Birmingham Particle Physics Seminar series: "MicroBooNE and the mystery of the Extra Neutrinos", June 2022 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | http://www.ep.ph.bham.ac.uk/general/seminars/slides/Kirsty-Duffy-2022.pdf |
Description | UK Annual Theory Meeting talk - Neutrino anomalies |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk "Neutrino Experimental Results and Anomalies" (plenary session, invited) at the UK Annual Theory Meeting in December 2021 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://conference.ippp.dur.ac.uk/event/1062/#32-neutrino-experimental-resul |
Description | Vietnam School of Neutrinos Lecture and student supervision |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presented a lecture on sterile neutrinos at the Vietnam School of Neutrinos, a two-week summer school in Vietnam attended by around 25 students, mostly from Vietnam and surrounding Asian countries. I also supervised a group of three students as they researched and put together a talk about neutrino oscillation phenomenology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.icisequynhon.com/vietnam-school-on-neutrinos-vson6/ |