Interpreting and targeting NERC-funded research outputs to inform and influence marine policy

Lead Research Organisation: Plymouth University
Department Name: Sch of Biological and Marine Sciences

Abstract

Knowledge exchange activities are often limited in funding, and the communication formats respected in the scientific community, such as peer-reviewed publications and scientific conference talks, are not appropriate to disseminate research to policy and decision makers. Policy makers and scientists communicate in their own jargon-centric languages, which leads to miscommunications and lack of understanding between the two groups. Consequently, scientific research may not be integrated in to the decision making process, with end users left either unaware of or not clearly understanding how science can support and inform management, adaptation and mitigation options. It is crucial that good scientific research supports the development of policy indicators and setting of environmental targets in order to successfully implement marine policy; the UK government could be held responsible for exceeding or not meeting these legally binding targets.

This project seeks to promote the use of CPR science, expertise and data to support UK, EU, and international decision-making while identifying new opportunities and policy-relevant applications for SAHFOS data and science. The fellowship will integrate science-policy expertise and CPR data into the UK and EU political processes through the involvement in national and international pelagic expert groups, including leadership of the implementation of the MSFD for pelagic habitats at the UK and OSPAR levels, and membership on key UK and international policy boards. CPR data and research will be transformed to targeted policy-relevant scientific advice for UK, EU and international policy and decision makers, with particular focus on under-disseminated NERC-funded CPR research. New end users of CPR research and data will be identified in order to cultivate new knowledge exchange links and applications. Policy advice gaps and future needs will be assessed in order to steer CPR research towards policy relevance. These steps towards the effective application and development of CPR science will result in better evidence to support marine management and conservation.

The applicant is experienced in engaging and communicating with UK, EU and international policy and decision makers, and drawing links between CPR research and policy needs and has a wide UK and EU science-policy network. However, her work is repeatedly constrained by funding limitations which have resulted in inefficiencies and boundaries to the effectiveness and reach of policy impact-generating activities. Many opportunities to create policy impact from CPR data are underfunded and revenue-earning contracts and projects are often necessarily prioritised. Although she is currently contributing to MSFD implementation and serving on evidence groups, the work is only partially and inconsistently funded and must be performed as limited resources allow. This KE Fellowship will remove the funding barrier to applying CPR science to policy implementation and facilitate the direct inclusion of CPR research and data into the UK and international policy process. The fellowship will enable the applicant to consistently and efficiently perform policy impact generating work in dedicated working time, and will allow her to better utilise her network of contacts to more effectively exploit CPR science. A key component will be the generation of policy impact for NERC-funded work which has never been disseminated - MSFD application of core contract microbial genetic research and international policy impact of the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS).

Publications

10 25 50

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Batten S (2018) Interannual variability in lower trophic levels on the Alaskan Shelf in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

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Batten S (2019) A Global Plankton Diversity Monitoring Program in Frontiers in Marine Science

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Dickey-Collas M (2017) Pelagic habitat: exploring the concept of good environmental status in ICES Journal of Marine Science

 
Description I've helped scientists work with policy makers to ensure evidence-based decision making.
Exploitation Route I have received another NERC fellowship to continue the work.
Sectors Environment

 
Description My work has been used to support decision making about the marine environment. Please see my NERC KE Fellowship reporting for more detail. 1. Summary of the impact (indicative maximum 100 words) Marine ecological systems are responding to human pressures such as climate change, fishing, and nutrient loading. Therefore, an ecosystem approach to marine management is required to manage and conserve marine biodiversity. Plankton are robust indicators of environmental change and can be used to support marine policies which inform conservation efforts for fish and seabirds and protect human health. McQuatters-Gollop led the development of new plankton indicators which contributed to the first ever regional marine biodiversity assessment in Europe. Her research influenced UK Fisheries policy and the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and resulted in policy changes within Europe. These indicators now inform the regional implementation of management measures for the achievement of Good Environmental Status in the North East Atlantic. 2. Underpinning research (indicative maximum 500 words). Pelagic habitats are found in the ocean water column and cover 90% of the world's seas. Plankton, microscopic algae and animals, are ubiquitous throughout pelagic habitats. Their short lifespans, close links to their environment and high diversity, mean that they can be used as robust indicators of environmental change. The development of scientifically robust indicators that can track changes in pelagic habitats is therefore a critical but novel field, which is evolving quickly to fill the needs of UK and EU policymakers. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is the first large-scale mechanism to holistically manage marine biodiversity through the setting of biodiversity indicators. These legally required plankton indicators can be monitored towards environmental targets representing Good Environmental Status (GES). In response to this, McQuatters-Gollop developed three plankton biodiversity indicators revealing important information about changes in plankton species composition, functioning, and production linked to wider changes in pelagic habitats [1, 2]. Though critical for marine management and policy, biodiversity indicators are only useful if they are both scientifically robust and fulfil policy objectives. These three plankton indicators were therefore co-developed with the UK (Defra) and OSPAR (the mechanism by which 15 Governments & the EU cooperate to protect the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic). This was the first time that the pelagic plankton community had been assessed at the North-East Atlantic and UK-wide scales and the assessments formed the foundation of the UK's 2020 Marine Strategy Assessment, and the 2017 OSPAR Intermediate Assessment, for pelagic habitat biodiversity and food webs. Such assessments depend on setting biodiversity targets. This is not straightforward, however, as often the links between human disturbances and plankton responses may not be clear due to environmental and climate change. In order to resolve this challenge, a clear articulation of GES for pelagic habitats was developed by McQuatters-Gollop and is now in use in UK and OSPAR MSFD assessments, providing the foundation for environmental target setting for the implementations of the MSFD and the UK Marine Strategy [3]. In addition to the operational role of pelagic indicators, McQuatters-Gollop showed that plankton indicators can also serve a surveillance role where information on plankton change can provide evidence critical for understanding of variations higher up in the food web (higher trophic levels) e.g. fish, seabirds, or seabed habitats [4]. Subsequently, McQuatters-Gollop investigated links between multiple trophic levels in the North Sea and demonstrated that change in plankton communities resonates upward through the food web, causing alterations to fish populations [5]. From a policy perspective, understanding of the role of plankton as surveillance indicators and the manifestation of links to higher trophic levels are required evidence to determine if UK and EU waters are in GES. These concepts addressed the key policy challenge of separating the drivers of change in higher trophic levels (birds, non-commercial fish) in MSFD assessments, underpinning the assessment of food webs in the UK and OSPAR areas. This evidence [1-5] provided information to policy makers about if and where to enact management measures such as sewage treatment and changes to farming practices. The results also showed that climate change, which is manageable by reducing carbon emissions, is driving the changes in plankton indicators [6]. This analysis was reported in the OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017 and the UK Marine Strategy assessment in 2020. 3. References to the research (indicative maximum of six references) [1] McQuatters-Gollop, A., Atkinson, A., Aubert, A., Bedford, J., Best, M., Bresnan, E., Cook, K., Devlin, M., Gowen, R., Johns, D.G., Machairopoulou, M., Mellor, A., Ostle, C., Scherer, C. and Tett, P., (2019). Plankton lifeforms as a biodiversity indicator for regional-scale assessment of pelagic habitats for policy Ecological Indicators, 101: 913-925. [2] Rombouts, I., Simon, N., Aubert, A., Cariou, T., Feunteun, E., Guérin, L., Hoebeke, M., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Rigaut-Jalabert, F. and Artigas, L.F., (2019). Changes in marine phytoplankton diversity: Assessment under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Ecological Indicators, 102: 265-277. [3] Dickey-Collas, M., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Bresnan, E., Kraberg, A.C., Manderson, J.P., Nash, R.D.M., Otto, S.A., Sell, A.F., Tweddle, J.F. and Trenkel, V.M., (2017). Pelagic habitat: exploring the concept of good environmental status. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74: 2333-2341. [4 Bedford, J., Johns, D., Greenstreet, S. and McQuatters-Gollop, A., (2018). Plankton as prevailing conditions: a surveillance role for plankton indicators within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Marine Policy 89:109-115. [5 Capuzzo, E., Lynam, C.P., Barry, J., Stephens, D., Forster, R.M., Greenwood, N., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Silva, T., Sonja M. van Leeuwen and Engelhard, G.H., (2017). A decline in primary production in the North Sea over 25 years, associated with reductions in zooplankton abundance and fish stock recruitment. Global Change Biology, 24: e352-e364. [6 Bedford, J., Ostle, C., Johns, D.G., Atkinson, A., Best, M., Bresnan, E., Machairopoulou, M., Graves, C.A., Devlin, M., Milligan, A., Pitois, S., Mellor, A., Tett, P. and McQuatters-Gollop, A., (2020). Lifeform indicators reveal large-scale shifts in plankton across the North-West European shelf. Global Change Biology. Grant: Abigail McQuatters-Gollop. Knowledge Exchange Fellowship: Interpreting and targeting NERC-funded research outputs to inform and influence marine policy. NERC. 2013-2017. £110,269. Grant: Abigail McQuatters-Gollop. Knowledge Exchange Fellowship: Plankton science for supporting the implementation of marine ecosystem-based management and conservation. NERC. 2018-2020. £70,000. Grant: Abigail McQuatters-Gollop. ICEGRAPH: Increasing Confidence in Evaluating GES for Regional Assessments of Pelagic Habitats. MMO/EMFF. 2019. £190,000. 4. Details of the impact (indicative maximum 750 words). At the base of the marine food web and closely linked to their immediate environment, plankton are increasingly needed as indicators to support marine policy, inform conservation efforts for higher trophic organisms such as fish and seabirds, and protect human health. McQuatters-Gollop's research has informed national and international policy through the novel use of plankton indicators to provide evidence for policy decision making. Europe has and continues to implement ecosystem-based management (EBM) of its seas. McQuatters-Gollop's research has resulted in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) being instrumental in delivering EBM and requiring European marine habitats and species to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) for their biodiversity and food webs which will protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend. Influencing policy to achieve GES McQuatters-Gollop's research has aided the articulation of a policy vision of GES under the MSFD for pelagic habitats, which is the foundation of the environmental target development for pelagic habitats. This novel work has led to the development and policy uptake of pelagic habitat biodiversity indicators in close collaboration with Defra (UK) and the OSPAR Commission. McQuatters-Gollop developed three new plankton biodiversity indicators which identified statistically significant changes in plankton communities throughout UK and North East (NE) Atlantic. As plankton communities change due to climate change or other direct anthropogenic pressures, composition of other marine food web components such as seabirds or commercial fish can be affected. The development and operationalisation of environmental indicators and targets using plankton data from the EU plankton community was critical for this work. These innovative biodiversity indicators, targets, and assessments were developed in close collaboration with international policy makers (13 EU Member States, Iceland, and Norway) through OSPAR's Pelagic Habitats Expert Group (chaired by McQuatters-Gollop since 2011) [1]. Emily Corcoran, Deputy Secretary, OSPAR Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic stated "[McQuatters-Gollop's] 'contribution to this process [was] valuable for achieving regional coherence in the implementation of the Directive through the provision of advice to OSPAR." [2] These indicators now inform the regional implementation of management measures for the achievement of GES in the North East Atlantic [3]. Assessing environmental targets for GES McQuatters-Gollop developed and led the first ever assessment of the status of the UK and OSPAR's pelagic habitats against environmental targets representing GES [4]. She chaired and represented the UK in the pelagic group of OSPAR COBAM and at the national (UK) level chairing (for Defra) the pelagic expert group in the Healthy and Biologically Diverse Seas Evidence Group (HBDSEG) which facilitated the delivery of eco-system based assessments and management of the UK's marine environment. This enabled the draft assessment to go out to public consultation in the UK in late 2019 and co-led the process for pelagic habitats with Defra [5]. This was pivotal in the development of marine conservation policy in the UK and ensured that the UK has the added benefit of a consistent approach across the two groups in the development of indicators and targets for pelagic habitats under the MSFD at both UK and EU levels for Defra. McQuatters-Gollop's leadership within the OSPAR MSFD processes allowed the UK to take a leading international role in the MSFD and enabled the development of scientifically robust targets which have enabled the first ever assessment of pelagic biodiversity for UK and NE Atlantic (OSPAR) waters. Her understanding, interpretation and ongoing contributions to these activities enabled the UK to take a leading role in the MSFD. Dominic Pattison, Defra stated that, 'Your advice has allowed us to progress development of robust indicators and targets which stand up to scrutiny and challenge and beyond this for use in consideration against wider UK marine policies' [6]. Impact on ecosystem approach and UK Fisheries Policy McQuatters-Gollop's research directly influenced recommendations on post-Brexit marine management, including the construction of the new UK Fisheries Policy. She was an advisor to MPs and Ministers on sustainability and on fisheries policy and facilitated the uptake of the ecosystem approach by contributing scientific expertise to the UK Fisheries Management POSTnote [7]. She also provided evidence as an expert witness for the House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee Sustainable Seas Inquiry [8] and the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs Committee Fisheries Bill Inquiry [9]. Dr Charlotte Marshall, Defra said 'Mc-Quatters-Gollop's research has made a significant contribution to the development of marine conservation policy in the UK.' [10] 5. Sources to corroborate the impact (indicative maximum of ten references) [1] UK MSFD Assessment for pelagic habitats biodiversity indicators https://moat.cefas.co.uk/biodiversity-food-webs-and-marine-protected-areas/pelagic-habitats/) [2] Corroborating letter from OSPAR (LoS Emily Corcoran OSPAR.pdf) [3] Marine Strategy Part 3 Programme of Measures [4] OSPAR 2017 Intermediate Assessment: I led the following sections: a) McQuatters-Gollop, A., Artigas, F., Aubert, A., Budria, A., Johansen, M., Ostle, C. and Rombouts, I., (2017). PH1/FW5: Changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. In: OSPAR (Editor), OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017. OSPAR, London, UK, pp. 2. https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/intermediate-assessment-2017/biodiversity-status/habitats/changes-phytoplankton-and-zooplankton-communities/ b) Aubert, A., Artigas, F., A., Budria, A., Johansen, M., Ostle, C., and Rombouts, I., and McQuatters-Gollop, A., (2017). PH2: Plankton biomass and/or abundance. In: OSPAR (Editor), OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017. OSPAR, London, UK, pp. 2. https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/intermediate-assessment-2017/biodiversity-status/habitats/plankton-biomass/ c) Rombouts, I., Budria, A., Aubert, A., Artigas, F., Johansen, M., Ostle, C., and McQuatters-Gollop, A., (2017). PH3: Changes in biodiversity index(s). In: OSPAR (Editor), OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017. OSPAR, London, UK, pp. 2. https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/intermediate-assessment-2017/biodiversity-status/habitats/pilot-assessment-changes-plankton/ [5] Draft UK monitoring options proposal and evaluation of evidence presented at HBDSEG March 2018 [6] Corroborating letter from Defra (LoS Dominic Pattinson Defra.pdf) [7] Program and materials from The Science of Managing UK Fisheries, Westminster, Feb 2018 b) UK Fisheries Management. POSTnote. POST-PN-0572, 2018. https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/POST-PN-0572 [8] Creagh, M., and the Environmental Audit Committee, (2019). Sustainable Seas. Fourteenth Report of Session 2017-19. Environmental Audit Committee, House of Commons, UK Parliament, London, 66 p. [9] Parish, N., and the Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs Committee, (2019). Beyond the Common Fisheries Policy: Scrutiny of the Fisheries Bill. Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs Committee, House of Commons, UK Parliament, London, 38 pp. [10] Defra testimonial
First Year Of Impact 2014
Sector Environment
Impact Types Societal,Policy & public services

 
Description Defra has found money for me to stay in policy for 6 months post fellowship
Amount £14,000 (GBP)
Organisation Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 09/2017 
End 03/2018
 
Description NERC: Knowledge Exchange Fellowship: Plankton science for supporting the implementation of marine ecosystem-based management and conservation
Amount £70,000 (GBP)
Funding ID NE/R002738/1 
Organisation Natural Environment Research Council 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 04/2018 
End 03/2019
 
Description Nea-Panacea - North East Atlantic project on biodiversity and eutrophication assessment integration and creation of effective measures
Amount € 1,000,000 (EUR)
Organisation European Commission 
Sector Public
Country European Union (EU)
Start 03/2021 
End 03/2026
 
Description EcaPRHa: "Addressing gaps in biodiversity indicator development for the OSPAR Region from data to ecosystem assessment: Applying an ecosystem approach to (sub) regional habitat assessments (EcApRHA)" 
Organisation Ecosystem Approach to (sub) Regional Habitat Assessment
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution I offered extensive advice and steer on policy deliverables and managed a post doc who carried out the science needed to support the policy. I also coordinated the pelagic habitats work package.
Collaborator Contribution The EcaPRHa team worked to deliver (a) improved habitat and food web indicators to contribute to the Intermediate Assessment in 2017. This OSPAR assessment will be a common regional report for relevant EU Member States to use in their national reporting on the state of the marine environment in their waters under the MSFD; (b) an Action Plan, recommending the steps to be taken by Contracting Parties to address the identified gaps and shortcomings to enable to achieve an ecosystem approach for (sub)regionally coherent habitat assessment.
Impact The pelagic team delivered 4 deliverables and significantly progressed MSFD indicator development. They supported me in delivering the OSPAR Intermediate Assessment for the MSFD (which is a key focus of my fellowship). Additionally, we delivered an action plan for use by OSPAR COBAM to direct them on how to progress MSFD implementation.
Start Year 2015
 
Description ICES WG BIODIV 
Organisation Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC)
Department ISIS Neutron and Muon Source
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution I've participated in the development of criteria for Good Environmental Status indicator quality and in work looking at conflicts between climate change and GES.
Collaborator Contribution The Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV) gathers experts from all areas of the marine benthic and pelagic food web components. The group aims to make biodiversity an integral part of ICES work, especially given the requirements of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). WGBIODIVs work can be linked to the work of other ecology expert groups (e.g. BEWG, WGFE, WGZE etc.), survey groups (e.g. WGBEAM, IBTSWG), and some assessment and advisory groups (e.g. WGECO, WGEF).
Impact ICES, 2014. Second Interim Report of the Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV). ICES, Copenhagen, Denmark, p. 44. Greenstreet, S.P.R., Rombouts, I., Raicevich, S., Lynam, C.P., Bos, O.G., Probst, W.N., Schratzberger, M., Nilsson, H., Ojaveer, H., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Dickey-Collas, M., Hagebro, C., Reid, D.G., (submitted). Implementing ecosystem based marine management at a regional seas scale: identifying optimum "state" indicators. ICES Journal of Marine Science, submitted.
Start Year 2013
 
Description NEA PANACEA 
Organisation European Commission
Country European Union (EU) 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Leadership of the pelagic habitats component of the project, including leading this for the OSPAR 2023 Quality Status Report.
Collaborator Contribution Leadership of the benthic habitats component of the project, including leading this for the OSPAR 2023 Quality Status Report.
Impact Leadership of the pelagic habitats component of the project, including leading this for the OSPAR 2023 Quality Status Report.
Start Year 2021
 
Description Shimoda Marine Research Centre 
Organisation University of Tsukuba
Department Shimoda Marine Research Centre
Country Japan 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution I have contributed by KE expertise, for example, working with Japanese researchers to translate their science into policy language. I will also be attending a workshop on ocean acidification and policy in Shimoda. The workshop will be attended by Chinese, Malaysian and Japanese researchers.
Collaborator Contribution My host, Prof Kazuo Inaba, will contribute bench fees and access to his research team. These will enable me to work with the scientists to understand the Japanese science-policy dynamic and work on a collaborative project about translating their research into policy language.
Impact A funded research fellowship from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (approximately £3000) for me to visit Shimoda for three weeks.
Start Year 2016
 
Description Interviews with the media 
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact I have recently been interviewed by the Times about Brexit ( I was traveling so never saw the interview, unfortunately). I was also interviewed by Plymouth Uni promotions and featured in Connect magazine. Thirdly, I was featured in the Uni's showcase book about the extraordinary work the faculty does.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
URL https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/news/connect/spring16/abigail-mcquatters-gollop
 
Description Sci-policy conference talks 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact I have given 12 talks in the past year to policy influencers, policy makers, practioners, members of the public, and scientists.

Invited presentation: "From evidence to policy: developing biodiversity indicators for the MSFD", PML Invited Speakers Seminar Series, Plymouth, UK, 2016.
Invited presentation: "Plankton in parliament: How do the smallest creatures help us protect our seas?", Public lecture at Capturing Our Coast Wine and Science Night, Plymouth, UK, 2016.
Invited presentation: "From evidence to policy: developing biodiversity indicators for the MSFD", Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Oxford University, Oxford, UK, 2016.
Invited presentation: "From evidence to policy: developing biodiversity indicators for the MSFD", UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK, 2016.
Oral presentation: "Enhancing Student Learning and Participation Interactively through the use of Clickers in Science and Engineering", at VC's Teaching and Learning Conference, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK, 2016.
Oral presentation: "Challenges for developing pelagic indicators and setting meaningful targets in a climate of ecological change", ICES Annual Science Conference, Copenhagen, 2015.
Keynote address: "Delivering good environmental status: an ecosystem approach", Australian Marine Sciences Association, Geelong, Australia, 2015.
Keynote address: "Delivering the ecosystem approach - a European perspective", Marine Strategy Framework Directive (EU) and the Great Barrier Reef Long-Term Sustainability Plan (GBRWHA) workshop, hosted by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Institute for Marine Science, Townsville, Australia, 2015.
Invited presentation: "Challenges for developing policy indicators in a climate of macroecological change", University of Queensland, Australia, 2015.
Invited presentation: "Challenges for developing policy indicators in a climate of macroecological change", Central Queensland University, Australia, 2015.
Invited presentation: "From data to decisions, using NERC science in policy", NERC Knowledge Exchange Network Conference, Leicester, UK, 2015.
Invited presentation: "The benefits of crossing the science-policy interface", NERC Fellows Conference, Birmingham, UK, 2015.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2015,2016,2017
URL https://planktonpolicy.org/publications/conference-presentationsposters/