Building resilience and inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa through social learning around climate risks

Lead Research Organisation: University of Sussex
Department Name: Sch of Global Studies

Abstract

Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly vulnerable to droughts, floods and other climate-related stressors and shocks. Some of the most vulnerable in the region are rural communities in arid and semi-arid areas, dependent on agriculture and livestock rearing. The processes of inequality that drives their vulnerability and risk to climatic variability and change is now recognized as important in pursuing the sustainable development goals. This research aims to contribute to greater understanding of the underlying drivers of risk, while also identifying pathways to improve the impact that climatic information may have on building resilience through bridging the 'usability gap'.

The focus of the research is on understanding the learning processes that build resilience and support livelihoods, which are responding to multiple pressures and opportunities across timescales in contexts that are complex and highly uncertain. Knowledge that feeds in to managing uncertainty is derived from a range of traditional, indigenous, local and scientific sources. In such contexts, linear models of knowledge generation from data collection to information generation to knowledge production around one specific stressor in one timescale are insufficient. Consequently, the processes of social learning, as iterative reflection that occurs when experiences, ideas and environments are shared with others, are central to building resilience. The research aims to improve our understanding of social learning in vulnerable communities across temporal scales and in complex historically, socially, economically and politically mediated contexts. The interdisciplinary endeavor will pay particular attention to environmental history and the dynamics of power, politics and gender within them, and explore how they link to ongoing work on delivering improved scientific climate information.

This research will build on the interdisciplinary track record of the University of Sussex and the Institute of Development Studies in climate science, climatic information exchange, adaptation, environmental history and processes of power and politics within social learning in Sub-Saharan Africa. The collaboration will use in depth case studies with participatory action research building on an established partnership with a broad consortium of research and development partners in Kenya - the Ada consortium. The case studies will provide learning and evidence from a continuum of communities focused on agricultural to pastoral livelihoods in arid and semi-arid regions of the country.

The learning from the case studies on social learning and local resilience building will be shared through engagement with key stakeholders and networks working in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in the region. A facilitated dialogue with key stakeholders will inquire in to potential avenues for improving the links between climate information exchange and disaster risk reduction strategies to build resilience in vulnerable communities. The project will facilitate planning of future work, building on the ongoing work of partners' in NERC/DFID funded projects and others, and identifying opportunities for further fundraising through the GCRF or other vehicles.

Planned Impact

The proposed research will contribute to addressing the development challenge of millions of people currently living on the front lines of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa through a collaborative inter-disciplinary partnerships approach. Its pathways to impact will be pursued both through the production of quality research outputs and their sharing and communications, and, through direct engagement of partners in the research process itself.

The research process will build capacity of the men, women and children in the case study communities in Kitui and Isiolo counties in Kenya, as well be scaled out to other communities at risk through enhancing the capacity of partner organizations to critically analyze, understand and reflect on the learning processes that build resilience locally. The appointed postdoctoral research fellow will be from Sub-Saharan Africa and will work with the Sussex African Center building capacity for quality research around resilience in in the region.

The project will contribute new knowledge through the production of the following identified and planned research outputs:
i) Two case study reports, on social learning for building resilience for each county
ii) One IDS research report to synthesise and compare findings across the two counties
iii) At least one journal article contributing interdisciplinary knowledge on social learning and the role it plays in building resilience locally
iv) One workshop research report from a national stakeholder dialogue
v) One practice brief on improving disaster risk reduction programs in the region
vi) On policy brief for national and regional stakeholders
A detailed communications plan will support dissemination of research outputs, and a network coordination role will support the dialogue and engagement as an integral part of the project - through work under the second objective.

Instrumental impact or changes in policy and practice will be achieved beyond the lifespan of this 9-month engagement through building new research and practice using emerging learning and strengthened partnerships in the region and beyond.
 
Description One key finding from recent research conducted in the ASAL regions of Kenya in Isiolo and Kitui found that, when aiming to reach the most vulnerable, equity in the way climate information is developed, delivered and used is particularly important. The research uncovered the challenges that the poorest pastoralist and agro-pastoralist households face in accessing and using climate information to sustain and enhance their livelihood opportunities. The ability to use and learn from climate information has significant social dimensions through the development and imposition of societal norms and traditions, and through shared decisions around the public goods of pasture and water resources. Importantly, the position of people in society and the amount of assets and information they have access to, also influence their ability to act upon CIS and navigate uncertainty.
The policy recommendations from the research are as follows: The Government of Kenya, in its Vision 2030 Development Strategy for Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands, has already acknowledged that the highest rates of poverty are often observed among those who are no longer directly involved in pastoralism, particularly those without livestock. As the research reported on here has shown, in ASALs, developing CIS to reach the poorest requires special attention both to what information is needed and how to build access to those that are outside mainstream pastoralist and agro-pastoralist livelihoods. Improving the impact of CIS at county level will require more focus on:
1. First, adopting an equity lens within the development and delivery of CIS at county level, differentiating it by detailed livelihood status and poverty levels, so as to not just focus on the dominant livelihoods types alone (such as pastoralism), but to acknowledge the difference within communities linked to access to assets and information. It will be important to factor in increased resourcing of CIS in line with the Kenya Climate Change Act 2016, which mandates the government to mainstream climate change into medium term/sectoral and county development planning processes.
2. Second, understanding the constraints and enabling conditions for the poor in accessing and using CIS within both mainstream and alternative livelihoods systems. Whilst the focus of much of CIS provision has traditionally been on alerting users of potential drought and flood conditions, for poorer farmers in ASALs the emphasis might need to shift towards understanding how to make the most of beneficial climate conditions to maximise opportunities while safely managing risk. This would benefit from closer collaboration with the Kenya Meteorological Department to lead in developing tailor-made climate information products for planning decision makers and other users at the county, sub-county and ward levels, and to improve feedback mechanisms between users of information and development of CIS to improve relevance, access and sustainability of the products.
(for more detail see the Policy briefing at https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/13286/PB145_ClimateInfo_Online.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)
Exploitation Route On going collaboration with many of the partners is been pursued through the DFID-NERC funded SHEAR ForPAC project (https://www.forpac.org/)
Sectors Agriculture

Food and Drink

Environment

Government

Democracy and Justice

URL https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/13286/PB145_ClimateInfo_Online.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
 
Description While it is difficult to evidence at such a short time from the project I felt that the very good attendance of stakeholders at the Nairobi meeting and their interactions meant that the preliminary findings of the project have had some traction outside of academia. In the report of the meeting workshop attendee narratives about the findings were recorded. Attendees were as follows: Ms. Fatuma Mandera Chief OOP; Mr. John Kioli Chairman KCCWG; Mr. Ezekiel M. Njoroge County Director of Meteorology KMD-ISIOLO; Mr. Abdullahi Mohammed ED WOMANKIND KENYA; Mr. Daniel M.Wanjuhi County Director of Meteorology KMD-Wajir; Ms. Rehema Madega Coordinator ASILI- FOODS; Dr. Elvin Nyukuri Researcher CASELAP, UoN; Dr. Oliver Wasonga Senior Lecturer UoN; Dr. Michael Okoti Assistant Director KALRO; Mr. Francis M. Koma County Drought Coordinator NDMA Kitui; Ms. Jane Kiiru Comm. Officer Ada Consortium; Ms. Lydia Muithya Programme Officer ADSE; Mr. Thomas Lereten Deputy Director CCD- MENR; Mr. Nicholas Abuya Researcher Independent; Mr. Ibrahim Jarso Programme Officer RAP; Mr. Ayub Shaka Senior Assistant Director KMD; Mr. Peter Ambenje Director KMD; Mr. David Mutua County Director of Meteorology KMD, Makueni; Dr. William Ndegwa County Director of Meteorology KMD, Kitui; Mr. Robin Mbae Deputy Director, Livestock MOALF; Mr. John Nyangena Policy Analyst KIPPRA; Mr. Milton O. Ogada Programme Officer GREEN AFRICA FOUNDATION Mr. Eston Njuki Programme Manager CHRISTIAN AID; Prof. Shem Wandiga Director ICCA-UoN; Mr. Steve Macham County Coordinator ASDSP- Isiolo; Ms. Grace Mativo CIS Intermediary Kitui; Ms. Saumu Shaka Meteorologist KMD; Ms. Mumina Binaya CAF-Coordinator Ada Consortium; Dr. Marina Apgar Research Fellow IDS; Mr. Samuel Mwangi Deputy Director KMD; Mr. Samuel Odhiambo County Director of Meteorology KMD Garissa; Prof. Dominic Kniveton Professor University of Sussex; Mr. Victor Orindi Coordinator Ada Consortium In terms of feedback the following comes from the government break-out groups: "The research has been useful because we have learned that other 'people' out there are delivering CIS. We have to repackage CIS, increase our staff capacity and create a policy regarding use of CIS by others." "Poor people are just coping and they lack capacity to access CIS. What innovations can we use to reach them? ie use of social networks and religious institutions. Poor need to improve livelihoods to have access to CIS"."How can we package CIS in advisories to support them?" "The positive impact of social networks on livelihoods - the poor consider the rich as opinion leaders so they become potential entry points for CIS to reach the poor." "Cultural aspects and power influence CIS uptake - for example men have access to information and women do not, and shirk Islamic belief. So how do we repackage information?" "On the level of CIS uptake - we need to embrace new technologies, such as creating a KMD app for mobile phones"
First Year Of Impact 2017
Sector Agriculture, Food and Drink,Environment,Government, Democracy and Justice
Impact Types Societal

 
Title Adapted Netmap tool 
Description We adapted the existing NetMap tool (e.g. Schiffer & Hauck) and facilitated group exercises in which participants mapped their social connections as relevant to their learning about climate. This was done for different types of generic households ranging from poor to rich, based on a ladder of wellbeing developed with participants. These were analysed as ego maps, alongside the qualitative data on how participants decided to assign levels of influence of different actors in the maps. 
Type Of Material Improvements to research infrastructure 
Provided To Others? No  
Impact The adapted NetMap tool used in a participatory process has resulted in visualisation of the social connections that matter to different types of households, and the community actors they perceive to be most influential in their decision making. Such a tool can illustrate inequality in resilience building processes in a powerful way. During the engagement workshop in Nairobi, discussion around these maps stimulated the Kenya Metereological Department to think more deeply about how they account for social dynamics in developing and delivering climate information services. 
 
Description Working with the Adaptation Consortium 
Organisation Christian Aid
Department Christian Aid Kenya
Country Kenya 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution The Adaptation Consortium was established under StARCK+, and aims at preparing county governments to access the global climate finance fund in support of adaptation and climate resilient development and to mainstream mechanisms that allow communities to prioritise investments in public goods that build their resilience to climate change - including use of climate information services. The Consortium operates in five Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Kenya: Garissa, Isiolo, Wajir, Kitui and Makueni, which covers approximately 29% of Kenya's, land area. Funded by DFID the Ada consortium brings together the Kenya National Drought Monitoring Authority (NDMA) Christian Aid (CA), International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), and the UK Met Office. Our collaboration with all Ada Consortium institutions through implementing research in Kitui and Isiolo counties has strengthened their understanding of one of the central dimensions of the approach - the use of Climate Information Services, through reflecting on it from the perspective of inequality and local processes of social learning.
Collaborator Contribution Adaptation Consortium partner organisations, IIED, Christian Aid and Resources Advocacy Program were sub-contracted through the project and led the national and county level research processes in Kenya. Without these partners, challenge driven research such as was conducted under this GCRF funded project would not have been possible.
Impact All of the outputs produced by the research project can be linked to this collaboration, including: the case study reports for each of the case study sites in two counties, the workshop report produced after the Nairobi engagement workshop and shared with networks of stakeholders, the policy briefing and ongoing output production including a practice paper and a journal article.
Start Year 2016
 
Description Working with the Adaptation Consortium 
Organisation International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Charity/Non Profit 
PI Contribution The Adaptation Consortium was established under StARCK+, and aims at preparing county governments to access the global climate finance fund in support of adaptation and climate resilient development and to mainstream mechanisms that allow communities to prioritise investments in public goods that build their resilience to climate change - including use of climate information services. The Consortium operates in five Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Kenya: Garissa, Isiolo, Wajir, Kitui and Makueni, which covers approximately 29% of Kenya's, land area. Funded by DFID the Ada consortium brings together the Kenya National Drought Monitoring Authority (NDMA) Christian Aid (CA), International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), and the UK Met Office. Our collaboration with all Ada Consortium institutions through implementing research in Kitui and Isiolo counties has strengthened their understanding of one of the central dimensions of the approach - the use of Climate Information Services, through reflecting on it from the perspective of inequality and local processes of social learning.
Collaborator Contribution Adaptation Consortium partner organisations, IIED, Christian Aid and Resources Advocacy Program were sub-contracted through the project and led the national and county level research processes in Kenya. Without these partners, challenge driven research such as was conducted under this GCRF funded project would not have been possible.
Impact All of the outputs produced by the research project can be linked to this collaboration, including: the case study reports for each of the case study sites in two counties, the workshop report produced after the Nairobi engagement workshop and shared with networks of stakeholders, the policy briefing and ongoing output production including a practice paper and a journal article.
Start Year 2016
 
Description two day workshop hosted by the Adaptation Consortium, University of Sussex and Institute of Development Studies at the Heron Portico Hotel, Nairobi entitled "Building resilience and inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa through social learning around climate risk" 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Workshop Purpose
To share learning from in depth case studies on social learning and identify opportunities for improving CIS to support the poor. The workshop objectives agreed were:
1. To share and validate preliminary findings from case studies carried out in Isiolo and Kitui with all Ada partners and other stakeholders
2. To explore how local and county level findings link to county CIS plans and national level CIS processes
3. To identify opportunities for joint future action

Summary of Sessions and Outputs
Sharing and Reacting to the Case Study Findings
By way of an introduction and framing, it was explained that Ensor & Harvey's (2015) definition of social learning as emerging through practices that facilitate knowledge sharing, joint learning and co-creation of experiences between stakeholders around a shared purpose was used. The shared purpose we were interested in was building resilience.

Further, it was highlighted that we were interested in understanding both the visible, formal and often designed (and externally facilitated) processes through which different types of knowledge are brought in to decision making, as well, as the more organic, emergent and often invisible processes through which people share information and learn. To this end, the case studies looked at two dimensions of social learning in each of the study sites: (i) livelihoods systems and decision making of different wealth groups, and (ii) the social networks that different wealth groups belong to.

Preliminary findings in understanding each of these dimensions of social learning in Isiolo and Kitui were shared through presentations (link to ppts). Four preliminary conclusions from the case study research were shared:
1. Understanding power and poverty within context gives a more nuanced view of what are often described only broadly as livelihoods categories, which can render inequalities invisible when viewed externally.
2. Shifting livelihoods strategies from nomadic pastoralism to mixed sedentary livelihoods that include non-pastoralist activities appear to be pushing the poor in to poverty traps outside the 'main livelihoods types' - this seems more prevalent in Isiolo
3. In both Isiolo and Kitui we have found that there are collective and structured processes for decision making - these are the formal spaces of social learning. In Isiolo these revolve around pasture and water management and tend to be exclusive to the powerful. In Kitui, the CBO and clan welfare spaces make decisions about choice of crops and agricultural practice and they tend to be more inclusive.
4. The social network analysis has shown that the poor do not have broad networks to provide access to ways out of poverty - true of pastoralist and agro-pastoralist livelihoods. Likely in Kitui the clan system and churches provide more opportunities for the poor.
5. In relation to use of CIS it was found that poorer households can't afford to make use of CIS
6. In Isiolo a relatively new impact of one interpretation of Islam means both scientific and traditional forecasts are seem as anti-Islamic
7. In Kitui it was found that there is lots of other climate information from sources other than KMD

Following the presentations, participants discussed the findings in groups and fed back to the plenary. Methodological questions raised included questions on site selection and quantitative measurement of wealth levels as well as around gender analysis and representativeness of the study. The research team clarified the case study methodology used, chosen for its ability to capture processes through in depth qualitative data in context.

Group work on the case study results :
Points of interest Suggestions for improvement
Poverty, Livelihoods & Access to CIS
Poor people are just coping and not focused on long term livelihoods strategies.
Poverty levels are inversely proportional to the use of CIS.
Unless the poor improve their asset base, their uptake of CIS will remain limited.
Decision making at household level must consider many factors - it is not linear.

Culture & CIS
Cultural aspects influence CIS uptake (both positive and negative)
Power plays a large role in CIS uptake in pastoral systems
Shirk - disbelief in people who forecast (traditional and scientific).
Hidden polygamy in Kitui.

Social Network Analysis
The positive impact of social networks on livelihoods and resilience.
The poor consider the rich as influential because they are a source of livelihoods.
Social networks are a way of disseminating climate information - potential entry points for CIS can be identified.
Social networks showing perceptions of community indicate that NGOs have more direct influence on the poor than government agencies. Further Analysis
Role of religion in power structures.
Relevance of CIS to different actors.
Education levels and CIS access.
Does the distribution of land relates to wealth creation

Future Research
Understand the levels of CIS intake.
Does having more CIS translate to higher uptake of CIS?
How to raise demand of CIS using social networks?
Are the results of the study applicable to a wider population?
Are there other ways to categorize households than poor and rich? How were these categories decided?


Ayub Shaka of KMD presented an overview of the CIS plans, their objectives and main components and provided an update on the process for their development. He identified three main challenges to ongoing work on CIS by KMD:
- Staffing - CDMs face demand beyond their current capacity.
- Infrastructure to work with stakeholders at county level - improve the methodology for training intermediaries
- Vision is clear but operationalising has been challenging


The discussion raised the importance of plugging in to the county government processes to improve CIS delivery and uptake through current policies to mainstream CC.

Dom Kniveton of the University of Sussex shared some results of research at Sussex related to the project asking the question: If we are examining social learning around CIS for resilience building from a decision making perspective is there any useful information in the seasonal forecast?

The research is based on the observation from Kitui that the most commonly disseminated climate forecast is the seasonal one and uses the DSSAT crop model calibrated for Kitui to simulate the impact of sub-seasonal rainfall variability on yields of different crops. Sub-seasonal variations in the distribution of rains are just one of a number of uncertainties that decision makers have to contend with if they are to translate seasonal climate forecasts to potential yields and so make use of the forecast. Other uncertainties arise due to downscaling issues around translating a forecast at county level to local climate conditions; variability in the availability of labour at peak times in the farming calendar; variations in local soil conditions; the quality and availability of seeds and other inputs; and market conditions at harvest times and into the future

In terms of assessing the utility of seasonal forecast for being able to predict yields of different crops considering the uncertainty of sub-seasonal distribution of rains it could be concluded that the results point to:

• There is some utility in using the forecast in deciding to plant maize especially with forecasts showing higher probabilities of above normal conditions as the yields are significantly more under these conditions than below normal and normal conditions. However there is a wide variation in yields in this category from the sub-seasonal rainfall variability so it could be considered a bit of a risky choice.
• There is a clear utility in using the forecast in deciding to plant cowpeas, as the yields are significantly different under each category of the forecast.
• There is some utility in using the forecast to decide whether to plant sorghum especially in differentiating below from above normal conditions. However there is a wide variation of yields under normal conditions.
• There is low utility of the forecast in deciding whether to plant pigeon pea as yields don't vary that much between different forecasts, except possibly avoiding above normal conditions where the chance of flooding can reduce yields considerably.
• Like sorghum there is some utility in using the forecast to decide whether to plant millet but less utility than with sorghum.


Exploring implications of the case study research
During the second day participants worked in three stakeholder groups (government, NGO & community and research) to explore implications of the findings presented. The table summarizes the group output.

Government NGO/community Research
The research has been useful because we have learned that other 'people' out there are delivering CIS. We have to repackage CIS, increase our staff capacity and create a policy regarding use of CIS by others.

Interesting points:
Poor people are just coping and they lack capacity to access CIS.
What innovations can we use to reach them? ie use of social networks and religious institutions.
Poor need to improve livelihoods to have access to CIS.
How can we package CIS in advisories to support them?
The positive impact of social networks on livelihoods - the poor consider the rich as opinion leaders so they become potential entry points for CIS to reach the poor.
Cultural aspects and power influence CIS uptake - for example men have access to information and women do not, and shirk Islamic belief. So how do we repackage information?
If we are interested in CIS networks then government does have influence - unlike perception of people as shown in social network analysis.
Future research:
On the level of CIS uptake - we need to embrace new technologies, such as creating a KMD app for mobile phones

Useful:
Has confirmed the need for capacity strengthening to accelerate uptake of CIS.
CIS needs to be customized and timely.

Practice:
Support the vulnerable by strengthening enablers for moving up the ladder.
Should consider cultural values in receipt and utilization of CIS.
For us to succeed in dissemination and utilization of CIS, community views, strengths and priorities need to be the starting point.
We should equally emphasize formal and informal spaces for sharing climate information and include them early - through PVCA and RA.
Expansion of intermediaries for a wider reach - include religious leaders.
Improve the coordination of climate information stakeholders (state and non-state agencies).
Action learning on utilization of climate information will be useful in improving CIS delivery - learning by doing.
Integrate indigenous knowledge with scientific information to improve usability.

Questions:
What next after the case studies? Will they be done in other areas?
If people are receiving climate information then why are they not using it?
Is it being used in policy making and planning? Research practice:
Researchers need to work in a more engaged process to co-construct understanding around social learning and risk management practices.

Questions for future research:
How best can we understand and strengthen informal spaces for CIS uptake?
Do farmers really need CI to adapt or cope?
How do we build on existing farmers' risk management strategies which use local and traditional knowledge and cultural values? (Is it possible to mine existing data, for example on cropping practices)
What are the specific CIS needs for different groups within communities?
How do we manage a short term coping need of the poor with a more transformative and longer term adaptation strategy with CIS delivery?
We should do an expanded and deeper social network analysis of whole community networks linked to CIS and CC adaptation.

Next Steps

Victor Orindi identified suggestions for implications on practice and future collaboration in to the following points:

- We conclude that thinking about CIS use through the lens of social learning seems useful and can add value to ongoing CIS work
- We could do more to understand communities and the complex social interactions and networks within them
- We would like to see these analyses expanded to generate more robust evidence
- There is a strong desire from KMD to work towards CIS reaching the poor in practice
- Some promising entry points have been identified
- More innovative approaches such as improving feedback mechanisms from users back through a mobile app
- There are existing opportunities to pursue more through the CIDP processes and implementation of the Climate Change Act, 2016.
- The ego maps shown could help us think about who we need to be influencing
- As we go forward we need to think not just about coping but also adapting

Marina Apgar explained that the following outputs will be produced and shared with all interested to provide further inputs:
- Two case study reports - one from Isiolo and one from Kitui
- A policy brief
- A practice paper

Annex: List of participants
No. Name Designation Organization
1 Ms. Fatuma Mandera Chief OOP
2 Mr. John Kioli Chairman KCCWG
3 Mr. Ezekiel M. Njoroge County Director of Meteorology KMD-ISIOLO
4 Mr. Abdullahi Mohammed ED WOMANKIND KENYA
5 Mr. Daniel M.Wanjuhi County Director of Meteorology KMD-Wajir
6 Ms. Rehema Madega Coordinator ASILI- FOODS
7 Dr. Elvin Nyukuri Researcher CASELAP, UoN
8 Dr. Oliver Wasonga Senior Lecturer UoN
9 Dr. Michael Okoti Assistant Director KALRO
10 Mr. Francis M. Koma County Drought Coordinator NDMA Kitui
11 Ms. Jane Kiiru Comm. Officer Ada Consortium
12 Ms. Lydia Muithya Programme Officer ADSE
13 Mr. Thomas Lereten Deputy Director CCD- MENR
14 Mr. Nicholas Abuya Researcher Independent
15 Mr. Ibrahim Jarso Programme Officer RAP
16 Mr. Ayub Shaka Senior Assistant Director KMD
17 Mr. Peter Ambenje Director KMD
18 Mr. David Mutua County Director of Meteorology KMD, Makueni
19 Dr. William Ndegwa County Director of Meteorology KMD, Kitui
20 Mr. Robin Mbae Deputy Director, Livestock MOALF
21 Mr. John Nyangena Policy Analyst KIPPRA
22 Mr. Milton O. Ogada Programme Officer GREEN AFRICA FOUNDATION
23 Mr. Eston Njuki Programme Manager CHRISTIAN AID
24 Prof. Shem Wandiga Director ICCA-UoN
25 Mr. Steve Macham County Coordinator ASDSP- Isiolo
26 Ms. Grace Mativo CIS Intermediary Kitui
27 Ms. Saumu Shaka Meteorologist KMD
28 Ms. Mumina Binaya CAF-Coordinator Ada Consortium
29 Dr. Marina Apgar Research Fellow IDS
30 Mr. Samuel Mwangi Deputy Director KMD
31 Mr. Samuel Odhiambo County Director of Meteorology KMD Garissa
32 Prof. Dominic Kniveton Professor University of Sussex
33 Mr. Victor Orindi Coordinator Ada Consortium
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017