Linking demographic theory and data to forecast the dynamics of spatially-structured seasonally-mobile populations
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Aberdeen
Department Name: Inst of Biological and Environmental Sci
Abstract
Wild populations are facing unprecedented threats. Many habitats are naturally patchy or being fragmented by human activities. Many habitats also show seasonal variation in suitability, and climate models predict increasing frequencies of extreme seasonal weather events (e.g. storms, droughts, floods) that could cause high mortality or prevent reproduction in affected areas. Critical aims in ecology are therefore to understand and forecast the dynamics and persistence of populations inhabiting spatially-structured seasonal environments, including population responses to extreme seasonal events that alter demography.
Spatio-temporal population dynamics ultimately depend on four primary demographic rates: survival, reproduction, dispersal (permanent movements among breeding areas) and migration (reversible seasonal movements). However, to date, no empirical studies or population dynamic theory or models have fully quantified or considered spatio-temporal variation in migration alongside variation in survival, dispersal and reproduction. We consequently lack data, theory and models that quantify population dynamic effects of variation in and among all four key demographic rates, severely limiting our ability to forecast the dynamics of spatially-structured seasonally-mobile populations.
It is now clear that partial migration, where populations comprise mixtures of resident and migrant individuals, is very common in nature. Partially-migratory populations could show complex demography and dynamics because structured variation in migration could cause structured variation in current or subsequent survival, dispersal or reproduction, while extreme events could cause irruptive migration. Population dynamic models and empirical studies that ignore spatio-temporal variation in migration, and resulting carry-over effects, therefore ignore fundamental axes of demographic variation.
We will provide new empirical and theoretical understanding of the demography and dynamics of spatially-structured seasonally-mobile populations, and new capability for population dynamic forecasting, by:
1) Providing first empirical estimates of key demographic rates and relationships that drive population dynamics, including demographic responses to extreme events.
We will use an outstanding large-scale multi-year dataset that we have collected on a spatially-structured partially-migratory European shag population. During 2009-2017 we marked 14,500 individuals across 6 breeding colonies, collected 44,200 winter sightings to identify residents and migrants, and measured individual dispersal and reproduction. In 2012-2014, the system experienced extreme winter storms, causing high mortality. This system now provides an unrivalled opportunity to quantify sex-, age- and sub-population-specific variation in individual migration, and covariation with survival, dispersal and reproduction, before, during and after natural extreme seasonal events.
2) Providing new theory that identifies general principles of population dynamic responses to seasonal demographic variation.
We will build and analyse individual-based simulation models that quantify population consequences of demographic covariation involving migration. We will quantify sensitivities of population growth rate to hypothesised forms of structured partial migration and covariation with survival, dispersal and reproduction given varying life-histories and spatial habitat structures, and to hypothesised regimes of extreme events and resulting demographic perturbations.
3) Providing a new flexible modelling framework for forecasting spatio-temporal population dynamics.
We will build new migration models into our state-of-the-art 'RangeShifter' software for spatially-explicit population dynamic modelling and simulate spatio-temporal dynamics of the exemplar European shag system, thereby demonstrating new flexible forecasting capability and informing conservation policy.
Spatio-temporal population dynamics ultimately depend on four primary demographic rates: survival, reproduction, dispersal (permanent movements among breeding areas) and migration (reversible seasonal movements). However, to date, no empirical studies or population dynamic theory or models have fully quantified or considered spatio-temporal variation in migration alongside variation in survival, dispersal and reproduction. We consequently lack data, theory and models that quantify population dynamic effects of variation in and among all four key demographic rates, severely limiting our ability to forecast the dynamics of spatially-structured seasonally-mobile populations.
It is now clear that partial migration, where populations comprise mixtures of resident and migrant individuals, is very common in nature. Partially-migratory populations could show complex demography and dynamics because structured variation in migration could cause structured variation in current or subsequent survival, dispersal or reproduction, while extreme events could cause irruptive migration. Population dynamic models and empirical studies that ignore spatio-temporal variation in migration, and resulting carry-over effects, therefore ignore fundamental axes of demographic variation.
We will provide new empirical and theoretical understanding of the demography and dynamics of spatially-structured seasonally-mobile populations, and new capability for population dynamic forecasting, by:
1) Providing first empirical estimates of key demographic rates and relationships that drive population dynamics, including demographic responses to extreme events.
We will use an outstanding large-scale multi-year dataset that we have collected on a spatially-structured partially-migratory European shag population. During 2009-2017 we marked 14,500 individuals across 6 breeding colonies, collected 44,200 winter sightings to identify residents and migrants, and measured individual dispersal and reproduction. In 2012-2014, the system experienced extreme winter storms, causing high mortality. This system now provides an unrivalled opportunity to quantify sex-, age- and sub-population-specific variation in individual migration, and covariation with survival, dispersal and reproduction, before, during and after natural extreme seasonal events.
2) Providing new theory that identifies general principles of population dynamic responses to seasonal demographic variation.
We will build and analyse individual-based simulation models that quantify population consequences of demographic covariation involving migration. We will quantify sensitivities of population growth rate to hypothesised forms of structured partial migration and covariation with survival, dispersal and reproduction given varying life-histories and spatial habitat structures, and to hypothesised regimes of extreme events and resulting demographic perturbations.
3) Providing a new flexible modelling framework for forecasting spatio-temporal population dynamics.
We will build new migration models into our state-of-the-art 'RangeShifter' software for spatially-explicit population dynamic modelling and simulate spatio-temporal dynamics of the exemplar European shag system, thereby demonstrating new flexible forecasting capability and informing conservation policy.
Planned Impact
Our project will achieve two major dimensions of economic and societal impact:
1) It will shape development of conservation policy for spatially-structured seasonally-mobile populations, which aims to maximize protection whilst supporting sustainable economic development.
2) It will facilitate 'citizen science' participation in cutting-edge science, and associated public understanding of science.
Under these two themes, our project will benefit the following stakeholders:
1i) National and devolved governments (Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; Scottish Government) and their statutory advisers (Joint Nature Conservation Committee; Natural England; Scottish Natural Heritage) will benefit from new data, models and understanding that they urgently require to support conservation policy for seasonally-mobile species, many of which are of high conservation concern (e.g. great crested newt, harbour porpoise, kittiwake). Until recently, the degree of seasonal mobility of individuals in such populations was not fully appreciated. Consequently, conservation policy has often focused primarily on breeding areas and failed to provide effective protection in winter. European shags provide a striking example. The UK holds 34% of the world population, but UK populations have decreased by >30% since 2000. While major breeding colonies are designated Special Protection Areas (SPAs), existing policy provides no robust mechanism for conservation management in winter, potentially leaving UK populations at risk from marine developments and undermining investment in breeding area SPAs.
Government advisers recognise the limitations of current policy for seasonally-mobile species, and are currently developing new initiatives to deliver year-round conservation. They plan to adapt environmental assessment processes to include seasonal movements, and to develop integrated management approaches that combine site protection (Special Areas of Conservation; Special Protection Areas) with other management tools (e.g. agri-environment schemes, fisheries management). To support these initiatives, key advisers seek our data and models to develop good practice guidelines for conservation of seasonally-mobile species in general, and to establish the European shag as a flagship example of effective management of a partially-migratory species of high conservation concern.
1ii) Industrial developers (e.g. onshore and offshore renewable energy developers) will benefit from new data, models and understanding of seasonally-mobile populations, because resulting knowledge will expedite environmental assessments in line with policy directives. Lack of such data and knowledge has recently caused consenting delays, with major economic implications.
1iii) Non-Governmental Organisations (e.g. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; Marine Conservation Society; National Trust) will benefit from new understanding of the demographic consequences of extreme weather for seasonally-mobile populations that they aim to conserve.
2) General public. It is increasingly recognised that science, and public understanding of science, can be jointly facilitated by public 'citizen science' participation in data collection. Our large-scale ringing and sighting field study provides an opportunity for extensive public participation, exemplifying how 'citizen science' can generate policy-relevant data and public understanding. Our project will benefit interested public (e.g. birdwatchers, naturalists, photographers) by providing supported opportunities to increase their knowledge of natural history and ecology. It will add substantial value to amateur-led bird-ringing projects and the NGOs that support them (e.g. British Trust for Ornithology). Finally, our project will benefit wider society by providing new understanding of challenges facing UK wildlife populations, including charismatic species in which there is substantial public interest.
1) It will shape development of conservation policy for spatially-structured seasonally-mobile populations, which aims to maximize protection whilst supporting sustainable economic development.
2) It will facilitate 'citizen science' participation in cutting-edge science, and associated public understanding of science.
Under these two themes, our project will benefit the following stakeholders:
1i) National and devolved governments (Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; Scottish Government) and their statutory advisers (Joint Nature Conservation Committee; Natural England; Scottish Natural Heritage) will benefit from new data, models and understanding that they urgently require to support conservation policy for seasonally-mobile species, many of which are of high conservation concern (e.g. great crested newt, harbour porpoise, kittiwake). Until recently, the degree of seasonal mobility of individuals in such populations was not fully appreciated. Consequently, conservation policy has often focused primarily on breeding areas and failed to provide effective protection in winter. European shags provide a striking example. The UK holds 34% of the world population, but UK populations have decreased by >30% since 2000. While major breeding colonies are designated Special Protection Areas (SPAs), existing policy provides no robust mechanism for conservation management in winter, potentially leaving UK populations at risk from marine developments and undermining investment in breeding area SPAs.
Government advisers recognise the limitations of current policy for seasonally-mobile species, and are currently developing new initiatives to deliver year-round conservation. They plan to adapt environmental assessment processes to include seasonal movements, and to develop integrated management approaches that combine site protection (Special Areas of Conservation; Special Protection Areas) with other management tools (e.g. agri-environment schemes, fisheries management). To support these initiatives, key advisers seek our data and models to develop good practice guidelines for conservation of seasonally-mobile species in general, and to establish the European shag as a flagship example of effective management of a partially-migratory species of high conservation concern.
1ii) Industrial developers (e.g. onshore and offshore renewable energy developers) will benefit from new data, models and understanding of seasonally-mobile populations, because resulting knowledge will expedite environmental assessments in line with policy directives. Lack of such data and knowledge has recently caused consenting delays, with major economic implications.
1iii) Non-Governmental Organisations (e.g. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; Marine Conservation Society; National Trust) will benefit from new understanding of the demographic consequences of extreme weather for seasonally-mobile populations that they aim to conserve.
2) General public. It is increasingly recognised that science, and public understanding of science, can be jointly facilitated by public 'citizen science' participation in data collection. Our large-scale ringing and sighting field study provides an opportunity for extensive public participation, exemplifying how 'citizen science' can generate policy-relevant data and public understanding. Our project will benefit interested public (e.g. birdwatchers, naturalists, photographers) by providing supported opportunities to increase their knowledge of natural history and ecology. It will add substantial value to amateur-led bird-ringing projects and the NGOs that support them (e.g. British Trust for Ornithology). Finally, our project will benefit wider society by providing new understanding of challenges facing UK wildlife populations, including charismatic species in which there is substantial public interest.
Organisations
Publications
Acker P
(2023)
Hierarchical Variation in Phenotypic Flexibility across Timescales and Associated Survival Selection Shape the Dynamics of Partial Seasonal Migration
in American Naturalist
Acker P
(2021)
Episodes of opposing survival and reproductive selection cause strong fluctuating selection on seasonal migration versus residence.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
Acker P
(2021)
Strong survival selection on seasonal migration versus residence induced by extreme climatic events.
in The Journal of animal ecology
Acker P
(2023)
Hierarchical Variation in Phenotypic Flexibility across Timescales and Associated Survival Selection Shape the Dynamics of Partial Seasonal Migration.
in The American naturalist
Description | We have successfully quantified demographic variation associated with the occurrence of seasonal migration versus residence in a bird population and resulting natural selection, and how this selection can be driven by extreme climatic events. We have also quantified patterns of phenotypic variation in seasonal migration versus residence, and associated variation in reproductive success. We have provided new population dynamic theory to help understand the consequences of changing seasonal migration rates for population structure and persistence. Overall, these results help us understand how changing seasonal weather conditions, such as will be caused by climate change, can impact wildlife populations. |
Exploitation Route | The data collected, theoretical and statistical models developed and initial are now forming the basis of further advanced research (through a project funded by Norwegian Research Council), and can start to inform conservation policy for seasonally-mobile populations. |
Sectors | Environment |
Description | Early-life eco-evolutionary dynamics of variable seasonal migration |
Amount | krĀ 11,966,000 (NOK) |
Funding ID | 313570 |
Organisation | Research Council of Norway |
Sector | Public |
Country | Norway |
Start | 09/2021 |
End | 06/2025 |
Title | Data from: Additive genetic and environmental variation interact to shape the dynamics of seasonal migration in a wild bird population |
Description | Dissecting joint micro-evolutionary and plastic responses to environmental perturbations requires quantifying interacting components of genetic and environmental variation underlying expression of key traits. This ambition is particularly challenging for phenotypically discrete traits where multiscale decompositions are required to reveal non-linear transformations of underlying genetic and environmental variation into phenotypic variation, and when effects must be estimated from incomplete field observations. We devised a joint multistate capture-recapture and quantitative genetic animal model and fitted this model to full-annual-cycle resighting data from partially-migratory European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) to estimate key components of genetic, environmental and phenotypic variance in the ecologically critical discrete trait of seasonal migration versus residence. We demonstrate non-negligible additive genetic variance in latent liability for migration, resulting in detectable micro-evolutionary responses following two episodes of strong survival selection. Further, liability-scale additive genetic effects interacted with substantial permanent individual and temporary environmental effects to generate complex non-additive effects on expressed phenotypes, causing substantial intrinsic gene-by-environment interaction variance on the phenotypic scale. Our analyses therefore reveal how temporal dynamics of partial seasonal migration arise from combinations of instantaneous micro-evolution and within-individual phenotypic consistency, and highlight how intrinsic phenotypic plasticity could expose genetic variation underlying discrete traits to complex forms of selection. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.pk0p2ngtg |
Title | Data from: Hierarchical variation in phenotypic flexibility across timescales and associated survival selection shape the dynamics of partial seasonal migration |
Description | Population responses to environmental variation ultimately depend on within-individual and among-individual variation in labile phenotypic traits that affect fitness, and resulting episodes of selection. Yet, complex patterns of individual phenotypic variation arising within and between time periods, and associated variation in selection, have not been fully conceptualised or quantified. We highlight how structured patterns of phenotypic variation in dichotomous threshold traits can theoretically arise and experience varying forms of selection, shaping overall phenotypic dynamics. We then fit novel multistate models to ten years of band-resighting data from European shags to quantify phenotypic variation and selection in a key threshold trait underlying spatio-seasonal population dynamics: seasonal migration versus residence. First, we demonstrate substantial among-individual variation alongside substantial between-year individual repeatability in within-year phenotypic variation ('flexibility'), with weak sexual dimorphism. Second, we demonstrate that between-year individual variation in within-year phenotypes ('supraflexibility') is structured and directional, consistent with the threshold trait model. Third, we demonstrate strong survival selection on within-year phenotypes, and hence on flexibility, that varies across years and sexes, including episodes of disruptive selection representing costs of flexibility. By quantitatively combining these results, we show how supraflexibility and survival selection on migratory flexibility jointly shape population-wide phenotypic dynamics of seasonal movement. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.3j9kd51mn |
Title | Data from: Strong survival selection on seasonal migration versus residence induced by extreme climatic events |
Description | 1. Elucidating the full eco-evolutionary consequences of climate change requires quantifying the impact of extreme climatic events (ECEs) on selective landscapes of key phenotypic traits that mediate responses to changing environments. Episodes of strong ECE-induced selection could directly alter population composition, and potentially drive micro-evolution. However, to date, few studies have quantified ECE-induced selection on key traits, meaning that immediate and longer-term eco-evolutionary implications cannot yet be considered. 2. One widely-expressed trait that allows individuals to respond to changing seasonal environments, and directly shapes spatio-seasonal population dynamics, is seasonal migration versus residence. Many populations show considerable among-individual phenotypic variation, resulting in 'partial migration'. However, variation in the magnitude of direct survival selection on migration versus residence has not been rigorously quantified, and empirical evidence of whether seasonal ECEs induce, intensify, weaken or reverse such selection is lacking. 3. We designed full-annual-cycle multi-state capture-recapture models that allow estimation of seasonal survival probabilities of migrants and residents from spatio-temporally heterogeneous individual resightings. We fitted these models to nine years of geographically extensive year-round resighting data from partially migratory European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis). We thereby quantified seasonal and annual survival selection on migration versus residence across benign and historically extreme non-breeding season (winter) conditions, and tested whether selection differed between females and males. 4. We show that two of four observed ECEs, defined as severe winter storms causing overall low survival, were associated with very strong seasonal survival selection against residence. These episodes dwarfed the weak selection or neutrality evident otherwise, and hence caused selection through overall annual survival. The ECE that caused highest overall mortality and strongest selection also caused sex-biased mortality, but there was little overall evidence of sex-biased selection on migration versus residence. 5. Our results imply that seasonal ECEs and associated mortality can substantially shape the landscape of survival selection on migration versus residence. Such ECE-induced phenotypic selection will directly alter migrant and resident frequencies, and thereby alter immediate spatio-seasonal population dynamics. Given underlying additive genetic variation, such ECEs could potentially cause micro-evolutionary changes in seasonal migration, and thereby cause complex eco-evolutionary population responses to changing seasonal environments. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.c2fqz616r |
Title | Dataset, posterior summaries and posterior samples for quantifying fluctuating selection on seasonal migration versus residence in European shags |
Description | This dataset is associated with the manuscript Episodes of opposing survival and reproductive selection cause strong fluctuating selection on seasonal migration versus residence. Quantifying temporal variation in sex-specific selection on key ecologically relevant traits, and quantifying how such variation arises through synergistic or opposing components of survival and reproductive selection, is central to understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics but rarely achieved. Seasonal migration versus residence is one key trait that directly shapes spatio-seasonal population dynamics in spatially- and temporally-varying environments, but temporal dynamics of sex-specific selection have not been fully quantified. We fitted multi-event capture-recapture models to year-round ring resightings and breeding success data from partially-migratory European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) to quantify temporal variation in annual sex-specific selection on seasonal migration versus residence arising through adult survival, reproduction, and the combination of both (i.e. annual fitness). We demonstrate episodes of strong, and strongly fluctuating, selection through annual fitness that were broadly synchronised across females and males. These overall fluctuations arose because strong reproductive selection against migration in several years contrasted with strong survival selection against residence in years with extreme climatic events. These results indicate how substantial phenotypic and genetic variation in migration versus residence could be maintained, and highlight that biologically important fluctuations in selection may not be detected unless both survival selection and reproductive selection are appropriately quantified and combined. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.6wwpzgmxw |
Description | Alfonso High School Visit |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | School visit to showcase science and discuss careers in science |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Biggar science cafe |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk on research project to the general public, aiming to generate new interest and awareness. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Blue Dot Science festival |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Contributed activity at the Blue Dot Science Festival - interactive presentation to the general public and school children. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Curiosity Live event at Glasgow Science Centre |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Public science event, providing an opportunity to highlight our work to a wide audience. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | East Lothian Nature Study Group |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation on work to local interest group. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Naukas science festival - Spain |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Contributed interactive presentation to major science festival in Spain |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Participated in Edinburgh 'Unearthed' event |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | We led a stall on research on seabird ecology at the Edinburgh UnEarthed event. This was a free interactive showcase of NERC science at Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh on 17-19 November 2017. Over 6000 members of the public experienced the range of environmental research undertaken by NERC scientists. Children's activities run by us included measuring and weighing seabirds, using a telescope to read seabird rings and examining a range of plastics that have been found in seabird stomachs and nests. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Perth Soap Box Science |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Contributed to Perth Soap Box Science event - interactive presentation to general public and school children. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Project impact workshop 1 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Project impact workshop designed to communicate the objectives of the NERC-funded project to key practitioners from governmental and non-governmental organisations working in conservation, and to solicit their feedback on how the project could deliver tools of applied value. The day was successful, and generated some new awareness among policy makers of some challenges in designing effective protected areas and conservation strategies for seasonally mobile species, and awareness of how the NERC project might help ameliorate those challenges. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Public talk for Argyll Bird Club |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Public talk on research project and wider context of seabird ecology & conservation. Reaching interested members of the public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Scottish Ornithologists' Club talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Prof Jane Reid gave a talk to the Moray branch of the Scottish Ornithologists' Club, to encourage public participation in ornithological fieldwork. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Sea festival |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Contributed interactive presentation to science festival |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk to Northumberland and Tyne Bird Club |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Public talk on research project and wider context of seabird ecology & conservation. Reaching interested members of the public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Witherby Memorial Lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Supporters |
Results and Impact | Prof Jane Reid delivered the Witherby Memorial Lecture, which is an annual keynote public lecture facilitating public engagement with ornithological science hosted by the British Trust for Ornithology. Over 300 people attended the talk and associated conference. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |