NEC06452 Agricultural Practices for Greenhouse Gas Regulation in Oil palm (AP-GRO)

Lead Research Organisation: UK CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY & HYDROLOGY
Department Name: Atmospheric Chemistry and Effects

Abstract

Oil palm is one of the most valuable crops in the humid tropics, dominating the global vegetable fat market and also providing biofuel. The major global producers are Indonesia and Malaysia, where oil palm monocultures now cover over 11.5 million hectares of land, by replacing natural forests. This change has had seriously damaging effects on the biodiversity of flora and fauna, but also alters the emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, which in turn affects the global climate.

Scientists are currently investigating whether biodiversity can be improved by encouraging ground vegetation within and around the monocultures so as to minimise environmental damage and maximise co-benefits such as soil protection, pest control and conservation of biodiversity. Such practices include creating reserves and buffer strips of native vegetation and management of vegetation in the plantations themselves. The success of these management practices in delivering ecosystem services and the impact on GHG emissions are uncertain, and there is a real need for an evidence-base to guide improvements in the environmental sustainability of oil palm management.

A key proposed management strategy is to promote a more developed, more diverse understory within the plantation. As well as increasing biodiversity by creating a more complex habitat and links between forest remnants, the understory may sequester carbon in above-ground biomass and through maintenance of plant-soil interactions. This project specifically tests how different understory management practices affect GHG emissions in oil palm plantations. We expect that the understory may be one important aspect in determining GHG emissions because oil palms are routinely fertilised with nitrogen, of which a significant proportion can be lost to the atmosphere as the GHG nitrous oxide and leached to the rivers as nitrate and organic nitrogen compounds. A large understory biomass can potentially increase plant nitrogen uptake, so effectively could reduce nitrous oxide emissions and leaching.

We urgently need to quantify the greenhouse gas emissions in relation to a range of plantation management strategies so we can provide accurate environmental assessments and identify best agricultural practices. This project will collaborate with industry partners and disseminate findings to the Round Table of Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) board to feed in to the development of industry guidelines. The area of RSPO-certified plantations is rapidly growing, so identifying best agricultural practices will have a large impact.

The time scale for research relating to management options is critical for influencing decision making in the near-future; in Indonesia, most OP plantations were established in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Due to the 25 - 30 year life cycle of OP plantations, nearly half are due to be clear-cut for replanting in the near-future. Hence, it is vital to understand replanting and restoration options which simultaneously allow for high productivity as well as supporting biodiversity and minimising GHG emissions.

The proposed project, AP-GRO, will be a collaboration between the 'The Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture' (BEFTA) project team in Indonesia, consisting of the industry partner Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Corporation Research Institute (SMARTRI) and, in the UK, the University of Cambridge and the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH). We will bring together CEH's long standing expertise in greenhouse gas research with the established BEFTA long-term experiment to investigate the impact of diversifying understory vegetation in oil palm plantations on GHG emissions in Sumatra, Indonesia.

Planned Impact

The project will generate high quality research that will improve our understanding of the role of understory vegetation in improving prospects for biodiversity and reducing GHG emissions in oil palm (OP) plantations. It will contribute greatly to the pool of excellent studies published by UK academics, supporting our reputation as world-leaders in the field of global environmental change. To this end, the project is highly relevant to the NERC mission and delivers in relation to both its strategic 'biodiversity' and 'climate system' themes. We have identified the following specific non-academic stakeholder groups and describe in turn how we anticipate they will benefit and engage with AP-GRO outputs and the expected ongoing outputs from the collaboration beyond the duration of the project.

1) We envisage that the research will be of high value to OP and forestry industry groups, including OP companies, government agencies (e.g. Indonesian Palm Oil Association or GAPKI), multi-stakeholder groups (e.g. Roundtable on Sustainable palm Oil (RSPO) which provides the major certification standard for sustainable palm oil) and industry consumers (e.g. Unilever) who seek certified products. Through our project findings will plan to provide recommendations on how to maximise ecosystem function and biodiversity and minimise GHG emissions whilst maintaining profitability. This state-of-the-art knowledge will benefit organisations interested in sustainable OP production and will be disseminated via meetings where industry partners are in attendance (e.g. International Conference on Oil Palm and the Environment (ICOPE)), through publication on the BEFTA project webpage and an ecosystem services analysis report. By engaging these organisations in accessible knowledge exchange, we can ensure that our work will be of value in terms of 'real-world' implementation and impact.
2) The work will also be of great interest to consultancies (e.g. Daemeter Consulting Indonesia, People Nature Consulting Indonesia) who will be able to access the findings via the webpage and through peer-reviewed literature. Similarly, we envisage these findings to be of interest to non-governmental organisations: comprising of those working in forest-agricultural landscapes (e.g. Greenpeace, WWF).
3) Increasing sustainable OP agriculture is a key policy objective globally. For example the recently introduced 'Nutella Amendment' in France, has seen taxes on palm oil products increase by 300% due to environmental concerns. Developing best practice will therefore be of great interest to UK and EU policy-makers including the following departments:
(i) Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), which is the UK government department for international climate policy;
(ii) Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), which is the producer of the UK Statement on Sustainable Palm Oil;
(iii) Department for International Development (DFID), funder of research into poverty alleviation through oil palm production;
(iv) European Commission, who make EU-wide decisions pertaining to palm oil production and consumption via instruments such as the Renewable Fuels Directive.
Our results will provide an informative evidence-base to support policy decision-making in this area, which is currently highly controversial, contradictory and dynamic (e.g. The recent decision by the EU to advocate palm oil produced according to RSPO guidelines as 'sustainable' indicates the real need for these guidelines to accurately, and with evidence, reflect best possible practice. Through publication of our results and linking with other established organisations (RSPO, SEnSOR programme) we will feed into evidence-based documentation to support decision-making).
4) The project will be of interest to the general public with interest in tropical environmental issues. Many are seeking ethically approved produce so there is a need for meaningful standards to be set.
 
Description This project investigates the impact of the presence and absence of ground vegetation in oil palm plantations. The common practice is to remove the undergrowth using pesticides. Not removing the undergrowth vegetation would improve the biodiversity of the plantation and the farmers health and financial situation by not being exposed to pesticides and buying them. Our results demonstrated that there was no increase in GHG emissions (N2O, CH4 and CO2 respiration) with understory present, suggesting that the within-crop ecological benefits do not result in an increased GHG burden.
Initial results are promising in that all three GHGs seem to be of similar magnitude in the different understory treatments. This means that if understory increases biodiversity and provides other benefits it might be a viable sustainability measure, without adding a GHG burden.
We hope that our results will provide valuable information about how to manage oil palm plantations in ways that strike the best balance for biodiversity, ecosystem function, and yield, as well as for their long-term resilience. We aim to translate our results into policy recommendations that we hope will be useful for other scientists, conservationists, policy makers and certification organisations, as well as directly for oil palm managers.
Exploitation Route Results will be presented at the International Conference on Oil Palm and the Environment (ICOPE - postponed due to COVID) reaching a wide audience of scientists, NGOs, oil palm growers and politicians. Future funding (GCRF translational award) will investigate the applicability of the findings from this project in a smallholder context. The parent company GAR of our project partner SMARTRI is a member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). The company is committed to advising and training ~70,000 smallholder farmers (cultivated area reaching 100,000 ha) in more sustainable management practices. Hence, via SMARTI we can reach a wider audience and feed results into guidelines.
Sectors Agriculture

Food and Drink

Environment

 
Description BBSRC-NERC GCRF Research Translation Call Sustainable Enhancement Of Agriculture And Aquaculture Production: Ecological management to benefit ecosystem services and sustainable production in smallholder oil palm systems in Malaysia and Indonesia
Amount £249,935 (GBP)
Funding ID BB/T012366/1 
Organisation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2020 
End 01/2022
 
Description Global Partnerships Seedcorn Fund 2023: NE/Y003136/1: Addressing environmental impacts of oil palm expansion in Liberia/Africa
Amount £100,000 (GBP)
Funding ID NE/Y003136/1 
Organisation Natural Environment Research Council 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 11/2023 
End 11/2025
 
Title Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from different riparian restoration treatments in oil palm plantations in Riau, Indonesia 2019-2021. 
Description This dataset contains terrestrial fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ecosystem respiration (carbon dioxide (CO2)) calculated from static chamber measurements in riparian buffers of oil palm plantations on mineral soil, in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia. Measurements were made monthly, from January 2019 until September 2021, with a break from April 2019 to October 2019 to allow for felling and replanting, and another break from January 2021 to June 2021 due to Covid-19 restrictions. To help to reduce the environmental impact of oil palm plantations, riparian buffers are now required by regulations in many Southeast Asian countries. The experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions from the riparian buffers. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2021 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Once embargo up can be used by other researchers, e.g. in models 
URL https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/documents/f587847a-7505-4fd8-99db-b99cc0285f9f
 
Title Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from different understory treatments in oil palm plantations in Riau, Indonesia 2018-2019 
Description This dataset contains terrestrial fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ecosystem respiration (carbon dioxide (CO2)) calculated from static chamber measurements in mature oil palm plantations on mineral soil, managed by Sinar Mas Agro Resources and Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) and located on the Ujung Tanjung Estate in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia. Measurements were made monthly, from October 2018 until September 2019. A total of 54 static chambers were installed across nine plots, representing three different understory vegetation treatments: normal complexity (an intermediate-level of understory spraying with herbicide); reduced complexity (spraying of all understory vegetation with herbicides); and enhanced complexity (no herbicide spraying and limited understory cutting). Six chambers were installed in each of the nine plots, resulting in 18 replicates of each treatment. In addition, soil moisture measurements were also taken around each chamber. The dataset was associated with a foreign research permit, issued by Foreign Research Permit Division Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia. As the project spanned two years it was covered by two permits, RISTEK permit number: 323/SIP/FRP/E5/Dit.KI/X/2018 and RISTEK permit number: 8B/TKPIPA/E5/Dit.KI/VIII/2019. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2020 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/378f028d-ab04-4fa5-a5ca-61f78ea0adb0
 
Description Universiti Malaysia Sabah 
Organisation Malaysian University of Sabah
Department School of Science and Technology
Country Malaysia 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution The collaboration with Dr Justin Sentian is formalised through a subcontract. Prior to this HMTF project I collaborated with Dr Sentian co-supervising a MSc student funded by CEH internal funds and linked to the NERC OP3 project.
Collaborator Contribution Universiti Malaysia Sabah staff and students carry out most of the greenhouse gas and soil measurements, and sample analysis for soil properties is done by Forest Research Sandakan.
Impact -Skiba,U., Rees,R., Siong,J. & Sentian,J. 2012. Non CO2 greenhouse gas sources from managed and natural soils -: fluxes and mitigation. Journal of Oil Palm and The Environment, 3, 107-113. The above paper led to the collaboration of UKCEH with the Universiti Malaysia Sabah and led to 5 peer reviewed papers including PhD student M.M Leduning, MSc student H.J. Kuling, supervisor J Sentian (University Malaysia Sabah) and N Majalap (Forest Research Centre, Sandakan) with first author Drewer 2020 & 2021. -Drewer J, Zhao J, Leduning M M, Levy P E, Sentian J, Gubry-Rangin C and Skiba U M 2020 Linking Nitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide Fluxes to Microbial Communities in Tropical Forest Soils and Oil Palm Plantations in Malaysia in Laboratory Incubations Front. For. Glob. Chang. 3 1-14 https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00004 -Drewer, J., Leduning, M. M., Griffiths, R. I., Goodall, T., Levy, P. E., Cowan, N., Comyn-Platt, E., Hayman, G., Sentian, J., Majalap, N., and Skiba, U. M. 2021b Comparison of greenhouse gas fluxes and microbial communities from tropical forest and adjacent oil palm plantations on mineral soil, Biogeosciences 18 (5) 1559 -1575. -Drewer, J., Leduning, M.M., Purser, G., Cash, J.M., Sentian, J., Skiba U.M. 2021a Monoterpenes from tropical forest and oil palm plantation floor in Malaysian Borneo/Sabah: emission and composition Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-11. -Drewer, J., Kuling, H.J., Cowan, N.J., Majalap, N., Sentian, J., Skiba, U. 2021c Comparing soil nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from oil palm plantations and adjacent riparian forests. Front. For. Glob. Change, 27 September 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.738303. -Drewer J, Zhao J, Leduning M M, Levy P E, Sentian J, Gubry-Rangin C and Skiba U M 2020 Linking Nitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide Fluxes to Microbial Communities in Tropical Forest Soils and Oil Palm Plantations in Malaysia in Laboratory Incubations Front. For. Glob. Chang. 3 1-14 https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00004
Start Year 2013
 
Description - 01/02/24 Presentation to Sustainability Team of Golden Veroleum Liberia. Title: Trace gas fluxes from Oil Palm plantations & forests in Southeast Asia (~5 people) (J Drewer) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact 01/02/24 Presentation to Sustainability Team of Golden Veroleum Liberia. Title: Trace gas fluxes from Oil Palm plantations & forests in Southeast Asia (~5 people) (J Drewer)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description 02/03/2023 Talk at workshop with Wild Asia: UKCEH/ Cardiff & DGFC /Wild Asia at KOPEL, Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan, Sabah Malaysia "Monitoring of OP management system effects" 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Third sector organisations
Results and Impact 02/03/2023 Talk at workshop with Wild Asia (Malaysian NGO): UKCEH/ University of Cardiff & DGFC (Danau Girang Wildlife Centre) /Wild Asia at KOPEL, Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan, Sabah Malaysia "Monitoring of OP management system effects"
About 7 Malaysian farmers present, plus 5 Malaysian staff (Wild Asia) and 2 Malaysian staff from DGFC

Outcomes: Farmers reported considering bio farming for their oil palm plantations
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description EGU22-13120 Diversifying understory vegetation and riparian restoration as ecological management options to regulate greenhouse gas fluxes in oil palm plantations by Julia Drewer et al. Session BG3.19 - Land use, land-use change, ecohydrology and greenhouse gas emissions in the tropics 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact short oral presentation at the hybrid EGU General Assembly 2022:
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Seminar at the University of Liberia to Master students of climate change and faculty staff. Title: The importance of measuring trace gas fluxes to understand future emissions under climate change and land use change 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact 09/02/24 Seminar at the University of Liberia to Master students of climate change and faculty staff (~50 people). Title: The importance of measuring trace gas fluxes to understand future emissions under climate change and land use change (J Drewer)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
 
Description Talk titled "Trace gas fluxes from Oil Palm plantations & forests in Southeast Asia" 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Talk at meeting with Sabah Wildlife Department with participants from WWF Malaysia, Cardiff University, Danau Girang field centre (Sabah), UKCEH, Sabah Wildlife Department (different district officers)
Title of talk "Trace gas fluxes from Oil Palm plantations & forests in Southeast Asia"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description alk to students at Danau Girang field centre in Kinabatangan, Malaysia. "GHG fluxes from oil palm plantations, logged and riparian forests in Southeast Asia (Sabah/Borneo and Riau/Sumatra)" 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Undergraduate students
Results and Impact 25/02/2023 Talk to students at Danau Girang field centre in Kinabatangan, Malaysia. "GHG fluxes from oil palm plantations, logged and riparian forests in Southeast Asia (Sabah/Borneo and Riau/Sumatra)".
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023