Copper Basin Exploration Science (CuBES)

The criticality of Cu, Co (+/- V) in battery technology and electricity transmission has established them as key components
of the carbon-free energy transition. A major proportion of these elements are sourced from sedimentary basin-hosted
deposits, formed from large-scale fluid flow systems. Recent work has shown that diverse basin architectures and
processes were responsible for their genesis, yet we still do not understand why so few basins become highly endowed
with metals. Given their paucity, the geological evolution of such basins demands the juxtaposition of unique conditions
that: (1) generated large volumes of metal-bearing fluid; (2) provided sufficient sulfur; (3) created reducing trap sites; and
(4) focused fluid flow into these sites [5]. Understanding large deposits is particularly significant because they are efficient
to mine and offer the greatest societal benefits.
Our particular focus is to develop and integrate mineral and petroleum systems approaches to provide a disruptive
innovation opportunity in the science and industrial applications in this field. Our objectives are to identify the processes,
operating over a range of scales, that lead to the formation of large Cu-Co-(V) deposits and derive new and practical
exploration tools. The opportunity is timely, given the current wave of academic interest in these ore systems, and the
increased collaboration between industry and academia to develop sophisticated methods that can reduce exploration
costs, risk and environmental impact.
To tackle these challenges, we have assembled a multi-institute academic consortium with internationally-recognised
expertise across the geosciences. We have also built strategic research alliances with: (1) the UK's major mining houses,
Rio Tinto and Anglo American, and with BHP and First Quantum Minerals, all with global interests in sediment-hosted
copper mineralisation; (2) the energy sector (Scheupbach Energy); and (3) international academic partners (CSIRO, Univ.
Houston, GFZ Potsdam, Universidad Nacional, Buenos Aires. The collaboration between PIs, PDRAs, affiliated PhD
students funded outside the grant, industry and international partners will deliver high impact scientific publications, new
data and tools to support the development of lower risk mineral exploration strategies, and highlight the UK as a world-leading
community for research in basin-hosted mineral systems.

By improving our understanding of the fundamental aspects of sedimentary ore formation we will provide industry with new
insights that will enable the development of refined exploration models grounded in physics and chemistry. This may be in
our understanding of how alteration zones relate to hidden targets at the district scale, and/or at the broader scale where
the knowledge of these processes may serve to develop new regional exploration models. More efficient regional targeting
that accurately identifies favourable and unfavourable exploration tracts will result in socio economic benefits with a
reduction in environmental impact and significant cost reductions and reduced risk. In the case of sediment-hosted base
metal deposits, many basins are barren of significant mineralization, whereas a limited number contain huge resources.
Understanding this dichotomy, will have a lasting impact on exploration models for these deposits.