Drought and peatland fires in Indonesian Borneo: Understanding drivers and impacts to build resilience through sustainable development
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Exeter
Abstract
Indonesia's Central Kalimantan province on the island of Borneo is home to extensive peatlands. In dry years such as 2015, peat fires burn for months with huge impacts: Exposure to smoke during this period is expected to cause 100,000 premature deaths, caused major economic disruption with a cost of $16.1Bn to the Indonesian economy and, for three months, emitted more carbon than the entire EU. Indonesia's peatland fires were described as 2015's 'worst environmental disaster' (Guardian, 2015) with Central Kalimantan at the epicentre. The majority of fires in this region are started
deliberately, primarily to clear forest for small or large-scale agriculture (satellite data indicates that there were close to 40,000 fire hot spots in C. Kalimantan peatlands in 2015), but their frequency, duration and severity are strongly climate linked and facilitated by El Niño droughts, which may become more frequent under global warming. In their intact natural waterlogged, forested state these peatlands rarely burn, therefore fires are concentrated in the (extensive) areas that have dried to some degree due to deforestation and drainage for agriculture and timber extraction. Here, smouldering fires burn down into the underlying peat, can burn for months and are the primary cause of near annual air pollution events affecting SE Asia, which were particularly severe during 2015. Thus the drivers behind the peatland fires are a combination of climatic processes, a legacy of historic land use impacts that ensure a high fuel load, and human activities that provide ignition sources. The resulting huge impacts are, therefore, to a large extent preventable but effective action requires a more detailed understanding of future climate-associated risk, biophysical and socio-economic conditions and human behaviours.
We propose an integrated, multidisciplinary project with three core aims:
1) To better understand the drivers behind the multiple drought- and fire-associated hazards and their spatial distribution in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesian Borneo
2) To characterise the multiple, cumulative impacts of drought and the biophysical and human behavioural chains leading to them, and identify the population groups/communities most vulnerable to these hazards.
3) Combining information from 1 and 2, identify priority actions and policies for work to reduce the risk of fire and identify the socio-cultural, agro-ecological, physical and economic hurdles to achieving positive outcomes from their implementation within the context of sustainable development that leads to better environmental and socio-economic circumstances for all.
The ultimate aim of this project is to build long term resilience to the multiple hazards associated with drought and fire in Central Kalimantan's peatlands by developing the knowledge, tools and capacity to reduce the current co-drivers (e.g. human land uses) and also to plan ahead for when circumstances (climate, land use) change in the future. Fully understanding the human costs can guide the appropriate action to take to minimise the impacts when a disaster does occur. Our proposed research on building resilience emphasises the need to do this in the context of sustainable development and building positive economic opportunities that will incentivise stakeholders. To ensure the research achieves the maximum impact, the consortium partners include Indonesian government agencies and departments, an NGO with extensive experience of engaging rural communities in the region and equal partnerships between UK and Indonesian universities to develop local research capacity through collaboration and training.
deliberately, primarily to clear forest for small or large-scale agriculture (satellite data indicates that there were close to 40,000 fire hot spots in C. Kalimantan peatlands in 2015), but their frequency, duration and severity are strongly climate linked and facilitated by El Niño droughts, which may become more frequent under global warming. In their intact natural waterlogged, forested state these peatlands rarely burn, therefore fires are concentrated in the (extensive) areas that have dried to some degree due to deforestation and drainage for agriculture and timber extraction. Here, smouldering fires burn down into the underlying peat, can burn for months and are the primary cause of near annual air pollution events affecting SE Asia, which were particularly severe during 2015. Thus the drivers behind the peatland fires are a combination of climatic processes, a legacy of historic land use impacts that ensure a high fuel load, and human activities that provide ignition sources. The resulting huge impacts are, therefore, to a large extent preventable but effective action requires a more detailed understanding of future climate-associated risk, biophysical and socio-economic conditions and human behaviours.
We propose an integrated, multidisciplinary project with three core aims:
1) To better understand the drivers behind the multiple drought- and fire-associated hazards and their spatial distribution in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesian Borneo
2) To characterise the multiple, cumulative impacts of drought and the biophysical and human behavioural chains leading to them, and identify the population groups/communities most vulnerable to these hazards.
3) Combining information from 1 and 2, identify priority actions and policies for work to reduce the risk of fire and identify the socio-cultural, agro-ecological, physical and economic hurdles to achieving positive outcomes from their implementation within the context of sustainable development that leads to better environmental and socio-economic circumstances for all.
The ultimate aim of this project is to build long term resilience to the multiple hazards associated with drought and fire in Central Kalimantan's peatlands by developing the knowledge, tools and capacity to reduce the current co-drivers (e.g. human land uses) and also to plan ahead for when circumstances (climate, land use) change in the future. Fully understanding the human costs can guide the appropriate action to take to minimise the impacts when a disaster does occur. Our proposed research on building resilience emphasises the need to do this in the context of sustainable development and building positive economic opportunities that will incentivise stakeholders. To ensure the research achieves the maximum impact, the consortium partners include Indonesian government agencies and departments, an NGO with extensive experience of engaging rural communities in the region and equal partnerships between UK and Indonesian universities to develop local research capacity through collaboration and training.
Planned Impact
Our ultimate project aim is to build long term resilience to the multiple hazards associated with drought in Central Kalimantan's peatlands by developing the knowledge, tools and capacity to reduce the current co-drivers of drought- associated fire and also for future circumstances when climate and land use change. Our proposal is designed to evaluate the interactions between human activity and climatic extremes in this critically sensitive region; to evaluate the short and longer-term impacts of peat fires in our study location; and to use knowledge of drivers and risk chains to build resilience to the risks from the multihazards associated with droughts and fires. The focus of our project on both forested and agricultural peat landscapes will result in outcomes with direct implications for ecosystem and biodiversity protection, improved local livelihoods and human health and well-being. Our results will provide a basis for improved peatland management for poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, and will provide a model for increasing ecological and human resilience to future El Niño events across SE Asia.
Below we briefly explain our pathways to impact for the three key groups of stakeholders
- Indonesian government agencies and departments have been involved in developing this project from the start (2017 workshop at University of Exeter) and will be closely involved in its delivery. The key stakeholder in this respect is the Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) and our proposed resilience research closely follows the structure of their strategy. The BRG was established in response to the 2015 fires by President Widodo with a 5-year mandate, which ends December 2020. The current expectation is that with the recent re-election of President Widodo, the BRG will either be granted another 5-year term or will be incorporated in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Regardless of this, we will continue working with the relevant administrative entities, including consulting with these agencies at all project stages, involving them in decision-making committees and providing summary reports for
policy makers.
- Much of our research involves gathering information from and about rural communities. These same communities are also essential for achieving resilience to future drought. It is essential that these communities understand the link between current practices and the negative health and wellbeing impacts they suffer from the fires, as well as the economic opportunities associated with building resilience. Project partners Borneo Nature Foundation have a highly experienced local Community Development & Education team who will manage effective engagement with these stakeholders.
- We aim to develop the capacity of the Indonesian research community through close collaboration and training. In planning this proposal we have budgeted for equal numbers of UK and Indonesian post docs and research assistants to foster co-development of research at all career levels. Most of the research will be carried out in Indonesia with exception of climate modelling and water chemistry analysis, which requires specialised and expensive facilities only available in the UK. In those cases, we plan for Indonesian researchers to spend a period working and training in the UK.
Below we briefly explain our pathways to impact for the three key groups of stakeholders
- Indonesian government agencies and departments have been involved in developing this project from the start (2017 workshop at University of Exeter) and will be closely involved in its delivery. The key stakeholder in this respect is the Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) and our proposed resilience research closely follows the structure of their strategy. The BRG was established in response to the 2015 fires by President Widodo with a 5-year mandate, which ends December 2020. The current expectation is that with the recent re-election of President Widodo, the BRG will either be granted another 5-year term or will be incorporated in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Regardless of this, we will continue working with the relevant administrative entities, including consulting with these agencies at all project stages, involving them in decision-making committees and providing summary reports for
policy makers.
- Much of our research involves gathering information from and about rural communities. These same communities are also essential for achieving resilience to future drought. It is essential that these communities understand the link between current practices and the negative health and wellbeing impacts they suffer from the fires, as well as the economic opportunities associated with building resilience. Project partners Borneo Nature Foundation have a highly experienced local Community Development & Education team who will manage effective engagement with these stakeholders.
- We aim to develop the capacity of the Indonesian research community through close collaboration and training. In planning this proposal we have budgeted for equal numbers of UK and Indonesian post docs and research assistants to foster co-development of research at all career levels. Most of the research will be carried out in Indonesia with exception of climate modelling and water chemistry analysis, which requires specialised and expensive facilities only available in the UK. In those cases, we plan for Indonesian researchers to spend a period working and training in the UK.
Organisations
- University of Exeter (Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Palangka Raya (Collaboration)
- London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London) (Collaboration)
- Borneo Nature Foundation (Collaboration, Project Partner)
- Universitas Indonesia (Collaboration)
- University of Leicester (Collaboration)
- Gadjah Mada University (Collaboration)
- Peat Restoration Agency (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS (Collaboration)
- University of East Anglia (Collaboration)
- Badan Restorasi Gambut (BRG) (Project Partner)
Publications

Apers S
(2022)
Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model.
in Journal of advances in modeling earth systems

Davies-Barnard T
(2023)
Future fire risk under climate change and deforestation scenarios in tropical Borneo
in Environmental Research Letters


Mishra S
(2021)
Degradation of Southeast Asian tropical peatlands and integrated strategies for their better management and restoration
in Journal of Applied Ecology

Smith S
(2022)
Tree species that 'live slow, die older' enhance tropical peat swamp restoration: Evidence from a systematic review
in Journal of Applied Ecology

Thornton S
(2022)
From 'Muddy glee' to muddy reflections on fieldwork and writing
in Area

Thornton S
(2020)
Towards biocultural approaches to peatland conservation: The case for fish and livelihoods in Indonesia
in Environmental Science & Policy

Thurstan RH
(2021)
Envisioning a resilient future for biodiversity conservation in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
in People and nature (Hoboken, N.J.)
Description | In reforestation programmes of rainforest on tropical peatland soils in South East Asia, the survival of planted tree seedlings is most strongly determined by species, with very little influence of other factors. Essentially, this means that only a few tree species can initially be re-established so that replanted forest will be of much lower diversity than natural forest and it will take many decades to centuries for natural succession to improve this. We know that peat fires in extensive tropical peatlands of Indonesia have enormous environmental, public health and economic impacts and that major outbreaks of fire are associated with extreme drought conditions. These local weather conditions can be influenced by both global climate processes and by more local effects, such as the degree of forest cover, because rainforests have a local cooling and rain production effect. Using climate modelling focussed on the large island of Borneo, we have projected how a 'Fire Weather Index' (FWI) is likely to change under future global climate change and under further deforestation. We find that the average FWI increases under global climate change and that deforestation adds only a little to this increase. However, it is not only about the average, because it is the extremes that are associated with big fore outbreaks and we find that deforestation is projected to lead to greater extremes. This is important because deforestation is something that national governments can do something about and they can thus reduce future fire risk through policy directed at halting deforestation. The ODA relevance so far is that they contribute to the knowledge base underpinning efforts build resilience to drought and peatland fires in Indonesia, by improving the effectiveness of reforestation programmes and by providing insight into how the risk of drought and fire are likely to change in the future under climate change and different (de-) forestation scenarios. The drought-associated peatland fires have repeatedly been shown to have severe health, economic and environmental impacts so by aiding the building of resilience these elements should improve. In November 2022, we held our first in-person workshop of the project, bringing together the UK and Indonesian research teams. This has lead to the forging of stronger collaborations, better knowledge exchange and the ups killing of Indonesian researchers through training sessions. This meets the ODA goal of building capacity. |
Exploitation Route | Reforestation is an important element of peatland restoration programmes in Indonesia (and other countries). The findings of our published and ongoing research helps to make forthcoming reforestation initiatives as effective and cost efficient as possible. The Indonesian government has committed to ending net deforestation by 2030 as a contribution to global efforts to reduce climate change. The results from our climate modelling show that this policy can also have direct national-level benefits by reducing the recurring risk of peatland fires and should therefore strengthen the government's case for this policy. |
Sectors | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Communities and Social Services/Policy,Environment |
Description | At this early stage when the first research outputs are starting to come out, the impact is still limited or difficult to specify. However, through an invited talk by the project PI at the Global Landscape Forum during COP26 in Glasgow and a recent article in Mongabay (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/03/deforestation-drives-fire-risk-in-borneo-amid-a-warming-climate-study-finds/) we have reached an audience outside academia and thereby raised awareness of the key results of our research so far among a segment of the stakeholder community. This work is most relevant to SDGs 3, 5, 6, 13, 15. Gender equality The project has had a positive impact on gender equality and inclusivity in the research community in Indonesia by ensuring equal opportunities in recruitment of team members. At the Investigator level, the Indonesian team consists of three men and one woman, while the teams of researchers they have recruited consist of 10 men and 14 women. |
First Year Of Impact | 2021 |
Sector | Environment |
Impact Types | Cultural,Societal |
Description | Environmental Intelligence CDT studentship |
Amount | £60,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2021 |
End | 09/2024 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | Borneo Nature Foundation |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | Gadjah Mada University |
Country | Indonesia |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | Peat Restoration Agency |
Country | Indonesia |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | Universitas Indonesia |
Country | Indonesia |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | University of East Anglia |
Department | Tyndall Centre |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | University of Leeds |
Department | School of Geography Leeds |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | University of Leicester |
Department | Department of Geography |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | KaLi Consortium |
Organisation | University of Palangka Raya |
Department | Center for International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland (CIMTROP) |
Country | Indonesia |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Project KaLi (Kalimantan Lestari - Sustainable Kalimantan) is carried out by a consortium involving all these partners and the departments of Biosciences, Geography and Mathematics at University of Exeter. As PI, me and my team provide the leadership, as well as specific areas of research expertise. |
Collaborator Contribution | Each of the partners contribute their specific area of research expertise. BNF and UPR also provide logistical support and infrastructure for fieldwork as well as liaison with local stakeholders through their exiting networks. The Peatland Restoration Agency (now re-established by the Indonesian government as the Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove) provides extensive data sets, with a conservative estimated value of £100,000 and is also expected to second staff to chair our Stakeholder Advisory Group. The University of Leeds has allocated £45,000 of QR uplift for additional contracted post doc time to work on the project. |
Impact | See outputs under publications. This is a multi-disciplinary collaboration involving the following disciplines: Ecology Molecular Biology Environmental Chemistry Physical Geography Social Science Political Science Mathematics Atmospheric science |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Interview for regional news |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interview on BBC Radio Cornwall on pledge made at COP26 to end deforestation by 2030. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Keynote address to Global Landscape Forum |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
Results and Impact | A keynote address at the Global landscape Forum in Glasgow during COP26 to spark discussion on the importance of socio-economic transformation for creating positive tipping points towards sustainable development among a global audience of thousands. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |