Pyramids of Life: Working with nature for a sustainable future
Lead Research Organisation:
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
Department Name: CEFAS Lowestoft Laboratory
Abstract
Our planet's natural resources face unsustainable demands and there is evidence that current management approaches are failing to move resource use towards a sustainable future. This failure is particularly acute in marine ecosystems where about 95% of fisheries are fully- or over-exploited. A step-change is needed to achieve sustainability, but such change can only be affected if it aligns with consumer demand, real world fishing practicalities, and with sustainable national policies such as the Natural Capital Approach described by the UK's 25 Year Environment Plan. The 'Pyramids of Life' approach to a sustainable future captures and helps to communicate complex relationships between different species, human behaviours, and marine ecosystem functions.
Ecological pyramids represent different size-based trophic levels with the relative scarcity of larger organisms being regulated by well-understood scaling principles based on energy flow from smaller prey. Human needs can also be represented in hierarchical pyramids where lower level physiological needs (e.g. need for food) must be satisfied before higher level needs (e.g. need for self-esteem) can influence behaviour (e.g. value systems). If presented together, information from such pyramids would allow stakeholders to understand complex and dynamic systems and their interdependencies, contribute to inform adaptive decision-making and lend itself to efficient and scalable modelling tools based on existing datasets
The problem for the UK's marine resources is that fisheries management agreements typically use metrics which are based, for a given species, on the number of tonnes landed above some given minimum size. This can distort the size structure of naturally productive pyramids, causing local crashes in populations. It can also be wasteful where catches inevitably encompass many species. Consumer preference and market forces also play a role, promoting "plate-sized" catches and well-known species at the possible expense of more ecologically sustainable alternatives.
We have shown that management which better respects ecological pyramids, and where harvest at a particular size class is proportional to the production at that size class (in units of carbon per year), can be both more productive and surprisingly resilient to external challenges. The challenge is to convert this academic observation into practical reality. To do this, we need to understand the behaviour of consumers, and of fishers, and to identify where change can be commercially viable as well as ecologically sustainable. Again the pyramid concept, this time describing values and behaviours, is helpful. Co-development with our partner organisations has identified key target species and fisheries, and existing datasets, where targeted changes in management can align with both the realities of human behaviour and economic value, and ecological sustainability.
The research combines overlapping expertise in socio-economics and human behaviour (University of East Anglia), ecology and detailed spatio-temporal datasets (Cefas),and mathematics and marine ecology (University of York). Our partners Seafish and Waitrose bring detailed expertise in market dynamics, consumer behaviour and fishing effort, as well as matching our commitment to long-term sustainability. Together, this body of work will provide a multidimensional perspective of the value of marine ecosystems so that future management interventions are based squarely on what is sustainable.
Ecological pyramids represent different size-based trophic levels with the relative scarcity of larger organisms being regulated by well-understood scaling principles based on energy flow from smaller prey. Human needs can also be represented in hierarchical pyramids where lower level physiological needs (e.g. need for food) must be satisfied before higher level needs (e.g. need for self-esteem) can influence behaviour (e.g. value systems). If presented together, information from such pyramids would allow stakeholders to understand complex and dynamic systems and their interdependencies, contribute to inform adaptive decision-making and lend itself to efficient and scalable modelling tools based on existing datasets
The problem for the UK's marine resources is that fisheries management agreements typically use metrics which are based, for a given species, on the number of tonnes landed above some given minimum size. This can distort the size structure of naturally productive pyramids, causing local crashes in populations. It can also be wasteful where catches inevitably encompass many species. Consumer preference and market forces also play a role, promoting "plate-sized" catches and well-known species at the possible expense of more ecologically sustainable alternatives.
We have shown that management which better respects ecological pyramids, and where harvest at a particular size class is proportional to the production at that size class (in units of carbon per year), can be both more productive and surprisingly resilient to external challenges. The challenge is to convert this academic observation into practical reality. To do this, we need to understand the behaviour of consumers, and of fishers, and to identify where change can be commercially viable as well as ecologically sustainable. Again the pyramid concept, this time describing values and behaviours, is helpful. Co-development with our partner organisations has identified key target species and fisheries, and existing datasets, where targeted changes in management can align with both the realities of human behaviour and economic value, and ecological sustainability.
The research combines overlapping expertise in socio-economics and human behaviour (University of East Anglia), ecology and detailed spatio-temporal datasets (Cefas),and mathematics and marine ecology (University of York). Our partners Seafish and Waitrose bring detailed expertise in market dynamics, consumer behaviour and fishing effort, as well as matching our commitment to long-term sustainability. Together, this body of work will provide a multidimensional perspective of the value of marine ecosystems so that future management interventions are based squarely on what is sustainable.
Publications
![publication icon](/resources/img/placeholder-60x60.png)
Thompson M
(2023)
Climate change affects the distribution of diversity across marine food webs
in Global Change Biology
![publication icon](/resources/img/placeholder-60x60.png)
Thompson, M.S.A.
(2023)
OSPAR Quality Status Report 2023 - Pilot Assessment of Feeding Guilds
Description | Climate change projections: Many studies predict shifts in species distributions and community size composition in response to climate change, yet few have demonstrated how these changes will be distributed across marine food webs. We use Bayesian Additive Regression Trees to model how climate change will affect the habitat suitability of marine fish species across a range of body sizes and belonging to different feeding guilds, each with different habitat and feeding requirements in the northeast Atlantic shelf seas. Contrasting effects of climate change are predicted for feeding guilds, with spatially extensive decreases in the species richness of consumers lower in the food web (planktivores) but increases for those higher up (piscivores). Changing spatial patterns in predator-prey mass ratios and fish species size composition are also predicted for feeding guilds and across the fish assemblage. In combination, these changes could influence nutrient uptake and transformation, transfer efficiency and food web stability, and thus profoundly alter ecosystem structure and functioning. Food web indicator development: Food web indicators can reveal how ecosystems are responding to environmental change and anthropogenic pressure in a way that cannot be inferred from studying habitat, species or assemblages alone. Systematic differences in response of typically smaller bodied organisms, feeding lower in the food web (planktivores) relative to those with bigger bodies that utilise different resources (benthivores, pisco-crustivores) and feed higher up the food web (piscivores), could profoundly alter the uptake of nutrients and the efficiency of communities in converting resources into biomass (i.e. ecosystem functioning which supports the provision of ecosystem services). Our Pilot Feeding Guild assessment for the OSPAR Quality Status Report 2023 shows that fish populations and their diversity are changing at different rates and even in different directions across the food web across OSPAR Regions. For instance, in the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea there were extensive temporal decreases in the biomass of consumers lower in the food web (planktivores) which contrasted with increases in those higher up (pisco-crustivores and piscivores). This demonstrates that the dominant energy pathways upon which species rely are already altering. Such changes could impact nutrient uptake and transfer efficiency across the food web, on feeding conditions for commercial fish species, higher predators (birds and mammals) and alter the extent of natural pressure on fish prey (e.g. plankton, benthos). |
Exploitation Route | Our feeding guild indicator is being incorporated into the UK Marine Strategy 25 Year Plan Outcome Indicator Framework and further developed for future OSPAR assessments with the aim of making it a candidate food web indicator. Our predictions of change in marine food webs in response to climate change will help inform conservation strategies, such as identify which Highly Protected Marine Areas are most susceptible to change and where other conservation designations may be most effective into the future. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Environment |
URL | https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/quality-status-reports/qsr-2023/indicator-assessments/feeding-guild-pilot-assessment/ |
Description | Our Pilot Assessment of Feeding Guilds contributed to the OSPAR Quality Status Report 2023: Thompson, M.S.A., Lynam, C.P. and Preciado, I. 2022. Pilot Assessment of Feeding Guilds. In: OSPAR, 2023: The 2023 Quality Status Report for the Northeast Atlantic. OSPAR Commission, London. Available at: https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/quality-status-reports/qsr-2023/indicatorassessments/feeding-guild-pilot-assessmen |
First Year Of Impact | 2023 |
Sector | Environment |
Description | Biodiversity patterns under a shifting baseline: important areas for sensitive fish species and ecosystem functioning to assist marine spatial planning |
Amount | £45,847 (GBP) |
Organisation | Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2023 |
End | 03/2024 |
Description | Putting it together: linking changes in plankton and fisheries |
Amount | £109,535 (GBP) |
Organisation | Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2023 |
End | 03/2024 |
Title | Sustainable seafood consumption in SW choice experiment |
Description | Choice experiment dataset collecting data from an online survey about seafood consumption in the SW England. A random sample from the general population in the SW England (N=1000) answered to an anonymised online survey questionnaire collecting information about seafood consumption habits, preferences and attitudes. The survey questionnaire was administered using the Qualtrics online platform and the respondent panel was provided by a professional survey company. The survey was administered between October and November 2023. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | The Pyramids of Life team at Cefas and the University of East Anglia uses the dataset for further analysis on sustainable seafood consumption in the UK including to inform the national survey. Preliminary results were presented at the enevcon 2024 conference session that Pyramids of Life co-organised. |
Description | Eastern Arc Podcast |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Project members from University of East Anglia (Grilli), University of Essex (Shurety), and Cefas (Schratzberger and Thompson) recorded a podcast hosted by the Eastern Arc Consortium, a strategic collaboration between the universities of East Anglia, Essex and Kent, aimed at introducing and explaining key aspects of the Pyramids of Life project to a lay audience. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://easternarc.ac.uk/news/new-podcast-released-pyramids-of-life/ |
Description | Online talk at the 6th Informal Consultation Session of the Expert Group on Food Webs at the HELCOM conference (Helsinki, Finland) titled 'Developing a Marine Food Web Indicator' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Dr Murray Thompson (Cefas) shared details of a new pilot assessment of marine feeding guilds that has been accepted by OSPAR. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
URL | https://www.ccb.se/event/2024-feb-helcom-consultation-eg-6 |
Description | Poster presentation at the 5th International Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World's Ocean (ECCWO5) titled 'Climate change affects the distribution of diversity across marine food webs' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation of poster - Climate change affects the distribution of diversity across marine food webs - at dedicated two hour session, with team available to answer questions. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Presentation on feeding guilds to ICES Working Group on Biodiversity Science (WGBIODIV) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation of work on feeding guilds by Biodiversity Science Working Group Chair, Murray Thompson. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.ices.dk/news-and-events/meeting-calendar/Pages/ICES-CalendarDisp.aspx?sd=cdedc00f-5612-e... |
Description | Presentation to OSPARs Intersessional Correspondence Group on the Coordination of Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring, Hamburg |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Presentation of feeding guild pilot assessment by Cefas PI, Murray Thompson. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/quality-status-reports/qsr-2023/indicator-assessments/fee... |
Description | Presented work on quantitative links between plankton and planktivorous fish to Defra's Pelagic Habitats Expert Group (PHEG) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Opportunity to share initial findings of work examining the relationship between plankton and planktivorous fish with fisheries experts in Defra. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Talk at ICES Annual Science Conference (Dublin, Ireland) titled 'Climate change affects the distribution of diversity across marine food webs' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk by Murray Thompson on how climate change affects the distribution of diversity across marine food webs, co-authored by Cefas colleagues Elena Couce, Michaela Schratzberger and Chris Lynam. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.ices.dk/events/asc/ASC2022/Pages/default.aspx |
Description | Talk at SMMR annual conference (Bristol, UK) titled 'A food web effect of bottom trawling on benthivorous fish biomass' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Dr David Clare (Cefas) shared findings from his latest research into the impact of bottom trawling on benthivorous fish biomass. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.smmr.org.uk/annual-conference-breakdown/ |
Description | Talk at SMMR annual conference (Bristol, UK) titled 'Developing a marine food web indicator' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Dr Murray Thompson (Cefas) shared details of a new pilot assessment of marine feeding guilds that has been accepted by OSPAR. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.smmr.org.uk/annual-conference-breakdown/ |
Description | Talk at SMMR annual conference (Bristol, UK) titled 'Exploring threshold responses of fish communities to gradients of natural and anthropogenic stressors' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation by Dr Elena Couce (Cefas) sharing findings of novel research into the effects of natural and human stress factors on fish communities based on threshold responses. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.smmr.org.uk/annual-conference-breakdown/ |
Description | Talk at SMMR annual conference (Bristol, UK) titled 'Quantifying the capacity of the oceans to support human needs' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Discussion of the ecological work that underpins the Pyramids of Life project. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://pyramidsoflife.york.ac.uk/blog-newsletters |
Description | Talk at a workshop addressing the role of MPAs in reaching the 30 x 30 biodiversity goals hosted by SLU AQUA (Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) titled 'Developing a Marine Food Web Indicator' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Dr Murray Thompson (Cefas) shared details of a new pilot assessment of marine feeding guilds that has been accepted by OSPAR. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Talk to Defra's Healthy & Biologically Diverse Seas Evidence Group (HBDSEG) titled 'Developing a Marine Food Web Indicator' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Dr Murray Thompson (Cefas) shared details of a new pilot assessment of marine feeding guilds that has been accepted by OSPAR. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Talk to Defra's Pelagic Habitats Expert Group (PHEG) titled 'Developing a Marine Food Web Indicator' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Dr Murray Thompson (Cefas) shared details of a new pilot assessment of marine feeding guilds that has been accepted by OSPAR. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |