Understanding obscured star formation through cosmic time
Lead Research Organisation:
Lancaster University
Department Name: Physics
Abstract
Early observations of nearby galaxies led astronomers to a startling revelation - most local galaxies are easy to classify into one of two groups. Either they are spiral shaped with ongoing star-formation and contain many young, blue stars (like our own Milky Way), or they have spheroidal (elliptical) shapes and are mostly composed of old, red stars. This relatively simple observation leads to the important questions of how the different galaxies formed and evolved, and why they now mostly occupy two distinct classes. One way to untangle the different effects is to study galaxies that are further away, which, due to the finite speed of light, also means that we see them when the Universe was younger and the galaxies were earlier in their own evolution.
However, a key difficulty in examining young galaxies in the distant Universe is that they can contain significant quantities of dust - small particles that act like smoke and block out much of galaxies' optical light. This dust makes the galaxies faint and difficult (sometimes impossible) to observe with optical and near-infrared telescopes, so without knowing how much light is hidden by dust we cannot accurately measure distant galaxies. Even worse, the dustiest (and optically hardest to detect) galaxies are the most active - they form new stars about 1000 times quicker than our Milky Way - and they push the limits of our understanding of galaxy evolution. In fact, since the discovery 20 years ago of a large population of distant dusty galaxies, observations of them have repeatedly disagreed with models and triggered new revelations in understanding how galaxies form and evolve.
To trace dust in galaxies and accurately measure how many stars are being formed at different times in the history of the Universe I use far-infrared light. Far-infrared data have shown that very dusty and active galaxies are rare in the local Universe, but there are many of them in the young, distant Universe, so they are thought to be a key stage in the evolution of galaxies. However, even the latest models and simulations of galaxy formation and evolution struggle to accurately reproduce the number and properties these distant active galaxies. The problem is particularly prevalent at the earliest times (within about a billion years of the Big Bang) when simulations rarely generate enough of these very dusty "starburst" galaxies. Different simulations also disagree about how to generate the most active dusty galaxies - some require collisions of two massive galaxies, but others can create starbursts from just a single galaxy.
During this fellowship I will use data from a new, exceptionally powerful, infrared observatory in Chile - the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimetre Array (ALMA), as well as other international telescopes to study the dust in distant galaxies and determine through observations which (if any) of the different galaxy evolution models is correct. Firstly, I will use ALMA to determine whether galaxy mergers are needed to trigger massive distant starbursts. I will then examine samples of the earliest dusty galaxies to measure whether they are really as bright and massive as the first observations suggested (a big problem for simulations), or whether they may be "gravitationally lensed" i.e. magnified and made to appear brighter by the mass of another galaxy in the foreground acting as a lens. If many of them are gravitationally lensed then our previous measurements of their sizes and activity levels would have been wrong, and that will again affect the galaxy evolution models. Finally, I will perform crucial preparation for the next generation of wide-field surveys, using statistics to establish new methods to accurately pinpoint far-infrared bright galaxies, which is a crucial step in being to study many individual galaxies in detail.
However, a key difficulty in examining young galaxies in the distant Universe is that they can contain significant quantities of dust - small particles that act like smoke and block out much of galaxies' optical light. This dust makes the galaxies faint and difficult (sometimes impossible) to observe with optical and near-infrared telescopes, so without knowing how much light is hidden by dust we cannot accurately measure distant galaxies. Even worse, the dustiest (and optically hardest to detect) galaxies are the most active - they form new stars about 1000 times quicker than our Milky Way - and they push the limits of our understanding of galaxy evolution. In fact, since the discovery 20 years ago of a large population of distant dusty galaxies, observations of them have repeatedly disagreed with models and triggered new revelations in understanding how galaxies form and evolve.
To trace dust in galaxies and accurately measure how many stars are being formed at different times in the history of the Universe I use far-infrared light. Far-infrared data have shown that very dusty and active galaxies are rare in the local Universe, but there are many of them in the young, distant Universe, so they are thought to be a key stage in the evolution of galaxies. However, even the latest models and simulations of galaxy formation and evolution struggle to accurately reproduce the number and properties these distant active galaxies. The problem is particularly prevalent at the earliest times (within about a billion years of the Big Bang) when simulations rarely generate enough of these very dusty "starburst" galaxies. Different simulations also disagree about how to generate the most active dusty galaxies - some require collisions of two massive galaxies, but others can create starbursts from just a single galaxy.
During this fellowship I will use data from a new, exceptionally powerful, infrared observatory in Chile - the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimetre Array (ALMA), as well as other international telescopes to study the dust in distant galaxies and determine through observations which (if any) of the different galaxy evolution models is correct. Firstly, I will use ALMA to determine whether galaxy mergers are needed to trigger massive distant starbursts. I will then examine samples of the earliest dusty galaxies to measure whether they are really as bright and massive as the first observations suggested (a big problem for simulations), or whether they may be "gravitationally lensed" i.e. magnified and made to appear brighter by the mass of another galaxy in the foreground acting as a lens. If many of them are gravitationally lensed then our previous measurements of their sizes and activity levels would have been wrong, and that will again affect the galaxy evolution models. Finally, I will perform crucial preparation for the next generation of wide-field surveys, using statistics to establish new methods to accurately pinpoint far-infrared bright galaxies, which is a crucial step in being to study many individual galaxies in detail.
People |
ORCID iD |
Julie Wardlow (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
Algera H
(2020)
An ALMA Survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS Field: The Far-infrared/Radio Correlation for High-redshift Dusty Star-forming Galaxies
in The Astrophysical Journal
Birkin J
(2021)
An ALMA/NOEMA survey of the molecular gas properties of high-redshift star-forming galaxies
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Chartab N
(2022)
Low gas-phase metallicities of ultraluminous infrared galaxies are a result of dust obscuration
in Nature Astronomy
Chen C
(2020)
Extended H a over compact far-infrared continuum in dusty submillimeter galaxies Insights into dust distributions and star-formation rates at z ~ 2
in Astronomy & Astrophysics
García-Vergara C
(2020)
The Clustering of Submillimeter Galaxies Detected with ALMA
in The Astrophysical Journal
Gullberg B
(2019)
An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS field: high-resolution dust continuum morphologies and the link between sub-millimetre galaxies and spheroid formation
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Description | A portable inflatable planetarium for Lancashire and Cumbria |
Amount | £10,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | ST/S005986/1 |
Organisation | Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2019 |
End | 10/2019 |
Description | Partnership Grants 2021 |
Amount | £2,970 (GBP) |
Funding ID | PG\S2\21\1048 |
Organisation | The Royal Society |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | |
End | 03/2023 |
Description | FST Annual Conference 2021 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A discussion of galaxy evolution followed by an online planetarium show |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Globelynx & press commentary |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Response to media enquiries and Globelynx about news stories about Artemis I launch and Russian withdrawal from the ISS. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | JWST first public data event including LUniverse |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Event to showcase the first public data from the James Webb Space Telescope, held live at the time of public release and then immediately showcased in the planetarium dome. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/news/lancaster-university-chosen-to-showcase-first-ever-colour-images-of... |
Description | LU astrosoc talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | ~20 people attended a charity talk series hosted by Lancaster University Astronomical Society to showcase cutting edge astrophysics to undergraduates and members of the local community. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | LUniverse showcase (FST Winter conference 2019) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Planetarium showcased on-campus at a postgraduate conference (although most planetarium attendees were non-PG university members). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Live YouTube event: The Earth is Flat on Planet Pluto |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Live YouTube show discussing galaxy evolution and extremely active galaxies. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmGaK4kNAEk |
Description | Manchester Philosophical Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Invited talk for Manchester Philosophical Society to discuss cosmology and astrophysics. ~40 pupils from three Manchester schools attended, with lively debate following the talk. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | NAM2019 organising |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Organisation of the National Astronomy Meeting 2019; ~550 registered attendees, mostly professional astronomers and students. Significant press engagement and associated press releases. Associated local public engagement events. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://nam2019.org/ |
Description | Public LUniverse Show series Jan-June 2021 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Free, weekly, live online planetarium shows during the 3rd national (English) COVID lockdown when most pupils were home schooling and continuing monthly thereafter. Each week had a different theme and over 1200 people from >40 countries registered to attend the seven events. Feedback was positive, with attendance from children aged 5 to adults over 80. We also had numerous requests for further events and as a result will be running a monthly series from April 2021. Similarly, following audience requests, we plan to make recordings of the events freely available soon. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020,2021 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLm5Zzashz3KGGGzr16rJLcF0lBLW12JFy |
Description | School visit (Westgate) February 2020 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | LUniverse planetarium and "space" activities presented to 3 classes of year 5 students. Event later featured on BBC Radio Lancashire. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Speaking at Eddington Astronomical Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | ~20 people attending a talk at Eddington Astronomical Society (Kendal) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Talk: Furness and South Lakeland Astronomical Society (FLAS) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk at Furness and South Lakeland Astronomical Society (FLAS) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Talk: Lancaster & Morecambe Astronomical Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk at Lancaster & Morecambe Astronomical Society. Audience of ~40 engaged members of public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk: Macclesfield Astronomical Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk at Macclesfield AStronomical Society |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Talk: Preston & District Astronomical Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk at Preston & District Astronomical Society. Audience of ~40 engaged members of public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Talk: South Cheshire Astronomical Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk at South Cheshire Astronomical Society. Audience of ~40 engaged members of public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Talk: TEDx LancasterU |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presentation at annual LancasterU TEDx event. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Teacher CPD: Teaching the Electromagnetic Spectrum: Measuring the dark matter in the Universe |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Online IOP event for CPD for teachers, with a focus on teaching the EM spectrum in secondary school and the connections to studying dark matter and astrophysics. The event led to a toolkit for teachers to use too. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | http://wp.lancs.ac.uk/physics-outreach/astrophysics/ |
Description | Teachers CPD days |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Continuing Professional Development day for teachers, including background presentation on astrophysics concepts that can be used to engage pupils in other aspects of physics, and hands-on workshops exhibiting the types of experiments/practicals that could be used in schools. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Webinar on astronomy careers for the Centre for Advanced Learning (India) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Webinar on astronomy careers for the Centre for Advanced Learning in India |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |