UK - Solar parks impacts on ecosystem services: implementation
Lead Research Organisation:
Lancaster University
Department Name: Lancaster Environment Centre
Abstract
Within the UK, energy underpins all aspects of life, with most people reliant on access to abundant and uninterrupted energy for the provision of basic needs (e.g. heating and cooking), and to enable work (e.g. reliance on information technology) and leisure (e.g. through transport and social media). The production and consumption of energy is currently responsible for ~75% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and thus contributes significantly to climate change. Supplying sufficient energy to meet rising demands whilst also transitioning to low carbon sources to avoid dangerous climate change is a global grand challenge. Within the UK we are reaching a critical juncture in energy supply, with the closure of our coal-fired power plants in 2025 and the planned decommissioning of the majority of our nuclear fleet by 2030. This will leave an energy gap of approximately 50% and insufficient new energy plants are planned.
The capacity of solar photovoltaics (PV) in the UK exponentially increased in response to the Feed-in-Tariff. The majority (58%) of PV systems are ground-mounted as solar parks, with the remainder being building- or water-mounted. Although the Feed-in-Tariff has been cut, solar park installations have continued through other policy measures (e.g. the renewables obligation) and the installation for direct use (i.e. not grid connected) by large energy users (e.g. water companies). Further, industry predicts that the solar park market will accelerate in response to: the cost of large scale solar undercutting nuclear, coal and gas; the UK Government's Industrial Strategy focus on energy cost; the advancement in battery storage (both technological and financial); and the lower public opposition for solar compared to other renewables and hydraulic fracturing, despite the relatively large land take.
One implication of the relatively large land take for solar parks is the impact on the hosting environment. Given that the majority of solar parks are converted from intensively-managed low grade agricultural land to grasslands, this offers an opportunity to deliver co-benefits beyond low carbon energy. Enhanced management of solar parks for would contribute to statutory nature conservation requirements (e.g. conservation of protected species and national biodiversity targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity), help redress the continuing declines in biodiversity that now threaten the UK's ability to meet the Aichi 2020 targets and our commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and enhance the provision of ecosystem services that provide wider societal benefits worth billions per year to the UK economy.
This IFP brings together an interdisciplinary and multi-sector team spanning ecosystem services, renewable energy, land management, planning and policy. Our aim is to embed a decision support tool relating to solar park design and management into policy and practice. The work plan, to be carried out by a partnership of academic researchers and end users, includes: (i) an evaluation of alternative adoption pathways and supporting business models, (ii) workflow testing with end user organisations; (iii) development of a web-enabled version of the tool to enhance functionality; (iv) piloting of the tool in real-world settings; and (v) further engagement with the broader stakeholder community within the UK and overseas.
The capacity of solar photovoltaics (PV) in the UK exponentially increased in response to the Feed-in-Tariff. The majority (58%) of PV systems are ground-mounted as solar parks, with the remainder being building- or water-mounted. Although the Feed-in-Tariff has been cut, solar park installations have continued through other policy measures (e.g. the renewables obligation) and the installation for direct use (i.e. not grid connected) by large energy users (e.g. water companies). Further, industry predicts that the solar park market will accelerate in response to: the cost of large scale solar undercutting nuclear, coal and gas; the UK Government's Industrial Strategy focus on energy cost; the advancement in battery storage (both technological and financial); and the lower public opposition for solar compared to other renewables and hydraulic fracturing, despite the relatively large land take.
One implication of the relatively large land take for solar parks is the impact on the hosting environment. Given that the majority of solar parks are converted from intensively-managed low grade agricultural land to grasslands, this offers an opportunity to deliver co-benefits beyond low carbon energy. Enhanced management of solar parks for would contribute to statutory nature conservation requirements (e.g. conservation of protected species and national biodiversity targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity), help redress the continuing declines in biodiversity that now threaten the UK's ability to meet the Aichi 2020 targets and our commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and enhance the provision of ecosystem services that provide wider societal benefits worth billions per year to the UK economy.
This IFP brings together an interdisciplinary and multi-sector team spanning ecosystem services, renewable energy, land management, planning and policy. Our aim is to embed a decision support tool relating to solar park design and management into policy and practice. The work plan, to be carried out by a partnership of academic researchers and end users, includes: (i) an evaluation of alternative adoption pathways and supporting business models, (ii) workflow testing with end user organisations; (iii) development of a web-enabled version of the tool to enhance functionality; (iv) piloting of the tool in real-world settings; and (v) further engagement with the broader stakeholder community within the UK and overseas.
Planned Impact
Who might benefit from this research?
The beneficiaries from this innovation follow-on project will be the solar park industry including businesses and regulators, as well as local authorities and statutory agencies. As stated in the previous section, the five principal direct beneficiaries are solar park developers, asset managers, local planning authorities, ecological consultancies, and operation and maintenance (O&M) companies. There is also a broader range of institutions and organisations which will benefit from the wider implications of enhancing ecosystem service provision on solar parks. Specifically, these include policy-makers and regulators involved directly in managing ecosystem services, such as Defra, the Welsh Government, Natural Resources Wales and Natural England, the broader rural sector including agriculture, through enhanced pollination, water quality and nutrient regulation within the agricultural landscape, and wider society, through the enhancement of biodiversity and cultural ecosystem service benefits.
How might they benefit from this research?
Embedding the Solar Park Impacts on Ecosystem Services (SPIES) decision-support tool (DST) in policy and practice will facilitate a step change in how ground-mounted solar parks are designed, constructed and managed for maximum ecosystem benefits. The DST will provide policy adopters such as Local Authorities with a means of implementing National Planning Policy guidelines in an objective manner, and facilitate reporting of actions and contributions towards wider national biodiversity targets at an aggregate level. Moreover, this will be achieved within existing administrative and regulatory planning and development structures and work flows. Further, nature conservation bodies involved in the planning process as statutory consultees will gain from a ready engagement with ecosystem services by developers and asset managers from the outset.
Solar park industry stakeholders will benefit from easy-to-access ecological support and a standardised approach to developing site construction and management plans. Currently, there is a desire to ensure appropriate land management from the majority of the industrial stakeholders, but they lack the relevant knowledge and the financial focus of the industry dissuades them from investing in developing and establishing development and management options within the remit of their businesses.
Nature conservation groups and those tasked with assessing and enhancing the state of ecosystems, including Defra, Natural England, RSPB, will benefit from the standardised inclusion of environmental benefits and a ready means to report the impacts.
Finally, society more broadly will benefit through the increased provision of valuable ecosystem service, which are worth millions to the UK economy every year, alongside the supply of low carbon energy.
The beneficiaries from this innovation follow-on project will be the solar park industry including businesses and regulators, as well as local authorities and statutory agencies. As stated in the previous section, the five principal direct beneficiaries are solar park developers, asset managers, local planning authorities, ecological consultancies, and operation and maintenance (O&M) companies. There is also a broader range of institutions and organisations which will benefit from the wider implications of enhancing ecosystem service provision on solar parks. Specifically, these include policy-makers and regulators involved directly in managing ecosystem services, such as Defra, the Welsh Government, Natural Resources Wales and Natural England, the broader rural sector including agriculture, through enhanced pollination, water quality and nutrient regulation within the agricultural landscape, and wider society, through the enhancement of biodiversity and cultural ecosystem service benefits.
How might they benefit from this research?
Embedding the Solar Park Impacts on Ecosystem Services (SPIES) decision-support tool (DST) in policy and practice will facilitate a step change in how ground-mounted solar parks are designed, constructed and managed for maximum ecosystem benefits. The DST will provide policy adopters such as Local Authorities with a means of implementing National Planning Policy guidelines in an objective manner, and facilitate reporting of actions and contributions towards wider national biodiversity targets at an aggregate level. Moreover, this will be achieved within existing administrative and regulatory planning and development structures and work flows. Further, nature conservation bodies involved in the planning process as statutory consultees will gain from a ready engagement with ecosystem services by developers and asset managers from the outset.
Solar park industry stakeholders will benefit from easy-to-access ecological support and a standardised approach to developing site construction and management plans. Currently, there is a desire to ensure appropriate land management from the majority of the industrial stakeholders, but they lack the relevant knowledge and the financial focus of the industry dissuades them from investing in developing and establishing development and management options within the remit of their businesses.
Nature conservation groups and those tasked with assessing and enhancing the state of ecosystems, including Defra, Natural England, RSPB, will benefit from the standardised inclusion of environmental benefits and a ready means to report the impacts.
Finally, society more broadly will benefit through the increased provision of valuable ecosystem service, which are worth millions to the UK economy every year, alongside the supply of low carbon energy.
Publications
Armstrong A
(2019)
Natural Capital Value of Solar
Randle-Boggis R
(2020)
Realising co-benefits for natural capital and ecosystem services from solar parks: A co-developed, evidence-based approach
in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Randle-Boggis, R.J.
(2020)
Realising co-benefits for natural capital and ecosystem services from solar parks: a co-developed, evidence-based approach
in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Title | Sustainable energy transition |
Description | 7 min professionally made film on energy -ecosystems. Features: Chris Stark, CEO, Climate Change Committee Prof Kathy Willis, Prof at University of Oxford and Natural Capital Committee Chris Hewlett, Chief Exec, Solar Energy UK |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Impact | To early to quantify impacts. |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtUJJ7yRMOo&feature=youtu.be |
Description | We have developed a decision support tool to enable solar park management than enhances ecosystem services. |
Exploitation Route | We have designed the DST to be used by the solar park industry, including developers, ecological consultants, O&M companies, local Government and asset management companies. |
Sectors | Energy Environment Government Democracy and Justice |
URL | http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/spies |
Description | Our DST has been used by an ecological consultant to inform management at five solar parks, by Defra to assist staff to get up to speed on land management impacts on ecosystem services and by the solar trade association to highlight management actions for which there is robust evidence of positive impacts for an upcoming guidance document. We have seen the SPIES pdf included in a planning application and referred to in consultation documents. Everoze, an energy development consultancy have embedded an adapted version of the SPIES tool in their workflow for all new solar developers |
First Year Of Impact | 2017 |
Sector | Energy,Environment,Government, Democracy and Justice |
Impact Types | Societal Policy & public services |
Description | Citation in SolarPower Europe Operation and Maintenance Best Practice Guidelines |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
URL | http://www.solarpowereurope.org/om-best-practices-guidelines-3-0/ |
Description | Embedded SPIES DST into Wychwood Biodiversity work flow |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Description | Embedded in Energy Consultancy workflow |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to new or Improved professional practice |
Description | Featured in STA Natural Capital Value of Solar Report |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
URL | https://www.solar-trade.org.uk/about/the-natural-capital-value-of-solar/ |
Description | Gave evidence to environmental audit select committee |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
URL | https://committees.parliament.uk/work/7037/technological-innovations-and-climate-change-onshore-sola... |
Description | Invited speaker at 'Taking Action Together on the Climate & Ecological Emergency' conference 2020 |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
URL | https://climateemergencydeclaration.org/uk-conference-the-climate-ecological-emergency-taking-action... |
Description | Presentation to Geospatial Commission followed by workshop attendance |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | The low carbon energy transition: bright times ahead for ecosystems? Science in Parliament (Autumn, 2020) |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
URL | https://www.scienceinparliament.org.uk/publications/science-in-parliament/ |
Description | citation in SolarPower Europe O&M Best Practice Guidelines |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
URL | https://www.solarpowereurope.org/om-best-practice-guidelines-version-4-0/ |
Description | o Research featured in European Commission 'Potential impacts of solar, geothermal and ocean energy on habitats and species protected under the habitats and birds directives' report |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
URL | https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/edf7213a-02c9-11eb-8919-01aa75ed71a1/langua... |
Description | o Research featured in the Scottish Executive analysis of the National Planning Framework response |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
URL | https://www.gov.scot/publications/npf4-analysis-reponses-call-ideas/ |
Description | Comparing carbon budgets for different land use options (C10) |
Amount | £1,357,331 (GBP) |
Organisation | Forest Research |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2023 |
End | 03/2025 |
Description | Energy Revolution Research Consortium - Core - EnergyREV |
Amount | £9,063,173 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/S031863/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 12/2018 |
End | 03/2023 |
Description | Trustworthy and Accountable Decision-Support Frameworks for Biodiversity - A Virtual Labs based Approach |
Amount | £506,843 (GBP) |
Funding ID | NE/X002233/1 |
Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 07/2022 |
End | 08/2025 |
Description | Solar park vegetation |
Organisation | Clarkson and Woods |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We are analysing data given to us by the partners and writing up a journal article |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners gave us use of vegetation survey data from across 80 solar parks within the UK |
Impact | The paper is still in progress |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Solar park vegetation |
Organisation | Wychwood Biodiversity |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | We are analysing data given to us by the partners and writing up a journal article |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners gave us use of vegetation survey data from across 80 solar parks within the UK |
Impact | The paper is still in progress |
Start Year | 2019 |
Title | Solar Park Impacts on Ecosystem Services Decision Support Tool (SPIES DST) |
Description | We (Lancaster University and University of York) have claimed the copyright for the solar park impacts in ecosystem services (SPIES) decision support tool (DST), with SimOmics, the company paid to develop a web-based version of the DST, claiming the copyright for that aspect. |
IP Reference | |
Protection | Copyrighted (e.g. software) |
Year Protection Granted | 2018 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | None as yet |
Description | Article for The Conversation |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | I wrote a piece for The Conversation to encourage interest and heighten awareness of the impacts of renewable energy on the hosting environment. Its been read over 100,000 times since sept 2018, making it the 37th most read article written by a Lancaster Uni employee, and the 3rd most read of those written in the last 6 months by LU staff. It generated over 40 comments. It was picked up 13 published, including the World Economic Forum and Newsweek. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://theconversation.com/massive-solar-and-wind-farms-could-bring-vegetation-back-to-the-sahara-1... |
Description | Business Green article |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Article for Business Green to highlight the need for greater inclusion for environment in the energy transition |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.businessgreen.com/opinion/3076609/the-energy-transition-must-have-environmental-enhancem... |
Description | Industry event talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Talk at National Solar Centre conference. Undertaken to increase awareness of the SPIES DST and SIRE fellowship research. Potential research connection with a company re short-term solar PV monitoring but uncertain as yet. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Industry event talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | I was on a land management panel at SolarPower Europe's operation and maintenance annual meeting. It was linked to the release of their updated guidelines, for which I contributed a section on natural capital and ecosystem services that mentioned the SPIES DST. We also demonstrated our DST at the event and secured interest from companies to have us test it on their sites |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.solar-trade.org.uk/sta-events/omandassetmanagement2018/ |
Description | Industry event talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | A solar Trade Association organised event on solar park land management. I gave a talk on SPIES and fellowship research with the aim of stimulating interest,making future research collaborations, and encouraging uptake of the SPIES DST. This has led to involvement in an STA led Solar Park and Natural Capital Guidance document. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Industry event talk & panel member |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | I gave a talk and was on a panel at the Energy Now Expo - an event focusing on renewable energy and farming. The purpose was to raise awareness of the SPIES DST and make any potential collaborations for my fellowship research. No known outcomes as yet. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | http://www.energyandruralbusiness.co.uk/ |
Description | Industry talk (EPRI) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | About 80 USA based energy industry employees attended the EPRI event. There was much interest in the SPIES tool, Floatovoltaics and techno-ecological synergies and we have had discussions since but as yet no collaboration |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | New Scientist |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The SPIES tool was featured in The New Scientist after release of the Solar Trade Association Natural Capital Value of Solar report |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.newscientist.com/article/2207491-solar-farms-could-be-wildlife-havens-that-tackle-biodiv... |
Description | Parliament launch |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | The Solar Trade Association launched their Natural Capital Value of Solar report in Parliament and gave the SPIES team the opportunity to address the audience |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | STA Large Scale Solar Working Group |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Presented the UKERC and solar park carbon calculator research and innovation to an audience who were already aware of NERC SPIES. Much discussion, including around how to integrate it in industry practice. Offers of site access and the opportunity to partake in ESG discussions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | webinar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | 80 people joined a CIEEM organised webinar that explained how to use the SPIES tool and increased awareness of its existence |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |