Refining, reducing and replacing non-model amphibian experiments on amphibian infectious diseases.

This project will (1: refinement) establish valid indicators for use in welfare monitoring and implementation of appropriate humane end points; (2: reduction) explore the utility of skin tissue expants for studying infection dynamics and growth rates of ranaviruses and chytridiomycete fungi, and; (3: replacement) cell cultures for investigating ranavirus growth rates and the development or 'organ on a chip' for studying ranaviruses and chytridiomycete fungi.