In Their Own Write: Contesting the New Poor Law 1834-1900
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Leicester
Department Name: Sch of Historical Studies
Abstract
During the last three decades, research on the Old Poor Law (1601-1834) has reinvented our understanding of that institution. This discretionary welfare system gave most people a right to apply for support but no right to receive it, and practice could vary wildly between communities. Older notions that the economic position of the individual parishes that administered welfare dictated who got what, have given way to an acknowledgement that a complex configuration of custom, the personality of individual officials, residual models of philanthropy and humanitarianism and the exact constellation of local poverty, dictated much in policy terms. One of the most exciting aspects of this reinterpretation has been the rediscovery in large numbers of pauper voices (in the form of pauper letters seeking relief) and pauper agency, such that we now understand that paupers were not the passive subjects of the poor law but had the space, rhetoric and confidence to negotiate their place in it. Set against this backdrop, and notwithstanding the work of Hurren, Green and Hooker, the historiography of the New Poor Law has moved on remarkably little since the work of Anne Crowther in the early 1980s. Excepting David Green's work on London or that of King on Bolton, published micro-studies of individual unions have been rare and comparative studies still rarer. We thus still think of the 1834-45 period, during which most parishes were combined into the New Poor Law unions that dispensed welfare, as marking a definitive change in the nature, organisation, intent and outcome of English and Welsh welfare. A discretionary system was replaced by one that combined central direction and control with residual local decision-making and entirely local finance. The leitmotif of this new system was the workhouse and the ebb and flow of attempts to control and at times deny the outdoor relief that had underpinned the Old Poor Law. The dominant chronological narrative has been one in which the so-called crusade against outdoor relief in the 1870s and 1880s marks the final attempt to impose the New Poor Law as its 1834 architects intended. Failure led to the progressive narrowing of its scope, such that the coming of local democracy in the 1890s and the Liberal Welfare Reforms of the early twentieth century in effect ripped away the original foundations. Above all, the pauper was subject to this system, and a second leitmotif has been the coercion of paupers and the rise of the poor law scandal. Their voices, it has been assumed, were largely extinguished. Our project challenges this broad representation. In two pilot projects investigating The National Archives collection MH12 we have found that the pauper voice was not muted and pauper agency was not quashed. Paupers and their advocates continued to write to local officers to try and negotiate relief but the arrival of central authority and oversight offered a new route for the exercise of the pauper voice in the form of letters to London-based officials. In this more developed project we want to undertake a systematic sampling (see CFS) of this vast collection. We will locate and transcribe an estimated 11,000 of these letters, making those transcripts available to the academic/non-academic community. Having transcribed them we will develop new methodological tools (see CFS) for classifying and understanding this corpus, rules which will draw on and be relevant to the considerable range of disciplines which have been concerned with so-called ego documents or more accurately ordinary writing. Our analysis of this material will be driven by key questions centring on the degree to which paupers had agency and used it to negotiate their relief in a system to which they had previously merely been thought subject. Drawing comparative lessons from the pre-1834 period we will offer a New Poor Law history from below, as well as keying into wider debates about literacy, the nature of state power and the class.
Planned Impact
WHO: The involvement of TNA in this project, with its heavily used website and extensive public and school programmes, provides the platform for substantial non-academic engagement and impact. We have identified categories of beneficiary and the mechanisms for ensuring and measuring benefit in two pilot projects conducted by CI P Carter. We expect to engage:
(i) The professional heritage sector such as Historic England and National Trust, as well as local authority and independent museums, who will use the voices we find, the stories we construct and the experiences of the poor that underpin our analysis to give more nuanced site interpretation.
(ii) Visitors to the professional heritage sector who will benefit from a deeper and more sophisticated interpretation of welfare pasts.
(iii) Varied leisure historians (primarily family and local/regional historians) who we will proactively encourage to use the sampled and transcribed data for their own research.
(iv) School teachers and their students undertaking key stage 4 and 5 who will be able to use the sources and stories we create as a resource.
HOW: Drawing on the mechanisms identified as part of our pilot projects, each team member will have responsibility for organising an engagement strand and for monitoring benefit through participation sheets, surveys and feedback analysis. CI P Carter has extensive experience of benefit monitoring given his role at TNA. Collectively, we will:
(i) Organise an ongoing programme of talks for local and family history groups, staff in the professional heritage sector and staff and visitors at venues such as the Southwell Workhouse (Nottinghamshire), Llanfyllin Workhouse (Powys), the Gressenhall Farm and Workhouse Museum (Norfolk), with whom we already have strong links.
(ii) Organise webinars. TNA will organise and widely publicise, as part of their ongoing webinar series, annual "In Their Own Write" webinars. Each webinar will provide an overview of the New Poor Law and the archival collection from which the letters are found, along with updates on the geographic spread of material collected during the project. Webinars will highlight the content and queries raised by the letters using transcribed copies. We would also provide detailed advice allowing onsite 'discovery' of the letters themselves should people wish to search for similar material outside the project scope. Take-away data will be available via the project website, through which we will also deal with ongoing queries and engagements.
(iii) Organise workshops and talks at TNA focusing on the records in which pauper letters are found and providing the archival contextual 'sister' surviving documents. The workshop sessions will be highly participatory and, because they will be run at and advertised by the TNA, we expect to garner a significant audience of leisure historians and heritage staff.
(iv) Co-ordinate research team members to write for a non-academic audience in the form of blogs, magazines and tweets.
(v) Create a 'Pauper History' research group spanning the midlands (roughly 40 miles around the University of Leicester. This will draw upon family, local and other leisure historians who would be interested in working with the data produced by the research team and around which we will build onsite research seminars and related activities.
(vi) Build teaching packs for Schools, working within the existing framework at TNA.
(vii) Pitch for a BBC Radio4 series (also entitled "In Their Own Write") in which we will examine, through extracts from the pauper letters, the thoughts, feelings and anxieties of the 19th century poor. The PI King has extensive media and commissioning experience.
These themes are developed at greater length in the attached Pathways to Impact document.
(i) The professional heritage sector such as Historic England and National Trust, as well as local authority and independent museums, who will use the voices we find, the stories we construct and the experiences of the poor that underpin our analysis to give more nuanced site interpretation.
(ii) Visitors to the professional heritage sector who will benefit from a deeper and more sophisticated interpretation of welfare pasts.
(iii) Varied leisure historians (primarily family and local/regional historians) who we will proactively encourage to use the sampled and transcribed data for their own research.
(iv) School teachers and their students undertaking key stage 4 and 5 who will be able to use the sources and stories we create as a resource.
HOW: Drawing on the mechanisms identified as part of our pilot projects, each team member will have responsibility for organising an engagement strand and for monitoring benefit through participation sheets, surveys and feedback analysis. CI P Carter has extensive experience of benefit monitoring given his role at TNA. Collectively, we will:
(i) Organise an ongoing programme of talks for local and family history groups, staff in the professional heritage sector and staff and visitors at venues such as the Southwell Workhouse (Nottinghamshire), Llanfyllin Workhouse (Powys), the Gressenhall Farm and Workhouse Museum (Norfolk), with whom we already have strong links.
(ii) Organise webinars. TNA will organise and widely publicise, as part of their ongoing webinar series, annual "In Their Own Write" webinars. Each webinar will provide an overview of the New Poor Law and the archival collection from which the letters are found, along with updates on the geographic spread of material collected during the project. Webinars will highlight the content and queries raised by the letters using transcribed copies. We would also provide detailed advice allowing onsite 'discovery' of the letters themselves should people wish to search for similar material outside the project scope. Take-away data will be available via the project website, through which we will also deal with ongoing queries and engagements.
(iii) Organise workshops and talks at TNA focusing on the records in which pauper letters are found and providing the archival contextual 'sister' surviving documents. The workshop sessions will be highly participatory and, because they will be run at and advertised by the TNA, we expect to garner a significant audience of leisure historians and heritage staff.
(iv) Co-ordinate research team members to write for a non-academic audience in the form of blogs, magazines and tweets.
(v) Create a 'Pauper History' research group spanning the midlands (roughly 40 miles around the University of Leicester. This will draw upon family, local and other leisure historians who would be interested in working with the data produced by the research team and around which we will build onsite research seminars and related activities.
(vi) Build teaching packs for Schools, working within the existing framework at TNA.
(vii) Pitch for a BBC Radio4 series (also entitled "In Their Own Write") in which we will examine, through extracts from the pauper letters, the thoughts, feelings and anxieties of the 19th century poor. The PI King has extensive media and commissioning experience.
These themes are developed at greater length in the attached Pathways to Impact document.
People |
ORCID iD |
Steven King (Principal Investigator) | |
Paul Carter (Co-Investigator) |
Publications
King Steven
(2022)
In Their Own Write: Contesting the New Poor Law, 1834-1900
King Steven
(2019)
Writing the Lives of the English Poor, 1750s-1830s: Volume 1
King S
(2020)
Fragments of Fury? Lunacy, Agency, and Contestation in the Great Yarmouth Workhouse, 1890s-1900s
in The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
Jones P
(2019)
Writing for redress: redrawing the epistolary relationship under the New Poor Law
in Continuity and Change
Carter P
(2019)
Punishing paupers? Control, discipline and mental health in the Southwell workhouse (1836-71)
in Rural History
ANDERSON C
(2021)
Introduction: Celebrating the Centenary of the Howard League for Penal Reform and the Howard Journal
in The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice
Title | An exhibition entitled 'With Love' staged at The National Archives and online |
Description | Exhibition called "With Love - Letters of love, loss and longing". This exhibition included one of the letters discovered during the ITOW project from a pauper named Daniel Rush. This letter was on display and other letters (transcriptions) were made available to the public to pick up. There was also an edited audio caption from a TNA podcast which featured on the exhibition listening station alongside a verbal reading of the letter itself. The exhibition as a whole had 2736 visitors. |
Type Of Art | Artistic/Creative Exhibition |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Impact | Exhibition called "With Love - Letters of love, loss and longing". This exhibition included one of the letters discovered during the ITOW project from a pauper named Daniel Rush. This letter was on display and other letters (transcriptions) were made available to the public to pick up. There was also an edited audio caption from a TNA podcast which featured on the exhibition listening station alongside a verbal reading of the letter itself. The exhibition as a whole had 2736 visitors. |
URL | http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/with-love/ |
Title | Exhibition |
Description | Exhibition called "With Love - Letters of love, loss and longing". This exhibition will include one of the letters discovered during the ITOW project from a pauper named Daniel Rush. This letter will be on display and other letters (transcriptons) will be made available to the public to pick up. There will also be an edited audio caption from a TNA podcast which will feature on the exhibition listening station alongside a verbal reading of the letter itself |
Type Of Art | Image |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Impact | Capturing this as we go because the exhibition is ongoing. |
Title | On The Poor |
Description | A book of poetry inspired by the narratives we are finding and authored by Professor Steven King. |
Type Of Art | Creative Writing |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Impact | The book sold out and is being reprinted. |
Title | Short story Competition |
Description | Run with The National Archives Education Department, this project took some of our New Poor Law letters already voiced over and made them available to children and teachers at different key stages. They were asked to write for a short story competition. There were three winners from 350 entries and we published the winning stories in the form of an e-book |
Type Of Art | Creative Writing |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Impact | This has reached into a major subset of School in Britain. |
URL | https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/students/archive-experiences/workhouse-voices-creative... |
Title | Workhouse Voices |
Description | A selection of our letters were 'voiced' by actors in the regional dialect which would have fed into the orthographic writing |
Type Of Art | Performance (Music, Dance, Drama, etc) |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Impact | The National Archives has a number of these resources. Workhouse voices is the most successful in terms of hits and return visits |
URL | https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/workhouse-voices/ |
Description | We have had three impacts: (I) We have convened a large group of the general public to help with our transcription work, both in the midlands and at TNA; (ii) We have informed and helped the work of groups restoring and maintain workhouses through our membership of the workhouse network; (iii) We have reached considerable international audiences through the use of TNA webinar and seminar platforms. In addition to these impacts during 2020-21 we have generated three other impacts: 1. Workhouse voices. Available on The National Archives website this is a set of voiced letters from the project. This is the most successful package in this form on TNA website in terms of hits and repeat visits. 2. We launched a creative writing competition based on letters and the collection noted in 1 above. This was for School age children with winners in three categories. There were 345 short story entries and the winners are published in a TNA e-book 3. We have engaged in significant policy work, including advice to politicians, a UN75 Panel on the Future Welfare Citizen, pieces in The Conversation and policy relate dmedia work. |
First Year Of Impact | 2020 |
Sector | Creative Economy,Education,Government, Democracy and Justice,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
Impact Types | Cultural Societal Policy & public services |
Description | MARTIN BURR AWARD |
Amount | £450 (GBP) |
Organisation | Henry Sweet Society for the History of Linguistic Ideas |
Sector | Learned Society |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2019 |
End | 07/2022 |
Description | Hucknall Pauper Letter Group |
Organisation | The National Archives |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Training for volunteers, provision of material to transcribe, workshops and conferences to showcase results |
Collaborator Contribution | Sustained transcription of AHRC project material. |
Impact | The outcomes will be known only at the end of the grant |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | The National Archives Volunteer Group |
Organisation | The National Archives |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Training for volunteers, provision of material to transcribe, workshops and conferences to showcase results |
Collaborator Contribution | Transcribing material for our AHRC project |
Impact | Only apparent at the end of the grant |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Workhouse History and Heritage Network |
Organisation | Gressenhall Farm and Workhouse |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | WHHN is a set of workhouse museums with whom we have newly engaged. We have staged a seminar programme (workhouse voices) with an average attendance of 77 thus far, and are organising an AHRC network bid |
Collaborator Contribution | These practical organisations help us to better understand and locate our textual records. The first fruits of the partnership can be seen in the Journal of Interdisciplinary History article newly reported in the output section this time round. |
Impact | Reported in the relevant sections |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | 'Talk titled 'Paupers, archives and the authorities: the initmacies of pauper lives' given as part of the 'Poverty, health and the lives of the poor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries' conference. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | This was a talk to the dissertation and UG programmes at Nottingham Trent University |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | ITOW Conference titled 'Navigating the nineteenth-century institution'. Papers given by project staff on: 'The Querulous Paupers of Poplar: serial letter writers and the London Workhouse' and 'Where do institutions fit into the life-cycles of the poor over the long nineteenth-century?'. Attendees were both academics and non academics, including many volunteers from the ITOW Pauper History Research Groups. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Discussion on poor laws on In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | This In our Time Interview garnered major exposure for our project. See Podcast: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0001m73 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Gressenhall Farm Workhouse stall |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Running a public engagement stall on an open day at the workhouse |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Keynote lecture for the Family and Community History Research Society 2018 conference (74 attendees). It had a branded ITOW theme which was 'The pauper family and the power of the state'. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | This was a major talk to frame the next major project of the Family and Community History Research Society |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Piblic Talk (TNA) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Big Ideas Seminar Series: 'In their own write: "I charge the Master with unnecessary severity, cruelty, and recklessness", Henry Bell, York Workhouse Inmate 1858. Welfare, discipline and pauper agency in the nineteenth century'. The podcast and live transmission reached tens of thousands. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/big-ideas-series-write-welfare-discipline-pauper-agen... |
Description | Suthwell workhouse network meeting for workhouse museums |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The project is a participant in the workhouse network of workhouse museums and we provided advice and context at this meeting |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | "As it would cause a great amount of ill-feeling on my part I refrain from signing my name. X": Anonymous Victorian Pauper Letter Writers. Talk to be given by Paul Carter as part of an online Zoom seminar run by ITOW for the ITOW Letters Research Group. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
Results and Impact | Paper titled "Sheis likely to be a burden as long as she lives" given at the 'Lives of the Nineteenth Century Sick Poor, Opening up the Archives: Disability history and heritage' conference (65 attendees) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk for the Lyddington Manor History Society titled 'The Uppingham Union workhouse and its people 1851-1891' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk titled "The voice of the poor: pauper letters under the Old and New Poor Laws" given as part of a study day titled 'Small Bills and Petty Finance: Co-Creating the Old Poor Law, 1700-1834' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk titled "A poor man is tossed about worse than any dog - God help the poor man": The experience of poverty in 19th century England and Wales', (45 attendees). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Workshop titled "Tracing 19th century paupers and poverty through archive collections" (27 attendees) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Webinar: Introducing 19th century paupers' letters |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk entitled: Constructing the male body in British pauper letters'. Given as part of the Epistolary Bodies conference |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | This was a talk to the London Welsh Family History Society, with a worldwide audience. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Talk entitled - 'Complain, Punish and Incarcerate: 19th century workhouse experiences'. Given as part of a conference titled 'Recovering the 19th Century Penal Landscape' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This was a talk at the Nottingham Galleries of Justice |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk entitled - 'How did poor people contest the power of the State'. It was a branded ITOW event and related to a new GCSE module 'Power: From Monarchy to Parliament 1000-2014' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | This was a talk for GCSE students on the long history of welfare. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk entitled - In Their Own Write: Victorian Pauper Letters |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This was a contextual talk for the charity that has taken over and is restoring the Ripon workhouse |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk titled 'we should be clem'd and starved' Welsh pauper letters. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | This talk was in the TNA series for the general public |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Webinar titled 'Introducing 19th-century paupers' letters' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | This webinar reached audiences in excess of 100,000. See Webinar available through TNA youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjvNmD-JG-A |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
Results and Impact | Running workshop for Pauper History Research Group |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
Results and Impact | Transcription workshop for onsite ITOW volunteers (7 volunteer members) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Half day workshop: How to use Pauper Letters |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Workshop with the Centre for Black and Ethnic Minority Health looking at the means for maintaining health in institutions using historic data from ITOW |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Workshop for volunteer transcribers |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | This was a training workshop to enable members of the general public to identify, transcribe and use pauper letters. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |