Connectivity and competition: multilingualism in Ancient Italy 800-200 BC
Lead Research Organisation:
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
Department Name: Classics and Ancient History
Abstract
Before Latin came to dominate the peninsula from c.200 BC onwards, Italy was a highly multilingual environment, where multiple languages, dialects and alphabets interacted over many centuries. This interdisciplinary project will explore multilingualism in ancient Italy using an innovative comparative approach to shed new light on what written language can tell us about connections between communities, cities and regions. Around 20 languages are attested in written form in ancient Italy, in stark contrast to the later dominance of Latin and Greek. This extent of multilingualism is not cross-culturally unusual (60-70% of the world's current population is multilingual), but the everyday impact of this is often forgotten by European and North American scholars living in monolingual societies. By looking at how languages were used across the regions of Italy from c.800 to c.200 BC at different kinds of sites, this project will raise the profile of multilingualism as a key element of connectivity in the ancient world.
Using methods from modern sociolinguistics, historical sociolinguistics, epigraphy, history and archaeology, this project will examine inscriptions in languages including Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Venetic, Messapic and Latin. Unlike many studies, which treat these languages separately even when they occur at the same site, this project will look at inscriptions in their physical and cultural context. Building on the methodologies that the PI has already established for working with fragmentary corpora, inscriptions will be considered at multiple levels: they will be read individually for linguistic and epigraphic detail, but they will also be studied by text type within and across regions. By investigating evidence at archaeological sites and museums, the project will look at how language was used in a particular time and place, and will consider the inscriptions' purpose and audience, rather than dealing with language in the abstract.
The project's urban case studies - in Campania (the Bay of Naples conurbation), Veneto (Este, Padua, Spina) and Latium (Praeneste, Caere, Capena) - each highlight a different aspect of language and dialect contact, but the multilingualism of these sites has never previously been compared to build up a detailed picture of Italy as a whole. Naples emphasised its Greekness to distinguish itself from its nearest neighbours, despite a diverse population very similar to 'Oscan-speaking' Pompeii's. In Este and Padua, deliberate differences between the cities' alphabets show that written language was a key element of how the cities competed. The Veneto also participated in a highly interconnected Mediterranean, particularly through the nearby Etruscan port of Spina. In Latium, Praeneste and Capena sat between the Etruscan and Roman spheres of influence, and the sites' epigraphy gives us an opportunity to understand how writers reacted to this tension.
The rural case studies - Rossano di Vaglio, Pietrabbondante and Grotta della Poesia - are non-urban sanctuaries with inscriptions made by dedicants from across a wide area. At the maritime cult site of Grotta della Poesia, Messapic, Greek and Latin were all used at overlapping periods, resulting in a palimpsest built up using different languages and alphabets. At Rossano and Pietrabbondante, the language used (Oscan) is more stable over the life of the sanctuary, but the effects of contact with Greek are still visible.
By bringing together evidence from these different sites, this project will build up a picture of multilingualism in ancient Italy and reach new insights about how multilingual individuals used their languages in different contexts. This ground-breaking project will therefore represent a step-change in our understanding of language use across pre-Roman Italy, expanding not just our linguistic knowledge, but transforming our historical understanding of connectivity in Iron Age Italy and the context into which Rome emerged.
Using methods from modern sociolinguistics, historical sociolinguistics, epigraphy, history and archaeology, this project will examine inscriptions in languages including Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Venetic, Messapic and Latin. Unlike many studies, which treat these languages separately even when they occur at the same site, this project will look at inscriptions in their physical and cultural context. Building on the methodologies that the PI has already established for working with fragmentary corpora, inscriptions will be considered at multiple levels: they will be read individually for linguistic and epigraphic detail, but they will also be studied by text type within and across regions. By investigating evidence at archaeological sites and museums, the project will look at how language was used in a particular time and place, and will consider the inscriptions' purpose and audience, rather than dealing with language in the abstract.
The project's urban case studies - in Campania (the Bay of Naples conurbation), Veneto (Este, Padua, Spina) and Latium (Praeneste, Caere, Capena) - each highlight a different aspect of language and dialect contact, but the multilingualism of these sites has never previously been compared to build up a detailed picture of Italy as a whole. Naples emphasised its Greekness to distinguish itself from its nearest neighbours, despite a diverse population very similar to 'Oscan-speaking' Pompeii's. In Este and Padua, deliberate differences between the cities' alphabets show that written language was a key element of how the cities competed. The Veneto also participated in a highly interconnected Mediterranean, particularly through the nearby Etruscan port of Spina. In Latium, Praeneste and Capena sat between the Etruscan and Roman spheres of influence, and the sites' epigraphy gives us an opportunity to understand how writers reacted to this tension.
The rural case studies - Rossano di Vaglio, Pietrabbondante and Grotta della Poesia - are non-urban sanctuaries with inscriptions made by dedicants from across a wide area. At the maritime cult site of Grotta della Poesia, Messapic, Greek and Latin were all used at overlapping periods, resulting in a palimpsest built up using different languages and alphabets. At Rossano and Pietrabbondante, the language used (Oscan) is more stable over the life of the sanctuary, but the effects of contact with Greek are still visible.
By bringing together evidence from these different sites, this project will build up a picture of multilingualism in ancient Italy and reach new insights about how multilingual individuals used their languages in different contexts. This ground-breaking project will therefore represent a step-change in our understanding of language use across pre-Roman Italy, expanding not just our linguistic knowledge, but transforming our historical understanding of connectivity in Iron Age Italy and the context into which Rome emerged.
Planned Impact
Multilingualism and mobility are topics of perennial importance in the modern world. Around 60-70% of the world's population is bilingual or multilingual, and even in Europe, where historic ethnolinguistic nationalism has erased much of the previous linguistic diversity, monolinguals are in the minority at about 48% of the population. Migration (particularly migration in and around the Mediterranean) is a constant feature of political and social debate in European society, with increasingly polarised positions being taken in the wake of the UK referendum to leave the European Union. Multilingualism, often one of the most visible signs of multiculturalism, is still a controversial topic in the UK, particularly in educational contexts - see for example a contentious recent article on Welsh-medium education ('The storm over Welsh-only schools,' The Guardian, 20/06/2017) and the withdrawal of GCSEs and A-levels in languages primarily spoken by immigrant populations (including Bengali, Panjabi, Arabic and Polish). In the USA, the use of Spanish in public life is similarly controversial.
Anxieties around multilingualism or migration can, in part, be addressed by engagement which encourages awareness of the history of mobility, cultural change and diversity. The public's engagement with historical issues of diversity and multiculturalism often focuses on Europe's recent past, and it is rarer that researchers on other periods of history contribute to this debate. From the PI's previous experience participating in events such as the Cambridge Festival of Ideas, the RCUK 'Researchers in Residence' programme and engagement activities related to the 'Greek in Italy' project, all audiences - including schoolchildren, undergraduates and history enthusiasts - are surprised by the linguistic and cultural diversity of the ancient world. Students and pupils who speak a language other than English at home, or who are recent learners of English, often show particular interest in historical multilingualism, and they provide insights to the rest of the group which they otherwise would not have had the chance to express.
The research project will be targeted towards four groups of beneficiaries. Firstly, undergraduates interested in pre-Roman Italy, who will be targeted through the provision of a specialist sourcebook, 'Italy Before Rome'. This book will make this research accessible to a wider audience in and beyond academia by providing translations of key sources from Pre-Roman Italy, and will include teaching materials on an accompanying website. This book has already attracted interested from Routledge, and will be completed mainly before the start of the award. Secondly, talks and activity days linked to international events such as the European Day of Languages (September) and International Mother Language Day (March) will be provided to school students in the Devon area. Thirdly, local history and community groups interested in their local linguistic landscape will be targeted through epigraphy workshops teaching practical skills, giving them a chance to engage with inscriptions in local buildings. For example, workshops will discuss the use of Latin and English in gravestones, raising questions about literacy in Devon at different periods. Fourthly, the PI and RA will write monthly blog posts on subjects related to the project, targeting the geographically widespread readership of the PI's blog (www.katherinemcdonald.net, c. 2000 existing readers per month; top five countries: UK, USA, Canada, Italy, France), many of whom are non-professional ancient history enthusiasts. A dedicated page on the blog will also host online resources to allow other groups to set up their own language- and epigraphy-related events. The project's outputs will also include a short series of popular history features on ancient multilingualism in History Today (readership of over 50,000), which has already been commissioned.
Anxieties around multilingualism or migration can, in part, be addressed by engagement which encourages awareness of the history of mobility, cultural change and diversity. The public's engagement with historical issues of diversity and multiculturalism often focuses on Europe's recent past, and it is rarer that researchers on other periods of history contribute to this debate. From the PI's previous experience participating in events such as the Cambridge Festival of Ideas, the RCUK 'Researchers in Residence' programme and engagement activities related to the 'Greek in Italy' project, all audiences - including schoolchildren, undergraduates and history enthusiasts - are surprised by the linguistic and cultural diversity of the ancient world. Students and pupils who speak a language other than English at home, or who are recent learners of English, often show particular interest in historical multilingualism, and they provide insights to the rest of the group which they otherwise would not have had the chance to express.
The research project will be targeted towards four groups of beneficiaries. Firstly, undergraduates interested in pre-Roman Italy, who will be targeted through the provision of a specialist sourcebook, 'Italy Before Rome'. This book will make this research accessible to a wider audience in and beyond academia by providing translations of key sources from Pre-Roman Italy, and will include teaching materials on an accompanying website. This book has already attracted interested from Routledge, and will be completed mainly before the start of the award. Secondly, talks and activity days linked to international events such as the European Day of Languages (September) and International Mother Language Day (March) will be provided to school students in the Devon area. Thirdly, local history and community groups interested in their local linguistic landscape will be targeted through epigraphy workshops teaching practical skills, giving them a chance to engage with inscriptions in local buildings. For example, workshops will discuss the use of Latin and English in gravestones, raising questions about literacy in Devon at different periods. Fourthly, the PI and RA will write monthly blog posts on subjects related to the project, targeting the geographically widespread readership of the PI's blog (www.katherinemcdonald.net, c. 2000 existing readers per month; top five countries: UK, USA, Canada, Italy, France), many of whom are non-professional ancient history enthusiasts. A dedicated page on the blog will also host online resources to allow other groups to set up their own language- and epigraphy-related events. The project's outputs will also include a short series of popular history features on ancient multilingualism in History Today (readership of over 50,000), which has already been commissioned.
People |
ORCID iD |
Katherine McDonald (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
McDonald K
(2019)
Education and Literacy in Ancient Italy: Evidence from the Dedications to the Goddess Reitia
in Journal of Roman Studies
McDonald K
(2021)
A Cultural History of Color
McDonald K
(2021)
Parole per gli dèi
McDonald K
(2024)
Female Agency in the Ancient Mediterranean
McDonald Katherine
(2021)
Italy Before Rome: A Sourcebook
McDonald K
(2023)
Articulating Resistance under the Roman Empire
McDonald K
(2023)
Cambridge Handbook of Historical Orthography
Description | This award has supported new research into the languages of ancient Italy. In the first part of this award, we have reached new conclusions about women's participation in literacy and writing in particular, showing that elite women in some areas of Italy were more engaged with written language than has previously been appreciated. A sourcebook related to this award has also gathered together a wide selection of sources related to the issues of multilingualism and literacy in ancient Italy, and this was published at the end of 2021. The digital and practical epigraphy skills taught to a range of international postgraduates as part of this award, in a workshop in 2019, have also been a major academic impact of this award, and this workshop is being repeated in April 2022. |
Exploitation Route | The conclusions about women's participation in literacy has wide-reaching implications for our understanding of the lives of women in pre-Roman Italy, and we expect these results to be integrated into new work about women, primary education and the role of written language in ancient society. The sourcebook will also aid the integration of pre-Roman Italian languages into historical and archaeological research, and will help integrate this research into undergraduate and postgraduate teaching internationally. The participants in the Digital and Practical Epigraphy workshop are already reporting positive outcomes of their training on their research, including collaborations with research teams internationally. |
Sectors | Education Culture Heritage Museums and Collections |
Description | Findings from this research have been communicated to schools at the public through blog posts, public talks and school enrichment events. In particular, school events relating to the UN's Mother Language Day have been used as enrichment of the Latin curriculum, and also raising the profile of women and under-represented minorities in the ancient world as part of decolonising the curriculum. Public talks with Torquay History society have changed perceptions of ancient Italy, particularly central and southern Italy, among members of the local community with an interest in ancient history. The international reach of the research blog has led to materials produced during this project being used to supplement the school curriculum in the USA, UK and Japan, as well as reaching members of the public across the world. The sourcebook 'Italy Before Rome', published at the end of 2021, is already being reported as in use in undergraduate teaching in the UK, Germany and the USA. The segment on Radio 3's 'Free Thinking' also brought this research to a national and international audience of the general public. |
First Year Of Impact | 2021 |
Sector | Education,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
Impact Types | Cultural |
Description | Marie Sklodowksa-Curie Fellowship |
Amount | € 183,473 (EUR) |
Organisation | Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | Global |
Start | 08/2021 |
End | 08/2023 |
Title | Greek inscriptions in southern Italy |
Description | Digital database and website with search functions and maps. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | The database is in use in Dr Tagliapietra's research. The final stages of the website and user interface are still being developed, and form part of her work on her Marie Curie Fellowship in Venice. |
Description | Workshops in Digital and Practical Epigraphy |
Organisation | University of Bologna |
Country | Italy |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The workshops in Digital and Practical Epigraphy have been run as collaborations between our team, the Institute of Classical Studies at the University of London (Dr Gabriel Bodard), the University of Oxford (Dr Simona Stoyanova) and the University of Bologna (Dr Irene Vagionakis). Our research team has contributed funding (for bursaries and catering), and some expertise in the practical epigraphy side of the training, offering skills-based teaching in squeeze-making. |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr Bodard, Dr Stoyanova and Dr Vagionakis have offered their time and expertise to provide skills training in the digital epigraphy techniques, including XML EpiDoc, Oxygen, photogrammetry, and other digital techniques. This has vastly improved the reach and quality of the workshops, compared to what our team could provide on its own. It has also helped our team to improve their own skills to build on our research project. |
Impact | Training workshops on Digital and Practical Epigraphy in April 2019 and April 2022 Freely available training videos in epigraphy skills (pending) |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Workshops in Digital and Practical Epigraphy |
Organisation | University of London |
Department | School of Advanced Study |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The workshops in Digital and Practical Epigraphy have been run as collaborations between our team, the Institute of Classical Studies at the University of London (Dr Gabriel Bodard), the University of Oxford (Dr Simona Stoyanova) and the University of Bologna (Dr Irene Vagionakis). Our research team has contributed funding (for bursaries and catering), and some expertise in the practical epigraphy side of the training, offering skills-based teaching in squeeze-making. |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr Bodard, Dr Stoyanova and Dr Vagionakis have offered their time and expertise to provide skills training in the digital epigraphy techniques, including XML EpiDoc, Oxygen, photogrammetry, and other digital techniques. This has vastly improved the reach and quality of the workshops, compared to what our team could provide on its own. It has also helped our team to improve their own skills to build on our research project. |
Impact | Training workshops on Digital and Practical Epigraphy in April 2019 and April 2022 Freely available training videos in epigraphy skills (pending) |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Workshops in Digital and Practical Epigraphy |
Organisation | University of Oxford |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The workshops in Digital and Practical Epigraphy have been run as collaborations between our team, the Institute of Classical Studies at the University of London (Dr Gabriel Bodard), the University of Oxford (Dr Simona Stoyanova) and the University of Bologna (Dr Irene Vagionakis). Our research team has contributed funding (for bursaries and catering), and some expertise in the practical epigraphy side of the training, offering skills-based teaching in squeeze-making. |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr Bodard, Dr Stoyanova and Dr Vagionakis have offered their time and expertise to provide skills training in the digital epigraphy techniques, including XML EpiDoc, Oxygen, photogrammetry, and other digital techniques. This has vastly improved the reach and quality of the workshops, compared to what our team could provide on its own. It has also helped our team to improve their own skills to build on our research project. |
Impact | Training workshops on Digital and Practical Epigraphy in April 2019 and April 2022 Freely available training videos in epigraphy skills (pending) |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Connectivity and competition: alphabets as identities in Italy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Conference paper at the CREWS project conference (funded by the ERC). Attended by around 30 academics and postgraduate students from an international range of universities. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Digital Italy Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | In September 2021, the team organised and ran and two-day online workshop on the theme 'Digital Italy'. The aim of the workshop was to bring together those working on projects on ancient Italy using digital humanities methods, whether the projects are nearly completed, in progress or just beginning. There were 50-60 participants across the two days, with eight speakers from different projects. There was a lively discussion on both days, and clear evidence of possible future collaboration. There was influence in methods between the projects, and this raised the profile of several research projects internationally, including our own. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Digital and practical epigraphy workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Six-day workshop for international postgraduates and postdoctoral researchers, offering training in digital and practical epigraphy techniques, including squeezes, TEI XL Epidoc, photogrammetry and RTI imaging. Collaboration with the Institute of Classical Studies and the British Museum. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the workshop, and positive impacts on their current and future research projects. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Discussion and reading group (Exeter) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Led a discussion group, mainly of post-graduates and academic staff, on a new book relevant to this project. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Doric Greek in early Imperial Sicily |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Conference paper by Dr Livia Tagliapietra at the 10th International Colloquium on Ancient Greek Linguistics in Madrid. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Fragmentary or ambiguous? Language and communication in very short texts |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Conference paper at the international CA/FIEC conference in London, July 2019. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Free Thinking: Dead languages |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Radio broadcast on 'Dead Languages', in conversation with three other experts, and as a tie-in with the British Museum exhibit on ancient hieroglyphs. Broadcast on the Radio 3 programme 'Free Thinking' and still available on BBC Sounds. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001d691 |
Description | Keynote: Reconsidering multilingualism and enslavement |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited keynote paper at an international conference on multilingualism in Lausanne. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Panel respondent, SCS San Diego |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Panel respondent on a postgraduate-organised panel on pre-Roman Italy at the SCS conference in San Diego. Audience of about 25 postgraduates and academics from across the world. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Paper - The language of sanctuaries in south-eastern Italy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Paper on "The language of sanctuaries in south-eastern Italy" given by Katherine McDonald as part of a panel on the archaeology of South-Eastern Italy at the AIA/SCS conference in San Francisco. The whol conference was online, which guaranteed its international reach. Good discussion with the panel, leading to some new directions for my research and theirs. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Public talk - Italy Before Rome |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Pre-recorded video talk for Torquay History Society, with a live Q&A attended by 25 members of the public, mainly retired local residents in the Devon area. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Regional epigraphic cultures across the ancient wider Mediterranean |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Online talk as part of a panel in the series 'Epigraphic Conversations', by the British Epigraphy Society. Panel theme: 'Regional epigraphic cultures across the ancient wider Mediterranean', 15/06/2021. (Part 2 of a series, including Dr Ilaria Bultrighini (UCL), Dr Dan Socaciu (Liverpool) and Benjamin Cartlidge (Oxford), Dr Rostislav Oreshko (Leiden; Harvard Center for Hellenic Studies), Prof. Emanuela Borgia (Sapienza, Rome), Dr Irene Salvo (Exeter), Dr Celia Sánchez Natalías (Zaragoza), Dr Víctor Sabaté Vidal (Barcelona). This panel reached an international audience online and formed the basis for future collaborations with international colleagues. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Research blog |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Active research blog detailing project activity. Average of one post per month, with a wide international readership (2018: 10,186 unique visitors, 2019: 11,693 unique visitors, 2020: 9330 unique visitors). At time of writing, the top 10 countries with the most readers over the past year are: USA, UK, Italy, Canada, Germany, Australia, France, Sweden, India, Spain. Most popular post has been a series of posts forming a 'Teach Yourself Oscan' course, which is now in use as a school resource in the USA, UK and Japan. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018,2019,2020,2021 |
URL | https://katherinemcdonald.net/blog/ |
Description | School visit (Chelmsford) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Delivered two lessons to Year 10 students (c. 45 students total) as enrichment of their Latin lessons. Theme of multilingualism and women's language to tie in with Mother Language Day. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Seminar talk: Treachery and betrayal in the Roman historians |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Seminar paper given by Katherine McDonald at the Cardiff Ancient History department research seminar, on "Treachery and betrayal in the Roman historians". Excellent discussion, leading to some new directions for my current research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Women disrupting the patriarchy in pre-Roman Italy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Online conference 'Women Disrupting the Patriarchy'. Pre-recorded video talk and live Q&A attended by c. 80 participants worldwide, including academics, postgraduates and members of the public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.wacconference.net/conferences |