Community based interventions against Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau Nigeria
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Edinburgh
Department Name: Veterinary Clinical Studies
Abstract
The project aims to develop novel ways of controlling animal trypanosomiasis. The Jos plateau in Nigeria is a heavily populated area home to almost a million cows kept by settled pastoralists who live alongside subsistence farmers. Trypanosomiasis causes severe production losses in livestock in this area, as it does through out Sub Saharan Africa. It affects the livelihoods of the poorest and most disenfranchised populations living in rural communities. The parasites that cause trypanosomiasis are transmitted by tsetse flies feeding on blood from an infected host. Treatment of the disease is both affordable and effective: a single treatment with a cheap injectable drug is sufficient to clear the animal of all circulating trypanosomes Therefore, although these parasites are a double constraint to development, their control is equally of double benefit to humans and their livestock. In the absence of large scale tsetse control programmes, sustainable methods of trypanosomiasis control need to be found. It is not appropriate or possible to treat every animal without the risk of resistance to the drugs developing. It is thus necessary to target interventions to high-risk carriers of disease amongst livestock and wildlife. In this project, we aim to (i) maximise livestock health through integrated disease management (ii) Identify the major risk factors for trypanosomiasis at different times and locations iii) formulate a policy for effective government support of community based disease management. The project will enable policy makers, public institutions, communities and individual smallholder farmers to identify appropriate and cost-effective methods for the sustainable farmer based control of trypanosomiasis in livestock.
Technical Summary
Livestock underpin poor rural livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa, but animal health is constrained by both epidemic and endemic diseases. The former are managed by national and regional control programmes whereas individual farmers control endemic diseases, with communities and local organisations providing support in decentralised and privatised systems. Animal trypanosomiasis constitutes a major endemic problem in tsetse-infested regions, reducing livestock product yields and devaluing farmers' investments - costing livestock producers and consumers an estimated US$1340 million annually. The Jos Plateau in North-Central Nigeria is a major cattle keeping area, holding ~ a million cows ( 7% of the national herd) kept by settled pastoralists practicing seasonal migration. It became tsetse infected in the early 1980's and trypanosomiasis is a recent problem in the area. While trypanosomiasis can be seen as a dual constraint to rural development its control presents a double benefit: improvements in livestock health having positive outcomes for human health well-being and development. We aim to develop novel integrated control strategies based on an understanding of the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in domestic livestock, Epidemiological theory will be integrated with quantitative field studies where pastoralists contend with trypanosomiasis and co-exist with subsistence farmers in an area with high land pressure. Research will target (i) pastoralists for whom simple and practical decision support tools are needed for livestock management and (ii), district and national level policy makers requiring decision support for endemic disease control.
Planned Impact
Livestock underpin livelihoods of the poor in rural Africa, providing meat, milk, manure draught power, and can be key financial and social assets. Without veterinary support, up to 25% of herds/flocks are lost to disease each year, amounting to US$120-$180 per annum per farmer - highly significant for those living on less than $1 per day. Animal trypanosomiasis reduces offtake of animal protein and other products. Animal trypanosomiasis is estimated to cost livestock producers and consumers US$1.3 billion annually, reducing livestock product yields and devaluing farmers' investments. Thus, from individual to government level control of human and animal trypanosomiases would have a large beneficial impact on economic development and animal health. Unlike top-down methodologies, farmer-based approaches to trypanosomiasis control are sustainable and have less environmental impact. Many poor people consider livestock the best option for escaping poverty and livestock play a major role in reducing vulnerability, either being sold to meet exceptional expenses or to mitigate the effects of crop failure. Livestock are popular investments for participants in credit programmes and are widely favoured by NGOs as a means of reducing poverty. Animal trypanosomiasis imposes a disproportionate burden on Fulani pastoralists as they often rely on livestock as their sole source of livelihood. Pastoralist women are also severely affected by the effects of trypanosomiasis on milk yields as they trade in dairy products. The project will include an extensive training programme including 2 post graduate positions at PhD level. In-service clinical training in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for animal trypanosomiasis for federal, state and local government veterinary and scientific staff participating in veterinary and medical cross-sectional studies and veterinary longitudinal observational and intervention studies. Enumerators will receive basic training in socioeconomic methodologies required for household surveys and economic studies. The project will have the following key outputs which will impact on the control of animal trypanosomiasis in the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa: (i) a comprehensive new understanding of transmission of trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau (ii) a new set of intervention methodologies for control of animal trypanosomiasis calibrated and validated for use in the Sahel region of West Africa; (iii) appropriate-technology decision support tools for diagnosis and treatment of animal trypanosomiasis validated for use in this transmission zone; (v) quantitative estimates of the economic burden of animal trypanosomiasis; (vi) Framework for effective, sustainable support of community based disease control strategies by government agencies. These outputs will be made available through appropriate dissemination pathways as a package of decision support tools appropriate for medical and veterinary policy makers, primary animal healthcare providers and rural populations in Africa. Dissemination pathways will include workshops, project reports, peer-reviewed scientific publications, press releases and briefing of local, governmental and international institutions. Dissemination will commence as soon as results become available in the second year of the project and continue until its conclusion .Finally, the project will provide CPD training to scientific and veterinary staff in Nigeria.
Organisations
- University of Edinburgh (Lead Research Organisation)
- Scottish Government (Co-funder)
- Department for International Development (Co-funder)
- Ceva Animal Health (Collaboration)
- Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (Collaboration)
- Adamore Nigeria (Collaboration)
- Government of the UK (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF JOS (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (Collaboration)
- Georgia Southern University (Collaboration)
- Co-ordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda (COCTU) (Collaboration)
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria (Collaboration)
- University of Ibadan (Collaboration)
- Utrecht University (Collaboration)
- European Commission (Collaboration)
Publications
Santirso-Margaretto C.
Epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in transhumant livestock herds within a grazing reserve environment in Northwest Nigeria.
in Parasites and vectors
Von Wissmann B
(2011)
Factors associated with acquisition of human infective and animal infective trypanosome infections in domestic livestock in Western Kenya.
in PLoS neglected tropical diseases
Wastling SL
(2011)
Latent Trypanosoma brucei gambiense foci in Uganda: a silent epidemic in children and adults?
in Parasitology
Wastling SL
(2011)
Diagnosis of human sleeping sickness: sense and sensitivity.
in Trends in parasitology
Welburn S
(2011)
One Health: the 21st century challenge.
in The Veterinary record
Welburn SC
(2015)
The neglected zoonoses--the case for integrated control and advocacy.
in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Description | Notable results from this award are the high prevalence and clinical impact of tick-borne diseases and the clinical impact of helminths that affect the outcomes of trypanosomiasis in cattle. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis populations were observed to be quite fragile and easily disrupted, interventions having a high impact on tryps prevalence in cattle. Vectocid significantly reduced the prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle. prevalence. Research into how pastoralists diagnose disease in animals compared to how vets do it has given insights in how to more effectively communicate health care advice to pastoralists. |
Exploitation Route | Funding secured from NIHR - Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA) Programme - Project "Contribution of maternal transmission and silent carriers in the epidemiology and persistence of African Trypanosomiasis in human and animal populations". This is a multi-site study : Uganda, Nigeria, South Sudan. There is a need for a public awareness drive on tick borne diseases for pastoralist communities. The impact of a large scale deworming exercises and application of Vectocid as additional control, together with treatment for trypanosomiasis should be evaluated over a 5 - 7 year period to look at impact on calving and productivity and the indirect impacts on human health and education of women. Measures that simultaneously target all 3 endemic diseases would improve animal health but there is a lack of capacity and access to veterinary care that needs to be addressed. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Communities and Social Services/Policy Environment Healthcare Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology Security and Diplomacy |
Description | Our results are currently being used by the Plateau State government, National Veterinary Research Institute and Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research by: Disseminating project results to pastoral communities which opens further avenues for extension services Refining their recommendations to pastoralists for endemic disease control and increased productivity Refining allocation of resources and institutional cultures of collaboration to align with the reality of endemic diseases as Also being used by private sector feed and pharmaceutical industry partners to continue to expand their retail network amongst the Fulani in Plateau State in ways that meet pastoralist needs and circumvent barriers to access and uptake identified in this project. |
First Year Of Impact | 2013 |
Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink,Communities and Social Services/Policy |
Impact Types | Cultural Economic Policy & public services |
Description | GCRF-IAA |
Amount | £11,333 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/GCRF-IAA/06 |
Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2016 |
End | 03/2017 |
Title | Cattle weighing belts |
Description | Cattle weighing belts developed by CEVA to aid accurate live weight estimation and therefore accurate drug dosage were trialled and adapted for use on White Fulani Cattle. These have since been put into use by field teams during surveys and introduced to Fulani herders |
Type Of Material | Physiological assessment or outcome measure |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | More pastoralists and healthcare practittioners are able to give accurate drug dosages based on animal weight as per manufacturers recommendations |
Title | PCR-Reverse line blotting technique for molecular diagnosis of tick-borne diseases |
Description | Improved molecular diagnostic technology to accurately speciate between the various pathogenic organisms that can be actively transmitted by ticks...... |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2013 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Training in this technique provided to collaborating scientists and students at the Utrecht Summer School Accurate identification of multiple pathogen infections in ticks and cattle leading to greater understanding of endemic disease in cattle in the study area |
Title | PCR-microsatellite method for T. vivax population genetics |
Description | Development of a combination PCR-microsatellite protocol to produce genotypes for T. vivax samples and determine the population genetics and geographical differences within the species |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | Greater understanding of tsetse movement and invasion patterns in Nigeria |
Title | Rickettsia diagnostic PCR |
Description | Development of PCR protocols for species level identification of Rickettsia spp. pathogens within ticks and vertebrate hosts |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | Identification and awareness of zoonotic risk of Rickettsia infections in North-Central NIgeria |
Description | Adamore Ltd |
Organisation | Adamore Nigeria |
Country | Nigeria |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Access to new markets for Adamore products Access to wide network of veterinary health practitioners |
Collaborator Contribution | Donation of drugs and insecticide for project Supply of veterinary products for retail venture to improve herders access to quality products |
Impact | Majekodunmi A. et al, Restricted Application of Insecticide for the control of trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases in Pastoral Cattle in Nigeria - in preparation |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | Advocacy for Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (ADVANZ) |
Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Contribute data and networking resources to the platform Increased awareness of platform |
Collaborator Contribution | Access to wide network of contacts and resources related to One Health |
Impact | Collaborations with ICONZ, INZI, DDDAC, OH-NEXTGEN and associated outputs |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | CEVA Sante Animale |
Organisation | Ceva Animal Health |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Access to new markets for CEVA products Access to wide network of veterinary health practitioners |
Collaborator Contribution | Donation of drugs and insecticide for project Supply of veterinary products for retail venture to improve herders access to quality products |
Impact | Majekodunmi A. et al, Restricted Application of Insecticide for the control of trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases in Pastoral Cattle in Nigeria - in preparation |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | DfID Research Into Use - Nigeria |
Organisation | Government of the UK |
Department | Department for International Development (DfID) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Joint supplementary feed and veterinary drug supply venture Provided access to large animal feed customer base for RIU farmers growing dual purpose cow-peas and those in the storage and processing network Provided access to staff time and expertise, transport and other facilities |
Collaborator Contribution | Joint supplementary feed and veterinary drug supply venture Provided access to large supply network for fodder and concentrate feeds Provided access to staff time and expertise, transport and other facilities |
Impact | Majekodunmi 2013 - Evaluation of Dry Season Supplementary Feed Ration on Productivity and Parasitic Diseases of Fulani White Cattle in Nigeria |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa Consortium (DDDAC) |
Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Opportunity for further application/validation of DDDAC research Participated in project planning activities for Zambian projects |
Collaborator Contribution | Various team members visited Nigeria to share knowledge and experiences during engagement activities Contributed to project planning activities |
Impact | Anderson et al, 2011; Okello, Welburn and Smith, 2014; Okello, Bardosh et al, 2014; |
Start Year | 2012 |
Description | Georgia Southern University |
Organisation | Georgia Southern University |
Department | U.S. National Tick Collection |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Contributed tick samples |
Collaborator Contribution | Provided training and access to expert knowledge and Tick database |
Impact | Lorusso, Gruszka et al, 2013, Lorusso, Picozzi et al, 2013 |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | Georgia Southern University |
Organisation | Georgia Southern University |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Contributed tick samples |
Collaborator Contribution | Provided training and access to expert knowledge and Tick database |
Impact | Lorusso, Gruszka et al, 2013, Lorusso, Picozzi et al, 2013 |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | Integrated Control of Neglected Zoonoses (ICONZ) |
Organisation | European Commission |
Department | Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Staff time and expertise for field-work, planning, analysis and writing. Shared use of transport and field and lab equipment and facilities Access to important contacts, particularly Nigerian Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research. Widened scope of research to include more diseases and socio-economic subjects so project more readily received by participants and results provide a more complete picture of the systems studied. Increased project efficiency by pooling material and human resources. Improved networking opportunities for students and post doctoral researchers |
Collaborator Contribution | Staff time and expertise for field-work, planning, analysis and writing. Shared use of transport and field and lab equipment and facilities. Access to important contacts, particularly Nigerian Veterinary Research Institute. Widened scope of research to include more diseases and socio-economic subjects so project more readily received by participants and results provide a more complete picture of the systems studied. Increased project efficiency by pooling material and human resources. Improved networking opportunities for students and post doctoral researchers |
Impact | Ducrotoy et al, 2014; Okello et al, 2014; Okello, Welburn and Smith, 2014; Santirso-Margaretto et al, 2014; Okello, Majekodunmi et al, 2014; Nnabuife et al,2013. Multidisciplinary collaboration: molecular diagnostics, epidemiology, One-Health, trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, animal health care delivery, social systems and governance |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | Investigating Networks of Zoonosis Innovation (INZI) |
Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Access to wide network of contacts Participation in project planning activities Participation in data analysis |
Collaborator Contribution | Access to wide network of contacts Participation in project planning activities Participation in data analysis Joint supervision of CIDLID PhD student |
Impact | Majekodunmi 2012; Badejo, 2013 |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research |
Organisation | Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research |
Country | Nigeria |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Provided training and experience for staff on multidisciplinary projects Widened scope of research to include more diseases and socio-economic subjects so that the project was more readily received by participants and results provide a more complete picture of the systems studied. Provided access to wide network of contacts and collaborations |
Collaborator Contribution | Main collaborator facilitating research with local knowledge, contacts, facilities, and government credibility Provided staff time and expertise for field-work, planning, analysis and writing. Provided transport and field and lab equipment and facilities |
Impact | 5 papers in preparation; 10 published articles; 15 conference papers/posters; 5 engagement activities with pastoral communities, press, policy makers and stakeholders . Disciplines include entomology, parasitology, epidemiology, molecular diagnostics, population genetics, pastoral livelihoods, agricultural economics, conflict studies, animal health care delivery and disease and vector control. |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | Nigerian Veterinary Research Institute |
Organisation | National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria |
Country | Nigeria |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Enabled partnerships between Nigerian researchers in close proximity,encouraging One Health and the removal of institutional barriers to collaboration Provided opportunity for fieldwork resulting in 1 MSc qualification and publication Provided training and field experience for staff in multidisciplinary research |
Collaborator Contribution | Provided staff time and expertise for field-work, planning, analysis and writing. Provided shared use of transport and field and lab equipment and facilities Provided access to important contacts, particularly extension agents and contacts in the Kachia Grazing Reserve |
Impact | DUcrotoy et al, 2014; Santirso-Margaretto et al, 2014; NNabuife et al, 2013; Okello, Majekodunmi et al, 2014 |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | OH-NEXTGEN |
Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Team members provided case study material, time and expertise to training courses |
Collaborator Contribution | Opportunities for networking and teaching experience |
Impact | Ducrotoy et al, 2014; Welburn, 2011 |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | Stamp out Sleeping Sickness Uganda |
Organisation | Co-ordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda (COCTU) |
Country | Uganda |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Opportunity for further application/validation of outputs from Stamp Out Sleeping Sickness research |
Collaborator Contribution | Various team members visited Nigeria to share knowledge and experiences during engagement activities Contributed to project planning activities Participated in initial field studies |
Impact | Okello, Welburn and Smith, 2014; Okello, Bardosh et al, 2014; Lorusso, gruszka et al, 2013; Welburn, 2011 |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | University of Ibadan |
Organisation | University of Ibadan |
Country | Nigeria |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Provided PhD scholarship to recent Msc graduate Provided access to wide network of contacts, particularly Ugandan partners on Stamp out Sleeping sickness project Improved networking opportunities for post graduate students and junior faculty Strengthened collaboration between University of Ibadan and research institutes which improves opportunities for practical training for post graduate students |
Collaborator Contribution | Assisted in recruitment of PhD student Windsor Group activities |
Impact | Gender and Sustainable Livelihoods in a Pastoral System: Paper presented at the 5th Annual Medicine and the Social Sciences and Humanities Conference in Texas, February, 2013 |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | University of Jos |
Organisation | University of Jos |
Country | Nigeria |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Provided PhD scholarship to junior faculty member Provided access to wide network of contacts, particularly Ugandan partners on Stamp out Sleeping sickness project Improved networking opportunities for post graduate students and junior faculty Provided opportunity for recent MSc graduate on project field work. Strengthened collaboration between University of Jos and local research institutes which improves opportunities for practical training for post graduate students |
Collaborator Contribution | Assisted with recruitment of PhD student and field staff Provided access to wide network of local contacts |
Impact | 4 papers in preparation on entomology, parasitology, molecular diagnosis and population genetics |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | Utrecht University |
Organisation | Utrecht University |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Contributed knowledge and experience to teach summer school classes |
Collaborator Contribution | Provided training and experience in diagnostic techniques for tick-borne diseases |
Impact | Lorusso, Gruszka et al, 2013; Lorusso, Picozzi et al, 2013 |
Start Year | 2011 |
Title | Restricted application of Insecticide to cattle |
Description | Application of 5% deltamethrin to tsetse and tick predilection sites only (legs, belly, ears) once a month has proved to be both effective and affordable for preventing trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases. This has been validated in controlled trials and field conditions in Uganda and now Nigeria. It is currently being promoted as a recommended preventinve method for these diseases and has acheived small-scale adoption amongst Fulani pastoralists in North-Central Nigeria |
Type | Preventative Intervention - Physical/Biological risk modification |
Current Stage Of Development | Small-scale adoption |
Year Development Stage Completed | 2013 |
Development Status | Actively seeking support |
Impact | Adoption leading to gradual change in disease control outlook of pastoralists from treatment to prevention |
Description | Community Outreach, Jos Plateau, December 2010 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research and patient groups |
Results and Impact | Discussion brought about understanding of herder perceptions of disease and interventions desired by the community. Established channels of communication between community and state and national government authorities which have been in use since Feed and fodder shop post established with employment provided for 1 member of community |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Community Outreach, Jos Plateau, June 2010 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research and patient groups |
Results and Impact | Established channels of communication between communities and state and national authorities Obtained opinions and requests of target communities regarding project plans Recordings made for national television program Increased awareness of project aims and activities and willingness to participate |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Community Outreach, Kachia Grazing Reserve, December 2010 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research and patient groups |
Results and Impact | Discussion brought about understanding of herder perceptions of disease and interventions desired by the community. Established channels of communication between community and state and national government authorities which have been in use since then. Feed and fodder shop established with employment provided for 1 member of community |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Community Outreach, Kachia Grazing Reserve, June 2010 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Participants in your research and patient groups |
Results and Impact | Established channels of communication between communities and state and national authorities Obtained opinions and requests of target communities regarding project plans Increased awareness of project aims and activities and willingness to participate |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Press engagement day June 2010 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Short presentation to journalists Interviews with different stakeholders and project participants publications in national press Television and radio programs on national stations |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Project meeting December 2010 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Decisions made for project implementation Opinions and requests of target communities incorporated in project working plans |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Project meeting June 2010 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Review of background information. Plans made for 1st phase of project Multi-disciplinary work ethic established amongst project partners and collaborators who have subsequently remained open to this way of working |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Project workshop June 2010 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Presentations from Stamp out Sleeping Sickness Uganda partners Workshop activities to determine application within Nigeran context Increased understanding and reception of One Health concepts amongst multidisciplinary partners |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2010 |
Description | Utrecht University Summer School on "Molecular Recognition of Tick-borne Pathogens |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presentation generated questions and debate amongst students who then acquired skills during practical session ... |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |