Towards Novel Glycoside Hydrolases
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Cambridge
Department Name: Biochemistry
Abstract
One of the main challenges of industrial (white) biotechnology today is the production of fuel from biomass at a cost that ultimately must be competitive with fossil fuels - but potentially more sustainable in the long term as a renewable, carbon-neutral energy source providing energy security. "Green" (i.e. environmentally-friendly) industrial production lines - characterised by reduced energy consumption, waste and CO2-emissions - are clearly attractive, but are crucially reliant on the discovery, improvement and adaptation of robust and efficient biocatalysts. This means that methods and strategies have to be developed that allow identification of suitable catalysts. While the utility of enzymes for biocatalysis is clear, it is still not trivial to find or make such efficient, useful catalysts for a wide range of purposes by enzyme engineering (now arguably based more often on Darwinian cylces of 'directed evolution, rather than design - although the two approaches are not exclusive).
We tackle in this proposal the challenge that each step in the 'bioenergy pipeline' (from growing biomass to fermentation for biofuels) can potentially become rate- or cost-limiting and that enzymes for those purposes are clearly needed. The natural resistance of plant cell walls to microbial and enzymatic deconstruction is largely responsible for the high cost of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. To date, only a small proportion (approximately 40%) of the energy content available from lignocellulose feedstocks (unusable portions of plant materials in the form of agricultural, industrial, domestic, and forest residues) is convertible to ethanol.
We address this problem at a number of fronts: using a ultra-high throughput screening system we identify new protein catalysts (from metagenomic libraries) and we improve these and already characterised catalysts by multiple rounds of directed evolution. Our directed evolution is propelled by access to a new type of libraries (mimicking natural mechanisms - involving insertion and deletions) and by the availability of ultrahigh-throughput screens of very large libraries (>10e7 members). We hope that the analysis of the selected novel enzymes will unravel evolutionary relationships between cellulases/hemicellulases and the structural basis for substrate recognition as a basis to improve the engineering of new useful biocatalysts enabling efficient plant cell wall hydrolysis. Our final goal is to to make robust and multispecific biocatalysts that should be useful for the hydrolysis of recalcitrant lignocellulosic components available as well as general rules and experimental approaches to make this process more controllable and enable it to be widely used.
We tackle in this proposal the challenge that each step in the 'bioenergy pipeline' (from growing biomass to fermentation for biofuels) can potentially become rate- or cost-limiting and that enzymes for those purposes are clearly needed. The natural resistance of plant cell walls to microbial and enzymatic deconstruction is largely responsible for the high cost of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. To date, only a small proportion (approximately 40%) of the energy content available from lignocellulose feedstocks (unusable portions of plant materials in the form of agricultural, industrial, domestic, and forest residues) is convertible to ethanol.
We address this problem at a number of fronts: using a ultra-high throughput screening system we identify new protein catalysts (from metagenomic libraries) and we improve these and already characterised catalysts by multiple rounds of directed evolution. Our directed evolution is propelled by access to a new type of libraries (mimicking natural mechanisms - involving insertion and deletions) and by the availability of ultrahigh-throughput screens of very large libraries (>10e7 members). We hope that the analysis of the selected novel enzymes will unravel evolutionary relationships between cellulases/hemicellulases and the structural basis for substrate recognition as a basis to improve the engineering of new useful biocatalysts enabling efficient plant cell wall hydrolysis. Our final goal is to to make robust and multispecific biocatalysts that should be useful for the hydrolysis of recalcitrant lignocellulosic components available as well as general rules and experimental approaches to make this process more controllable and enable it to be widely used.
Technical Summary
We propose to create new glycosidases by directed evolution starting from either known glycoside hydrolases (with promiscuous side activities) or from metagenomic libraries. Libraries will be generated by a method that generates 3-9 base pair deletions and insertions. The ambitious objective of identifying catalysts from indel and metagenomic libraries is enabled by our use of a ultrahigh-throughput screening system, in which single clones are compartmentalised in picolitre water-in-oil emulsion droplets that are generated and optically sorted in microfluidic lab-on-a chip devices. The chances of identifying catalysts in structurally highly disrupted libraries (or in metagenomic libraries with low potential hit rates) are enhanced by a turnover of 10e7 droplets per day in this format. We hope that the quantitative analysis of mutants along the observed evolutionary trajectories will inform us about the determinants of specificity and efficiency, the strategies necessary to bring about generalist or specialist enzymes and provide insight into the molecular recognition mechanisms employed by this class of enzymes.
Planned Impact
The skills, methods and results generated in this project will first be important for companies and research institutions that engage in protein or metabolic engineering ranging from small biotech start-ups to large pharmaceutical companies. Many protein engineering companies will be interested in the generic methods and strategies for protein engineering that we hope to explore (e.g. Novozymes, GSK, Johnson-Matthey, DSM) and some of these are already collaborating with our group. For example, such companies may directly use the fundamentally new methodologies (indel libraries, ultrahigh-throughput screening in microfluidic droplets), the strategies for exploring sequence space (systematic analysis of catalytic promiscuity, analysis of fitness landscapes, the management of mutational load vs the chance of finding new functions). Finally there will be specific interest in the actually evolved or newly identified glycoside hydrolase enzymes, especially in the many companies (mainly in the USA) that are specifically focused on the biofuel pipeline: these include, for example, Verenium, Solazyme, Amyris, Iogen, LanzTech, Genecor, GEM Biofuels, Sustainable Power Corp, Lignol and many others. In addition there is also a growing market for analytical instruments (such as the microfluidiic devices that will be used in tshi project) in companies such as Speher Fluidics, Dolomite, Raindance or Drop-Tech.
All these companies will be looking for skilled staff for introducing the novel approach of evolution in droplets using microfluidic devices. The coworkers involved in this project will cross traditional boundaries between microengineering and directed evolution and this interdisciplinary aspect will distinguish the staff development in this project from more conventional (but in itself also highly important) training in protein engineering. Thus the postdoctoral workers to be employed in this project will receive training that will give them an excellent position to join smaller biotech start-ups or larger biotechnology. Several members of the Hollfelder group are already working in biotech and pharma companies.
The project will be accompanied by interactions with the university's technology transfer office (Cambridge Enterprise) and interactions with industrial stakeholders, so that information is initially protected and then shared and commercialised.
All these companies will be looking for skilled staff for introducing the novel approach of evolution in droplets using microfluidic devices. The coworkers involved in this project will cross traditional boundaries between microengineering and directed evolution and this interdisciplinary aspect will distinguish the staff development in this project from more conventional (but in itself also highly important) training in protein engineering. Thus the postdoctoral workers to be employed in this project will receive training that will give them an excellent position to join smaller biotech start-ups or larger biotechnology. Several members of the Hollfelder group are already working in biotech and pharma companies.
The project will be accompanied by interactions with the university's technology transfer office (Cambridge Enterprise) and interactions with industrial stakeholders, so that information is initially protected and then shared and commercialised.
Publications
Ladeveze S
(2023)
Versatile Product Detection via Coupled Assays for Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes in Microfluidic Droplets.
in ACS catalysis
Colin PY
(2015)
Enzyme engineering in biomimetic compartments.
in Current opinion in structural biology
Schenkmayerova A
(2021)
Engineering the protein dynamics of an ancestral luciferase.
in Nature communications
Colin PY
(2015)
Ultrahigh-throughput discovery of promiscuous enzymes by picodroplet functional metagenomics.
in Nature communications
Emond S
(2020)
Accessing unexplored regions of sequence space in directed enzyme evolution via insertion/deletion mutagenesis.
in Nature communications
Kaltenbach M
(2016)
Functional Trade-Offs in Promiscuous Enzymes Cannot Be Explained by Intrinsic Mutational Robustness of the Native Activity.
in PLoS genetics
Gielen F
(2016)
Ultrahigh-throughput-directed enzyme evolution by absorbance-activated droplet sorting (AADS).
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Skamaki K
(2020)
In vitro evolution of antibody affinity via insertional scanning mutagenesis of an entire antibody variable region.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Schenkmayerova A
(2021)
Engineering the protein dynamics of an ancestral luciferase.
Description | Directed evolution relies on randomisation of DNA to give libraries that are starting material for combinatorial screens. We have identified a new way to make randomised enzyme libraries in a way that mimics Nature's way of creating combinatorial diversity and have also developed a system that allows secreening of millions of variants within a day: the bring about insertions and deletions in proteins, which may bring about more fundamental changes than the more commonly applied point mutations. To find these 'needles-in-a-haystack' one needs to be very effiicent in finding 'hits' from large libraries. To this end we have developed using ultrahigh-throughput screening in microfluidic droplets further: one gene is compartmentalised into a water-in-oil droplet and the process of gene compartmentalisation as well as analysis is automated (in microfluidic devices), so that millions of droplets (each representing one library member) can be made. We have used thsi system to improve biocatalysts by multiple rounds of directed evolution. . |
Exploitation Route | The novel method to generate InDel libraries and the high-throughput system will be of interest to researchers in the biotechnology/biocatalysis sector. The droplet screeing technologies are now being employed in subsequent projects for metagenomic screenig, where they have lead to discovery of novel glycosidases. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Chemicals Manufacturing including Industrial Biotechology Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | We have adapted a method for making Indel mutations in an enzyme and are gathering evidence that it is functionally more diverse than e.g. point mutation libraries. There is also industrial interest to adapt our droplet microfluidics methods for mutant screening in industry. |
First Year Of Impact | 2019 |
Sector | Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology |
Impact Types | Economic |
Title | DropBase: repository of device designs for handling moicrofluidic droplets |
Description | DropBase is a collection of microfluidic droplet device designs that are free to download and use. We are making these designs freely available as a service to the microdroplet research community. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2015 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Positive direct feedback from user community |
URL | http://www.openwetware.org/wiki/DropBase |
Description | Collaborative project |
Organisation | Novozymes |
Country | Denmark |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Ultrahigh-trhoughpt screening system for hydrolytic reactions. |
Collaborator Contribution | Reagents, one member of staff of company partner on two-year secondment in Cambridge. |
Impact | New enzyme mutants isolated from ultrahigh-throughput screening. |
Start Year | 2015 |