What makes an effective warning signal?
Lead Research Organisation:
Newcastle University
Department Name: Institute of Neuroscience
Abstract
Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.
Technical Summary
Aposematic species use 'distinctive' and 'conspicuous' colour patterns to advertise a defence, such as being toxic or unprofitable. Understanding why such vibrant warning signals have evolved has provided a test bed for evolutionary theory for more than 150 years. It is therefore surprising that we have no analytical understanding of signal design, i.e. what makes natural warning signals 'conspicuous' or 'distinct'. In this project we take a novel approach to characterise real aposematic patterns, model their effects on the perceptual systems of predators, and test what makes them 'special' via behavioural experiments.
We will develop a database of hyperspectral images of aposematic (AP) and non-aposematic (Non-AP) species. This will allow us to compare the patterns of AP and Non-AP species in a principled way to identify key features of AP patterns. By mathematically analysing the database, we will deliver a set of specific visual features (colour and spatial pattern) that will define a pattern as being AP. We will test which of these features contribute to the efficacy of warning signals using avian predators (via unlearned wariness and avoidance learning paradigms). We will also predict and test the distance at which aposematic patterns become effective against predators.
Recent developments in neuroscience suggest there may be more to AP patterns than being distinctive. Warning patterns may be effective because they are highly unusual in natural scenes, stimulating high levels of neural activity. We will test this 'visual overload hypothesis', using modeling and experiments, and establish if AP patterns trigger stronger brain activity than other conspicuous patterns.
We will disseminate the work across relevant academic disciplines, to the public via school visits, science festivals and museum exhibits, and to stakeholders involved in development of high-visibility clothing and deterrents for birds.
We will develop a database of hyperspectral images of aposematic (AP) and non-aposematic (Non-AP) species. This will allow us to compare the patterns of AP and Non-AP species in a principled way to identify key features of AP patterns. By mathematically analysing the database, we will deliver a set of specific visual features (colour and spatial pattern) that will define a pattern as being AP. We will test which of these features contribute to the efficacy of warning signals using avian predators (via unlearned wariness and avoidance learning paradigms). We will also predict and test the distance at which aposematic patterns become effective against predators.
Recent developments in neuroscience suggest there may be more to AP patterns than being distinctive. Warning patterns may be effective because they are highly unusual in natural scenes, stimulating high levels of neural activity. We will test this 'visual overload hypothesis', using modeling and experiments, and establish if AP patterns trigger stronger brain activity than other conspicuous patterns.
We will disseminate the work across relevant academic disciplines, to the public via school visits, science festivals and museum exhibits, and to stakeholders involved in development of high-visibility clothing and deterrents for birds.
Planned Impact
Our proposal is for core evolutionary and computational biology research with no immediate application to UK-plc. However, we have identified three groups of possible indirect stakeholders, and two groups of direct stakeholders.
(1) Technical developers of high-visibility systems
Our work could be of use to those interested in increasing the visibility of workers and sportsmen through high-visibility clothing. We have obtained interest in the idea from two companies specialising in high-performance sports-wear, Tineli and Raceskin. We will discuss our project findings with them to explore how to improve the design of highly visible sports clothing.
(2) Medical professionals and technologists
Our work will be of relevance to medical professionals interested in visual discomfort and in photo-sensitive epilepsy and allow the prediction of uncomfortable images. Harris has collaborative links with the Department of Optometry at Bradford University (Barratt, Bloj). She will arrange a talk to optometry professionals there on the implications of our work for understanding the symptoms of visual stress and discomfort.
(3) Developers of avian deterrents
Birds can cause significant damage to infrastructure and crops. Our data could lead to significant improvements in the design of avian deterrents, for example, on farmland, at airports and on powerlines. We have established contacts in industry and in wildlife control that we will exploit to explore the development and testing of novel deterrents.
(4) The general public
Our research topic is highly engaging for the general public, who have a passion for wildlife, particularly insects and birds. We will engage the public through school visits and the development of a linked classroom activity, events at local zoos and museums, natural history societies, public displays at Science Fairs, and interactive web-based demonstrations our laboratory websites.
(5) Project researchers
The proposal is an interdisciplinary collaboration. Penacchio has a background in pure maths, but is on his way to becoming an interdisciplinary computational biologist. This project will add another string to his biology bow. Halpin is an expert in animal behaviour and cognition, particularly in how predators learn about what to eat. This project will enable her to better understand the sensory and neural processes underlying signal processing, and allow her to develop new skills in image acquisition and analysis. Both researchers will benefit from the development of new skills and knowledge that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries.
(1) Technical developers of high-visibility systems
Our work could be of use to those interested in increasing the visibility of workers and sportsmen through high-visibility clothing. We have obtained interest in the idea from two companies specialising in high-performance sports-wear, Tineli and Raceskin. We will discuss our project findings with them to explore how to improve the design of highly visible sports clothing.
(2) Medical professionals and technologists
Our work will be of relevance to medical professionals interested in visual discomfort and in photo-sensitive epilepsy and allow the prediction of uncomfortable images. Harris has collaborative links with the Department of Optometry at Bradford University (Barratt, Bloj). She will arrange a talk to optometry professionals there on the implications of our work for understanding the symptoms of visual stress and discomfort.
(3) Developers of avian deterrents
Birds can cause significant damage to infrastructure and crops. Our data could lead to significant improvements in the design of avian deterrents, for example, on farmland, at airports and on powerlines. We have established contacts in industry and in wildlife control that we will exploit to explore the development and testing of novel deterrents.
(4) The general public
Our research topic is highly engaging for the general public, who have a passion for wildlife, particularly insects and birds. We will engage the public through school visits and the development of a linked classroom activity, events at local zoos and museums, natural history societies, public displays at Science Fairs, and interactive web-based demonstrations our laboratory websites.
(5) Project researchers
The proposal is an interdisciplinary collaboration. Penacchio has a background in pure maths, but is on his way to becoming an interdisciplinary computational biologist. This project will add another string to his biology bow. Halpin is an expert in animal behaviour and cognition, particularly in how predators learn about what to eat. This project will enable her to better understand the sensory and neural processes underlying signal processing, and allow her to develop new skills in image acquisition and analysis. Both researchers will benefit from the development of new skills and knowledge that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries.
People |
ORCID iD |
Candy Rowe (Principal Investigator) | |
John Skelhorn (Co-Investigator) |
Publications
Skelhorn J
(2018)
Avoiding death by feigning death.
in Current biology : CB
Rowe C
(2017)
Avian Cognition
Penacchio O
(2023)
A computational neuroscience framework for quantifying warning signals
in Methods in Ecology and Evolution
McLellan CF
(2021)
Birds learn to avoid aposematic prey by using the appearance of host plants.
in Current biology : CB
McLellan CF
(2023)
Pattern variation is linked to anti-predator coloration in butterfly larvae.
in Proceedings. Biological sciences
McLellan C
(2023)
Warning Coloration, Body Size, and the Evolution of Gregarious Behavior in Butterfly Larvae
in The American Naturalist
Kikuchi D
(2023)
The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences
in Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Halpin CG
(2020)
Pattern contrast influences wariness in naïve predators towards aposematic patterns.
in Scientific reports
Cuthill I
(2019)
Camouflage
in Journal of Zoology
Barnett JB
(2018)
Distance-dependent defensive coloration in the poison frog Dendrobates tinctorius, Dendrobatidae.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Description | We achieved all the stated objectives, namely: (1) We created a database of aposematic patterns, using a hyperspectral camera to measure the exact patterns of reflectance, across the bird-visible spectral range (near-ultraviolet as well as human visible) for aposematic species and matched non-aposematic species of butterfly. (2) Through a combination of biologically motivated signal processing and machine learning, we used our database to characterise the visual features that distinguish warning signals from non-warning patterns. (3) We tested the 'visual overload hypothesis'. Using a neurodynamical model of a model avian visual system we generated patterns predicted to be maximally aversive (in terms of processing overload) and tested this with behavioural experiments on domestic chicks. (4) We have already disseminated some of the key results in publications and, via presentations at different conferences, to a range of academic communities (evolutionary biology, computational neuroscience, and visual neuroscience). (5) We have discussed findings with relevant stakeholders, including defence industry and government researchers in the UK and USA. |
Exploitation Route | Our findings have been used to discuss the implications of the 'visual overload hypothesis' with stakeholders including Qinetic (UK defence). The study of animal patterning is an area that is popular and easily accessible to the public. Team members have given several public talks on this topic and stimulated the public's interest in the topic area, and in how mathematical methods can be useful in biology. We have developed and implemented several activity-based events for public 'sciences days' (eg. Explorathon, Kirkaldy West Primary School and Dundee Science Centre). Clearly opportunities have been limited since the advent of COVID, but will hopefully open up again in a few months' time. |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Environment Culture Heritage Museums and Collections Security and Diplomacy Other |
Description | Our findings have been used to discuss the implications of the 'visual overload hypothesis' with stakeholders including Qinetic (UK defence). The study of animal patterning is an area that is popular and easily accessible to the public. Team members have given several public talks on this topic and stimulated the public's interest in the topic area, and in how mathematical methods can be useful in biology. We have developed and implemented several activity-based events for public 'sciences days' (eg. Explorathon, Kirkaldy West Primary School and Dundee Science Centre). Further plans for attendance at engagement events with stakeholders and the general public have been put on hold due to the Covid-19 situation. |
First Year Of Impact | 2017 |
Sector | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Education,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
Impact Types | Cultural Societal |
Description | Applied Vision Association postdoc travel award (Penacchio) |
Amount | £700 (GBP) |
Organisation | Applied Vision Association |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2016 |
End | 06/2016 |
Description | Newcastle University Research Excellence Fund |
Amount | £75,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Newcastle University |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2016 |
End | 09/2019 |
Title | Extended the ScamperVR software to include scans of butterflies taken at the Natural History Museum |
Description | Following a setback in 2018 where our VR equipment was stolen* during building works, the equipment was replaced by the University (Abertay). We have now developed a new experimental paradigm exploring the detection and recognition of aposematic and non-aposematic butterflies in a VR environment. This study is currently underway. * This resulted in the shelving of the current studies, exploring movement relative to aposematic and non-aposematic patterns, the calibration/characterisation of the particular VR system was lost with the equipment. The development of the new study, featuring scanned butterflies, captures the key elements of the original studies while taking advantage of the new data arriving from project partners in St Andrews and Newcastle. |
Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | This is too early to determine. |
Title | A computational neuroscience framework for quantifying warning signals |
Description | Animal warning signals show remarkable diversity, yet subjectively appear to share certain visual features that make defended prey stand out and look different from more cryptic palatable species. For example, many (but far from all) warning signals involve high contrast elements, such as stripes and spots, and often involve the colours yellow and red. How exactly do aposematic species differ from non-aposematic ones in the eyes (and brains) of their predators? Here we develop a novel computational modelling approach, to quantify prey warning signals and establish what visual features they share. First, we develop a model visual system, made of artificial neurons with realistic receptive fields, to provide a quantitative estimate of the neural activity in the first stages of the visual system of a predator in response to a pattern. The system can be tailored to specific species. Second, we build a novel model that defines a 'neural signature', comprising quantitative metrics that measure the strength of stimulation of the population of neurons in response to patterns. This framework allows us to test how individual patterns stimulate the model predator visual system. For the predator-prey system of birds foraging on lepidopteran prey, we compared the strength of stimulation of a modelled avian visual system in response to a novel database of hyperspectral images of aposematic and undefended butterflies and moths. Warning signals generate significantly stronger activity in the model visual system, setting them apart from the patterns of undefended species. The activity was also very different from that seen in response to natural scenes. Therefore, to their predators, lepidopteran warning patterns are distinct from their non-defended counterparts, and stand out against a range of natural backgrounds. For the first time, we present an objective and quantitative definition of warning signals based on how the pattern generates population activity in a neural model of the brain of the receiver. This opens new perspectives for understanding and testing how warning signals have evolved, and, more generally, how sensory systems constrain signal design. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.x3ffbg7kd |
Title | Data for Halpin et al, 'Pattern contrast influences wariness in naïve predators towards aposematic patterns' |
Description | The experimental data for the paper 'Pattern contrast influences wariness in naïve predators towards aposematic patterns' by Halpin et al (2020), published in Scientific Reports. The file contains the behaviour of domestic chicks ( Gallus gallus domesticus) towards prey that varied in their visual pattern, and specifically whether or not chicks attacked or ate prey (0=not attacked/eaten, 1=attacked/eaten) in each of the five experimental trials. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://zenodo.org/record/3783734 |
Title | Data for Halpin et al, 'Pattern contrast influences wariness in naïve predators towards aposematic patterns' |
Description | The experimental data for the paper 'Pattern contrast influences wariness in naïve predators towards aposematic patterns' by Halpin et al (2020), published in Scientific Reports. The file contains the behaviour of domestic chicks ( Gallus gallus domesticus) towards prey that varied in their visual pattern, and specifically whether or not chicks attacked or ate prey (0=not attacked/eaten, 1=attacked/eaten) in each of the five experimental trials. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://zenodo.org/record/3783735 |
Description | Modelling collaboration with Xavier Otazu |
Organisation | Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) |
Department | Department of Computer Science |
Country | Spain |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Collaboration with Xavier Otazu and his group from Autonomous University, Barcelona, on computational modelling. He is working with us on ideas that emerged from our grants on camouflage and aposematism. We have hosted him and his group for sabbatical trips to work with us in St. Andrews. |
Collaborator Contribution | We have been exposed to, and training in, neural computational modelling methods and given a 'modellers perspective' understanding of the kinds of biological and psychological information needed to develop a successful computational model. |
Impact | Multi-disciplinary: biology, psychology, computer science, neuroscience. |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Pennacchio collaboration with Sonke Johnsen |
Organisation | Duke University |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Olivier Pennacchio is using work from projects on camouflage and animal warning signals and developing a collaboration on under-water camouflage with Sonke Johnsen. |
Collaborator Contribution | Sonic Johnsen is an expert on under-water camouflage and interested in our theoretical work. |
Impact | non yet. |
Start Year | 2016 |
Title | SCAMPERvr (Search ColourAtion Movement PattERn Virtual Reality) |
Description | With industrial partners we have developed new software to present virtual scenes containing patterned objects. This software will be used to explore behaviour in search and detection tasks as we manipulate warning colouration. |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
Impact | We are still in the trial stage, experiments will be undertaking shortly. |
Description | Explorathon 2016: Harris lab exhibit at this European Researchers night event, highlighting research activity on vision. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Part of a European Researchers Night event, showing academic research taking place at the University of St. Andrews |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Explorathon 2017: Harris lab exhibit at this European Researchers night event, highlighting research activity on vision. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Explorathon 2017: Harris lab exhibit 'Vision: more than meets the eye' at this European Researchers night event, highlighting research activity on vision. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.explorathon.co.uk/standrews |
Description | Harris talk at Cafe Scientifique, Dunkeld and Pitlochry , Scotland |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Harris talk at Cafe Scientifique, Dunkeld and Pitlochry , Scotland. Talk was primarily on basic 3D vision, but included discussion of how camouflage and animal patterning affects predation. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Harris talk at Perceptual Representation of Illumination, Shape & Material Conference 2016 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Invited talk to EU postgraduate training network and industrial collaborators. Title: Counter-shading camouflage: shape from shading in nature. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | International Women's Day - Women in Science |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | The invited talk was to undergraduates and postgraduates at Newcastle University, with the aim of supporting women in their scientific career aspirations. I spoke about my career in science (including my BBSRC-funded research), the challenges associated with being a parent, and what I advice I would give my younger self. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Invited talk at a science education conference. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Invited Talk at the Association for Science Education Conference (Dundee, 2017)> https://www.ase.org.uk/conferences/scotland2017/ |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.ase.org.uk/conferences/scotland2017/ |
Description | Keynote lecture at conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited keynote lecture, Chinese Ornithological Congress, Xian, China, 22-25 September, 2015. "What camouflage tells us about avian perception and cognition" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Public Engagement talk: Holmes Lecture 2018 on Animal vision and prey defences |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Over 150 school children aged 10-14 (and their guardians) attended the annual Holmes Lectures on animal vision, which is an annual event in the university's public lecture series. The lecture was highly interactive, and we received excellent feedback from the audience about how engaging and informative the lecture was. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Public engagement activity - Festival of Nature 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | "Nature expert" at event at the 2017 Festival of Nature, a 2-day free public event organised by the the Bristol Natural History Consortium (http://www.bnhc.org.uk/festival-of-nature/). I took part in "Nature Roulette" talking about animal coloration. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.bnhc.org.uk/nature-roulette-will-meet/ |
Description | Public science event at local School |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Team members from Harris lab took part in participatory event, encouraging children, and families, to think about how animal visual systems are designed to be specifically sensitive to some patterns, and how others may be camouflaged. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Symposium organiser, "Bird behaviour in a changing world", at the Zoological Society of London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Symposium co-organiser (with Hannah Rowland, Max Planck Institute, Jena, Germany, and Tom Pike, Lincoln University, UK): "Bird behaviour in a changing world: with a special focus on bird senses", 14-15 September 2017. Funded by the Zoological Society of London and the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Participants from the across Europe, the USA and Australia attended. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.zsl.org/science/whats-on/bird-behaviour-in-a-changing-world-with-a-special-focus-on-bird... |
Description | Talk at Behaviour 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presented (peer reviewed) talk "Distance-dependent colouration in the poison frog Dendrobates tinctorius". The Behaviour 2017 conference was a joint meeting of the 35th International Ethological Conference (IEC) and the 2017 Summer Meeting of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB), that brought together researchers and students from all fields of behaviour science. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://behaviour2017.org/welcome/ |
Description | Talk at Defensive Coloration Workshop 2019 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Workshop talk to researchers (including postgraduate and undergraduate researchers) about how high contrast in warning patterns may be important for deterring predators. This sparked new ideas and possible collaborations. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk at local school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk to GCSE and lower 6th form students on animal camouflage, followed by presentation and discussion on careers in biology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Talk at local school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk to GCSE and lower 6th form students on animal defensive coloration, followed by presentation and discussion on careers in biology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk at local school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talk to GCSE and lower 6th form students on animal camouflage, followed by presentation and discussion on careers in biology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Talk at the 18th International Society for Behavioral Ecology Congress; Stockholm, Sweden, July-August 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Peer-reviewed invited research talk "Host plants as extended phenotypes of aposematic insects" at the foremost international meeting of scientists in the field, held biennially. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.isbe2022.com/program/ |
Description | Talk on animal defensive coloration at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited research talk to graduate students, undergraduates and postdocs at the School of Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk on camouflage at the University of Bielefeld, Germany |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Research talk and discussion with students (postgrad and undergrad) about my research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Talk on camouflage at the University of Durham |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Research talk and discussion with students (postgrad and undergrad) about my research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Talk on camouflage at the University of Lausanne |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Research talk and discussion with students (postgrad and undergrad) about my research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Visual Perception in Humans and Animal Camouflage, Explorathon 18 exhibit |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Visual Perception in Humans and Animal Camouflage, Interactive presentation at science fair, Explorathon 2018, held at Dundee Science Centre (science museum). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |