Molecular Mechanisms of Sigma Factor Inhibition in a Gene Expression Switch
Lead Research Organisation:
King's College London
Department Name: Chemistry
Abstract
We propose to study the way cells can completely transform their identity by activating a 'gene expression switch'. Such transformations are important to naturally maintain health e.g. in embryo development which begins with identical cells which then crucially change into the different types of cells that make up a developed human. Conversely, these transformations can cause harm e.g. when cells become cancerous or pathogens invade hosts. A gene expression switch involves a distinct programme of genetic instruction being deactivated and replaced with an alternative that leads to radical transformation of the cell's nature.
In this study my group will examine a particular gene expression switch event in bacterial spore formation which is partially responsible for the persistence of 'hospital superbugs' as spores are a long-lived bacterial form, resistant to cleaning agents and thriving in patients depleted of natural gut microflora.
In a gene expression switch there are specific proteins that choreograph genetic instruction in a highly regulated process. We intend to uncover the detailed molecular shapes of some of these proteins using indirect techniques as they are too small to see even using powerful microscopes. We specialise in measuring protein shapes and the way they fit together by producing them artificially in large quantities, with the help of bacteria which act as our 'protein factories'. We then deduce the proteins' molecular structures by processing their behaviour when we bounce X-rays off them or put them in strong magnetic fields. Each of these techniques has its strengths and weaknesses but our combined approach can yield complementary information filling in the gaps left by using just one of the methods. Collaborating with a microbiologist we will feed information into each others' experiments to build up a mechanistic picture of this gene expression switch in bacterial spore formation. For example, if we identify a mutation in one of our proteins that makes it bind more tightly to its partner our collaborator can make the same mutation within bacteria to test whether it has the predicted effect in living systems.
By solving this jigsaw puzzle we hope to be in a stronger position to design novel antibiotics to attack the increasing problem of bacterial drug resistance and the project also has longer term implications for understanding gene expression switches in all aspects of health and disease.
In this study my group will examine a particular gene expression switch event in bacterial spore formation which is partially responsible for the persistence of 'hospital superbugs' as spores are a long-lived bacterial form, resistant to cleaning agents and thriving in patients depleted of natural gut microflora.
In a gene expression switch there are specific proteins that choreograph genetic instruction in a highly regulated process. We intend to uncover the detailed molecular shapes of some of these proteins using indirect techniques as they are too small to see even using powerful microscopes. We specialise in measuring protein shapes and the way they fit together by producing them artificially in large quantities, with the help of bacteria which act as our 'protein factories'. We then deduce the proteins' molecular structures by processing their behaviour when we bounce X-rays off them or put them in strong magnetic fields. Each of these techniques has its strengths and weaknesses but our combined approach can yield complementary information filling in the gaps left by using just one of the methods. Collaborating with a microbiologist we will feed information into each others' experiments to build up a mechanistic picture of this gene expression switch in bacterial spore formation. For example, if we identify a mutation in one of our proteins that makes it bind more tightly to its partner our collaborator can make the same mutation within bacteria to test whether it has the predicted effect in living systems.
By solving this jigsaw puzzle we hope to be in a stronger position to design novel antibiotics to attack the increasing problem of bacterial drug resistance and the project also has longer term implications for understanding gene expression switches in all aspects of health and disease.
Technical Summary
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can completely change their phenotypes by synchronising the shut-down of one gene expression programme with the activation of another. These highly choreographed events occur in numerous aspects of biology and are crucial for health and disease. Despite their critical importance much remains to be discovered about gene expression switches, especially at the level of three-dimensional macromolecular detail.
In B. subtilis sporulation a gene expression switch occurs in which the forespore shuts off its sigma factor F (SigF) driven programme of transcription to activate the genes controlled by sigma factor G (SigG). This switch is regulated by various mechanisms including a vital role for SigG inhibitor, Gin, and its newly discovered SigF inhibitor relative, Fin, a conserved sporulation protein about which little is so far known. Effecting this switch requires precise mechanisms to keep the new gene expression array in check until the old one is deactivated and, by extrapolation, mechanisms to maintain repression of the old programme once the new one is in play. This work will use a wide range of biophysical techniques to determine the molecular mechanisms of this important gene expression switch event. The structures of Fin, Gin and their interacting proteins and regulatory DNA sequences will be solved using X-ray crystallography and NMR and characterised by ITC and MST. Our results will inform in vivo mutagenesis studies in B. subtilis by our collaborator which, in turn, will feed back into our work to probe this mechanism in atomic level detail. With the ongoing problem of 'hospital superbugs' this detailed exploration of sporulation has the long-term potential to identify entirely novel approaches to therapeutic intervention and the development of new antibiotics.
In B. subtilis sporulation a gene expression switch occurs in which the forespore shuts off its sigma factor F (SigF) driven programme of transcription to activate the genes controlled by sigma factor G (SigG). This switch is regulated by various mechanisms including a vital role for SigG inhibitor, Gin, and its newly discovered SigF inhibitor relative, Fin, a conserved sporulation protein about which little is so far known. Effecting this switch requires precise mechanisms to keep the new gene expression array in check until the old one is deactivated and, by extrapolation, mechanisms to maintain repression of the old programme once the new one is in play. This work will use a wide range of biophysical techniques to determine the molecular mechanisms of this important gene expression switch event. The structures of Fin, Gin and their interacting proteins and regulatory DNA sequences will be solved using X-ray crystallography and NMR and characterised by ITC and MST. Our results will inform in vivo mutagenesis studies in B. subtilis by our collaborator which, in turn, will feed back into our work to probe this mechanism in atomic level detail. With the ongoing problem of 'hospital superbugs' this detailed exploration of sporulation has the long-term potential to identify entirely novel approaches to therapeutic intervention and the development of new antibiotics.
Planned Impact
The proposed research will have shorter and longer-term impact on Society and the economy:
SHORTER-TERM IMPACT: My move to the chemistry department at King's has already begun to generate new experimental ideas through combining interdisciplinary expertise with local colleagues. This study will thus have impact on research methods in the chemistry community as discussed in my 'academic beneficiaries' section and there will be knock-on effects from any discovery resulting from use of these techniques by other groups. I have a longstanding commitment to Public Engagement, described in more detail in my Pathways to Impact statement and I have plans to discuss my findings in non-scientific settings through the written and spoken word creating social impact by making the public more kindly disposed towards science while feeding back their ideas into the creativity of scientific planning. Since I am now at a University that teaches Arts subjects as well as science there is also far more opportunity for creating radically interdisciplinary impact. I have requested a 10K public engagement budget within this proposal to fund a pilot art project with Lavender Hill Studios which will lead to an immersive public exhibition that will directly engage a large number of people with diverse backgrounds and education.
LONGER-TERM IMPACT: The more information we have, on the detailed workings of the healthy and diseased body, the stronger is our potential to combat disease and promote health and wellbeing in the population. In this research programme my group will examine a gene expression switch event in B. subtilis in three-dimensional molecular detail. The resulting contribution will be significant in addressing the central biological question of how cells change their identity. This underpins developmental diseases and cancer in which inappropriate phenotypic changes cause serious harm. As an ideal goal, a molecular-level understanding of these processes supports the prospect of cellular 'reprogramming' strategies for therapeutic intervention in cancer and other illnesses. Such changes in gene expression are also responsible for developing resistance to drugs in cancer cells, anti-viral drug resistance and bacterial resistance to antibiotics; thus, a full three-dimensional understanding of gene expression switches will prove valuable in addressing some of the major challenges in modern medicine. These studies have the potential to identify novel antibiotic targets for gram-positive spore-forming pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium difficile, the source of nosocomial diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon in long-stay hospital patients. This would have enormous impact on society by addressing a uniquely modern problem that is getting worse. Moreover, from a synthetic biology perspective this work potentially offers scope for creating novel chimeric sigma factors that direct transcription of unique promoters which has the potential to add to the B. subtilis tractability toolkit which would have industrial, economic and academic impact.
SHORTER-TERM IMPACT: My move to the chemistry department at King's has already begun to generate new experimental ideas through combining interdisciplinary expertise with local colleagues. This study will thus have impact on research methods in the chemistry community as discussed in my 'academic beneficiaries' section and there will be knock-on effects from any discovery resulting from use of these techniques by other groups. I have a longstanding commitment to Public Engagement, described in more detail in my Pathways to Impact statement and I have plans to discuss my findings in non-scientific settings through the written and spoken word creating social impact by making the public more kindly disposed towards science while feeding back their ideas into the creativity of scientific planning. Since I am now at a University that teaches Arts subjects as well as science there is also far more opportunity for creating radically interdisciplinary impact. I have requested a 10K public engagement budget within this proposal to fund a pilot art project with Lavender Hill Studios which will lead to an immersive public exhibition that will directly engage a large number of people with diverse backgrounds and education.
LONGER-TERM IMPACT: The more information we have, on the detailed workings of the healthy and diseased body, the stronger is our potential to combat disease and promote health and wellbeing in the population. In this research programme my group will examine a gene expression switch event in B. subtilis in three-dimensional molecular detail. The resulting contribution will be significant in addressing the central biological question of how cells change their identity. This underpins developmental diseases and cancer in which inappropriate phenotypic changes cause serious harm. As an ideal goal, a molecular-level understanding of these processes supports the prospect of cellular 'reprogramming' strategies for therapeutic intervention in cancer and other illnesses. Such changes in gene expression are also responsible for developing resistance to drugs in cancer cells, anti-viral drug resistance and bacterial resistance to antibiotics; thus, a full three-dimensional understanding of gene expression switches will prove valuable in addressing some of the major challenges in modern medicine. These studies have the potential to identify novel antibiotic targets for gram-positive spore-forming pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium difficile, the source of nosocomial diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon in long-stay hospital patients. This would have enormous impact on society by addressing a uniquely modern problem that is getting worse. Moreover, from a synthetic biology perspective this work potentially offers scope for creating novel chimeric sigma factors that direct transcription of unique promoters which has the potential to add to the B. subtilis tractability toolkit which would have industrial, economic and academic impact.
Publications
Thapaliya A
(2016)
SGTA interacts with the proteasomal ubiquitin receptor Rpn13 via a carboxylate clamp mechanism.
in Scientific reports
Wang Erickson AF
(2017)
A novel RNA polymerase-binding protein that interacts with a sigma-factor docking site.
in Molecular microbiology
Krysztofinska EM
(2017)
Structure and Interactions of the TPR Domain of Sgt2 with Yeast Chaperones and Ybr137wp.
in Frontiers in molecular biosciences
Martínez-Lumbreras S
(2018)
Structural and Functional Insights into Bacillus subtilis Sigma Factor Inhibitor, CsfB.
in Structure (London, England : 1993)
Martínez-Lumbreras S
(2018)
Structural complexity of the co-chaperone SGTA: a conserved C-terminal region is implicated in dimerization and substrate quality control.
in BMC biology
Witheridge A
(2019)
Viewing the Invisible: Exploring common methodology across disciplines.
in PLoS biology
Morris OM
(2021)
Intrinsically disordered proteins: modes of binding with emphasis on disordered domains.
in Open biology
Collins KM
(2023)
Structural Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Sigma Factors.
in Microorganisms
Stollar E
(2023)
Meeting Reports
in The Biochemist
Title | Playlist - Viewing the Invisible |
Description | A playlist of eight short films featuring scientists in discussion with artists while in the process of having their portraits painted/sculpted |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Impact | We have so far had over 8,000 views of our films and they allowed us to pitch an exhibition which took place in The Arcade Bush House in September, an event at the National Portrait Gallery in which an artist painted a famous scientist live in front of an audience and a future exhibition to be held in October 2020 in the European Bioinformatics Institute in Cambridge. The films also prompted several media stories, widespread social media coverage and an academic paper in PLOS Biology. We continue to use the films in grant applications to fund social action projects in schools and will report back on these activities when we are able to fund them. |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLun2jODy9M2dccLpMe9Owv5IDzf5sGsDd |
Title | Viewing the Invisible |
Description | Kings College London and London Fine Art Studios have embarked upon an exciting project with the support of the BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council). Viewing the Invisible brings together scientists and artists to explore the similarities in their working methods: Through the close study of shapes and constituent parts, scientists and artists alike, seek to demystify the human identity. This shared approach belies the popularly held belief that science and art reside at polar ends of a spectrum. In fact, it points to the ways in which they work together and can support each other to disseminate research and enrich understanding among a broader public. The outcome (detailed on the next page) is a multi-faceted display including short films, photographs, paintings and text, as well as accompanying activities, which we will display in a series of events around the country. We are holding a launch event in September 2019 at the National Portrait Gallery, potentially aligned with the theme of 'identity' in the Cindy Sherman exhibition. The 1.5 hour event will consist of a portrait painting demonstration from life, direct painting (alla prima) of a female fellow of the Royal Society (Dame Janet Thornton). The scientist will talk about her experimental methodology in conversation with the artist, Ann Witheridge, who will demonstrate the techniques and start of the painting from shapes, values and colour, explaining how in order to be a figuratively successful artist, one has to approach the subject abstractly, thinking of values and temperatures not eyes and mouths! Alongside the live-painting there will be a panel discussion featuring high-profile subjects from our project who will discuss the common ground between scientific and artistic approaches to exploring the underpinnings of identity. |
Type Of Art | Artistic/Creative Exhibition |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Impact | We haven't yet held our exhibition but it is planned for September 2019 in The Arcade in Bush House, a public facing venue on The Strand. We plan to evaluate our impact extensively and will report back in detail next year. |
Description | We have now solved the molecular shapes of two different proteins (Fin and CsfB) that are responsible for changing normal bacteria into long-lived spores that survive in harsh conditions and published a paper on each of these and their respective modes of interaction with binding partners that facilitate their specific biological functions. We have many additional results including two new sigma factor structures that we are currently preparing for publication and by next year we hope to report fully on all our objectives. Additionally, some experiments we have done in this grant led to some unexpected and exciting research questions about metabolic shutdown during sporulation - we have now secured a new BBSRC grant starting June 2019 to address these. |
Exploitation Route | Our structural and functional data increase the current understanding of identity changes in cells which are important for many processes such as understanding embryo development, cancer and some hospital superbugs. Our structures might form the basis for rationally designed drugs. |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Agriculture Food and Drink Chemicals Education Environment Healthcare Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
URL | https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/about/news/gin-twist |
Description | One of our structures was adopted as 'featured structure' by the Protein Data Bank with an associated blog post giving some back story on how we solved it. As a result a software developer got in touch with us to use our data to improve the program that we used to calculate the structure. The post made a splash on social media, was retweeted for World Gin Day (as the protein is also known as Gin) and resulted in my being invited to speak at an art exhibition opening which gave rise to another collaboration and some important contacts. |
First Year Of Impact | 2018 |
Sector | Creative Economy,Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Education,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
Impact Types | Cultural Societal |
Description | A cryo-electron microscope for structural biology, including single-particle and tomography, at KCL. |
Amount | £1,000,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/W019329/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 07/2022 |
End | 07/2023 |
Description | A dual DLS and SEC-MALS instrumentation to characterize protein oligomerization for structural and mechanistic biology |
Amount | £205,223 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/V01966X/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2021 |
End | 11/2022 |
Description | Bacillus Subtilis Chaperone/protease Mechanisms In Metabolic Shutdown |
Amount | £509,478 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/X001415/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2023 |
End | 12/2025 |
Description | ITAS |
Amount | £3,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/R006091/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2017 |
End | 06/2017 |
Description | Isothermal titration calorimetry instrumentation for structural biology, biological mechanisms and drug discovery |
Amount | £193,698 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/T01752X/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2020 |
End | 09/2021 |
Description | MicA, a novel protease adaptor in metabolic shutdown |
Amount | £441,343 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/S006877/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2019 |
End | 05/2022 |
Description | B. subtilis sporulation - structure/function collaboration with Prof. Amy Camp |
Organisation | Mount Holyoke College |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | This is a research collaboration. We Skype every two weeks to update each other on research findings. From our end we solve structures and interactions of proteins using biophysics techniques. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Camp lab mostly perform in vivo microbiology work in Bacillus subtilis. In general they identify important proteins via genetic screens. We characterise these using structural and biophysical methods. Together we generate hypotheses which can then be tested in vivo by them and in vitro by us. Two people in my lab were able to spend time in the Camp lab thanks to BBSRC ITAS award and they have brought back important skills of working with B. subtilis such that we can now produce lysate important for experiments in our lab. |
Impact | We have published 2 papers together so far and generated two BBSRC project grants. We have many other papers in preparation. We have both spoken at European Spores Conference about our collaborative work. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | 2021 Judith Howard Lecture Prize Winner |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | We are very pleased to announce Dr Rivka Isaacson of King's College London as the 2021 (and 8th) Judith Howard Lecturer. The Howard Lecture is an annual lecture which celebrates world-leading mid-career academics working in the biophysical sciences. Professor Judith Howard CBE FRS was one of the original founders of the BSI and was instrumental in establishing the Wolfson Laboratories on the top floor of the Chemistry Department, an interdisciplinary research hub home to many BSI researchers. Judith joined Durham as a Professor of Crystallography in 1991 and became the first female head of a five-star chemistry department nationally. She has built instruments that allow scientists to apply techniques to prove theories experimentally and advance the field of X-ray crystallography. She developed low-temperature X-ray and neutron diffraction methods to explore electron density distributions, chemical bonding descriptors and magnetic properties in molecules more precisely. To mark her formal retirement from the University the Howard lecture was established in her name, and celebrates up-and-coming researchers in the biophysical sciences from all over the world. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.durham.ac.uk/research/institutes-and-centres/biophysical-sciences-institute/about-us/new... |
Description | Gin with a twist |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Our publication was featured on the front page of the PDB Europe website as 'featured structure' with an associated blog post. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/about/news/gin-twist |
Description | Interview on The Science Show |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I was interviewed about my research by Robyn Williams for The Science Show which is broadcast to a large listening public by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/misshaped-proteins-the-cause-of-many-diseas... |
Description | K+ career speed-networking |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | I took part in a speed-networking careers event as part of K+ which is the KCL widening-participation programme for BAME and/or underprivileged local sixth-formers. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.kcl.ac.uk/study/widening-participation/our-activities/k-plus/index.aspx |
Description | National Portrait Gallery Talk |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | For International Women's Day, I delivered one of the National Portrait Gallery's lunchtime lectures. These occur every other Thursday and are ticketed events open to the general public. I looked at the pioneering work of female structural biologists in the Gallery's Collection including Rosalind Franklin, Dorothy Hodgkin, Dame Louise Johnson, Dame Kathleen Lonsdale and Olga Kennard, explaining my science as I went along. There was a large audience and an interesting question and answer session afterwards. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/event-root/march/lunchtime-lecture-02032017#.WK-LgvRBaWk.facebook |
Description | Olga Kennard interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | I interviewed pioneering female X-ray crystallographer, Olga Kennard (who is 93) and wrote about it in Times Higher Education. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/international-womens-day-meeting-olga-kennard |
Description | PDB Europe Art Exhibition |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | I participated in a training event in which we planned projects with teachers to use protein structures in art classes. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | STEM for Britain |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | My Ph.D. student has competed with other Ph.D. students across the country to present her research in an accessible way to MPs. The vent will take place on 13th March and she has made a fantastic poster. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.setforbritain.org.uk/2017event.asp |
Description | School Visit (Seven Kings, Essex) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | I visited Seven Kings School for their 'Women in Science' day and gave the same presentation three times to different groups of ~25 female sixth-formers about my career so far and work-life balance. I received positive feedback from students and teachers and my visit inspired the school to organise a trip to the HWB-NMR national facility in Birmingham. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Shadow a Scientist |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | My post-doc, Katherine Collins, and two Ph.D. students, Ewelina Krysztofinska and Nicola Evans, volunteered to introduce school age students to the lab with Scientist & co, Shadow a Scientist programme and also helped them with their CVs afterwards. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.scientistsandco.org/projects/shadow-scientist/ |
Description | Viewing the Invisible Exhibition |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | We held an exhibition for 3 weeks which included portraits, short films and objects, exploring common working methods between artists and scientists. We had ~1000 visitors, many of whom filled in a questionnaire about their experience. All responses were positive, many scientists said they were inspired to cultivate their artistic side e.g. by taking a drawing or sewing class, artists said they were motivated to develop collaborations with scientists to take their art in new directions, and teachers now plan to help their pupils see the creativity in science and the technical side of art so that the two cultures are less bifurcated. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.kcl.ac.uk/events/viewingtheinvisible |