PuRpOsE: PRotecting Oak Ecosystems: understanding and forecasting causes and consequences, management for future climates
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Reading
Department Name: Sch of Biological Sciences
Abstract
Oaks are iconic trees in the UK and throughout much of Europe. Our two native oaks are species that members of the public recognise and which have considerable cultural, economic and biodiversity value. Indeed, we do not yet have the knowledge to understand health threats to oak or prepare for the likely reactions of wider stakeholders and the public. Pedunculate and sessile oak are widespread in the UK. Recently there has been an increase in non-native invasive pathogens and pests establishing in the UK and causing damage and/or death to many tree species. Oaks are under threat from several new pests and diseases, including Oak Processionary Moth (OPM) and Acute Oak Decline (AOD). For some of these, we do not yet understand how they cause decline in oak health and often there is no current treatment other than sanitation felling. We therefore urgently need to identify why trees are becoming more susceptible to pests and diseases and to develop management methods that would help reduce oak susceptibility. A decline in tree health and the potential loss or decline of oaks will have impacts on the plants, animals and humans that use oak trees and/or oak woods. Thus we need to assess the impacts of oak pests and diseases on the wider environment and how we can mitigate the impacts.
PuRpOsE is a research project to PRotect Oak Ecosystems through understanding and forecasting causes and consequences, and adaptation management for future climate projections. Our work to understand interactions between pests, diseases, environments and humans is led by a group of world-leading scientists who will address these issues. One focus of our work is AOD, but the outcomes of this study will provide valuable validation of approaches to other diseases and pests, such as OPM. Our work will increase our understanding of the causes of oak decline (particularly AOD) and determine the physiological and other phenotypic changes brought on by AOD infections and their impact on associated communities in the rhizosphere. We will produce risk maps and stress maps to identify climatic/soil regions where oaks are most at risk from AOD and from other pests and diseases, respectively. We will conduct a horizon scanning exercise, framed within the context of projected future climates, to identify potential new threats to oak health, the risk criteria and management options. Combining knowledge from risk mapping, stress mapping and horizon scanning, we will assess how forest management can reduce oak decline. Mitigation might necessitate replacement planting. Within PuRpOsE we assess tree species that could replace the function oaks have in the landscape in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem functions and the services associated with oak woodlands. Armed with the outputs of this research, we will identify adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services such as carbon storage and water quality, engaging stakeholders in developing dynamic adaptive pathways for management and recreation from the loss of oak. Underpinning all of this work is a strong team commitment to working collaboratively across the natural and social sciences to understand tree health issues as involving pests and pathogens, hosts, environments and humans. The project aims to develop a common language to provide improved knowledge and understanding of health threats to native oaks, now and into the projected climate futures to decision-makers involved in tree health policy regulation, trade and forest policy and practice.
PuRpOsE is a research project to PRotect Oak Ecosystems through understanding and forecasting causes and consequences, and adaptation management for future climate projections. Our work to understand interactions between pests, diseases, environments and humans is led by a group of world-leading scientists who will address these issues. One focus of our work is AOD, but the outcomes of this study will provide valuable validation of approaches to other diseases and pests, such as OPM. Our work will increase our understanding of the causes of oak decline (particularly AOD) and determine the physiological and other phenotypic changes brought on by AOD infections and their impact on associated communities in the rhizosphere. We will produce risk maps and stress maps to identify climatic/soil regions where oaks are most at risk from AOD and from other pests and diseases, respectively. We will conduct a horizon scanning exercise, framed within the context of projected future climates, to identify potential new threats to oak health, the risk criteria and management options. Combining knowledge from risk mapping, stress mapping and horizon scanning, we will assess how forest management can reduce oak decline. Mitigation might necessitate replacement planting. Within PuRpOsE we assess tree species that could replace the function oaks have in the landscape in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem functions and the services associated with oak woodlands. Armed with the outputs of this research, we will identify adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services such as carbon storage and water quality, engaging stakeholders in developing dynamic adaptive pathways for management and recreation from the loss of oak. Underpinning all of this work is a strong team commitment to working collaboratively across the natural and social sciences to understand tree health issues as involving pests and pathogens, hosts, environments and humans. The project aims to develop a common language to provide improved knowledge and understanding of health threats to native oaks, now and into the projected climate futures to decision-makers involved in tree health policy regulation, trade and forest policy and practice.
Technical Summary
In the UK, Quercus robur and Q. petraea are under threat from new diseases including Acute Oak Decline (AOD). The PuRpOsE (PRotect Oak Ecosystems) project will improve knowledge and understanding of interactions between pests and diseases, environments and humans related to the health threats to native oaks now and going forward through projected climate futures. We will identify the wider impacts of oak decline on biodiversity, ecosystem function and services, and interactions between institutional stakeholders, to identify policy and practice that will reduce or mitigate these impacts. We will deploy state of the art methodology to identify biotic and abiotic factors that affect tree susceptibility and disease development and determine phenotypic changes brought on by AOD infections. Horizon scanning using expert opinion and novel climate matching tools will identify potential future oak pests/pathogens. We will screen current and new oak silvicultural systems and use existing trials of climate matched provenances and species diversity plots. Together with key stakeholders, we will use the assimilated project knowledge to investigate adaptive management pathways to prevent/slow down oak pest and pathogen impacts. Applying theoretical and methodological innovations in the social sciences relating to tree health issues and complex stakeholder interactions, we will consider how disease 'stories' emerge and how the enthusiasm of actors involved in AOD can help develop collaborative strategies for managing and living with AOD. Working with stakeholders throughout the project we will enable:
1. Policy makers in charge of natural resource planning to understand the risk of oak decline and provide them with evidence-based knowledge to change policies appropriately
2. Managers to feel confident in preparing for change and to start managing their woodlands appropriately
3. Stakeholders to be less averse to the changes required to mitigate the impacts of oak decline.
1. Policy makers in charge of natural resource planning to understand the risk of oak decline and provide them with evidence-based knowledge to change policies appropriately
2. Managers to feel confident in preparing for change and to start managing their woodlands appropriately
3. Stakeholders to be less averse to the changes required to mitigate the impacts of oak decline.
Planned Impact
The impact we aim to generate will stem from our interdisciplinary research including state-of-the-art microbiome and metabolomic studies coupled with applied and practical forest ecology and social science work to establish human approaches to recognising and managing oak disease. Specifically, we will seek to: 1) influence decision-makers in forest policy and practice (e.g. Scottish Natural Heritage, Natural England, Natural Resources Wales, Woodland Trust, Forestry Commission England and Scotland, Environment Agency, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, National Trust, Fera, Defra, Confederation of Forest Industries, Institute of Chartered Foresters, City Councils, nursery trade and community woodland groups) to improve their understanding of oak related pests and diseases and the threats posed to the wider ecosystem; 2) provide policymakers in charge of natural resource planning with the evidence to change policies appropriately; 3) instil confidence in forest managers to implement the management required to maintain oak ecosystem health; 4) prepare stakeholders for a potential loss, or major decline of oak. We can only do this by understanding if trees are experiencing stress that makes them more susceptible to disease (WP1 & 2) with knock on effects to ecosystem services (WP3) to use these data to develop indicators of threat (WP1) and in combination with tree surveys to develop a risk map (WP2) for future management purposes. Underpinning the project is WP4, which addresses the need to effectively understand the different human approaches to understanding how pests and diseases spread and how different scientific approaches might drive different management policies. Throughout the project's implementation we will deliberatively engage with key stakeholders in a co-learning process, specifically working together with individuals from our case study sites dispersed across the UK, as well as with local, regional and national organisations, for example through our Project Advisory Group.
Organisations
- University of Reading (Lead Research Organisation)
- Forestry Commission Scotland (Co-funder)
- Economic and Social Research Council (Co-funder)
- Scottish Government (Co-funder)
- Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Co-funder)
- Natural Environment Research Council (Co-funder)
- Woodland Trust (Collaboration)
- FOREST RESEARCH (Collaboration)
Publications
Mitchell R
(2019)
Collapsing foundations: The ecology of the British oak, implications of its decline and mitigation options
in Biological Conservation
Mitchell RJ
(2019)
OakEcol: A database of Oak-associated biodiversity within the UK.
in Data in brief
Mitchell R
(2020)
Functional and ecosystem service differences between tree species: implications for tree species replacement
in Trees
Mitchell R
(2021)
Cumulative impact assessments of multiple host species loss from plant diseases show disproportionate reductions in associated biodiversity
in Journal of Ecology
Ray D
(2021)
A multi-data ensemble approach for predicting woodland type distribution: Oak woodland in Britain.
in Ecology and evolution
Mitchell R
(2021)
Identifying substitute host tree species for epiphytes: The relative importance of tree size and species, bark and site characteristics
in Applied Vegetation Science
Barsoum N
(2021)
Root ectomycorrhizal status of oak trees symptomatic and asymptomatic for Acute Oak Decline in southern Britain
in Forest Ecology and Management
O'Flynn T
(2021)
Attending to nature: Understanding care and caring relations in forest management in the UK
in Journal of Rural Studies
Description | We know that there are several bacteria that are individually able to cause bleeding canker symptoms in oak. We have found that soil conditions around diseased oak trees are changed from the soil around healthy trees. Some of these differences can be seen as changes in the mineral content and also the microbiome inhabitants. |
Exploitation Route | We are hoping that our finding will form the basis for developing a consortium with other oak researchers to enable us to apply for funding to validate our findings. |
Sectors | Environment |
Description | Action Oak Advisory committee |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | Forest Research Research Note |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to new or Improved professional practice |
URL | https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/8060/FRRN040.pdf |
Description | Inetraction with DEFRA and external stakeholders |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | Knowledge Review |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | Lay summary about oak woodlands |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to new or Improved professional practice |
Description | Participation in Defra Trees and Woodlands Science Advisory Group |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Impact | Changes in how Defra propose to monitor the implementation of woodland expansion plans |
Description | Use of a long term management tool by 25 forest practitioners |
Geographic Reach | Local/Municipal/Regional |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | Delivered by coI Alice Broome: 25 forest practitioners representing southern half of England and most of Wales have tried a tool for planning long term management of oak under deep uncertainty, c.70% said they would use this new approach. |
Description | AHDB Studentships |
Amount | £70,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Agricultural and Horticulture Development Board |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2018 |
End | 09/2021 |
Description | DiversiTree: diversifying our woodlands to increase resilience |
Amount | £516,525 (GBP) |
Funding ID | NE/X004449/1 |
Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 07/2022 |
End | 08/2024 |
Description | EU Horizon 2020 |
Amount | € 3,300,000 (EUR) |
Funding ID | PROJECT H2020 No: 773567- EC-GA |
Organisation | European Union |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 03/2018 |
End | 03/2020 |
Description | NERC DTP studentship |
Amount | £70,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2015 |
End | 04/2019 |
Description | SCENARIO DTP |
Amount | £70,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2018 |
End | 09/2021 |
Title | Functional and epiphytic biodiversity differences between nine tree species in the UK |
Description | The dataset contains information from 234 trees at six sites across the UK collected in 2018. The tree species studied were Acer pseudoplatanus sycamore, Castanea sativa sweet chestnut, Fagus sylvatica beech, Fraxinus excelsior common ash, Quercus cerris Turkey oak, Q. petraea sessile oak, Q. robur pedunculate oak, Q. rubra red oak and Tilia x europaea common lime. The presence of all lichens and bryophyte species on the trunk to a height of 1.75m were recorded in addition to the presence of the lichens on branches and twigs where these were accessible. The bark characteristics recorded were bark pH, ridge and furrow width, furrow depth, hardness, water holding capacity and the bark patterning. The soil variables studied were: nitrogen mineralization and decomposition rate, total soil carbon and nitrogen, loss on ignition, soil pH and soil temperature. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data from the soil samples is also presented along with data on site location and the habitat characteristics surrounding the sampled trees. Note that this database is embargoed and will be made available by 1st November 2021 at the latest. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | None as yet. |
URL | https://doi.org/10.5285/f539567f-a8cd-482e-89b8-64a951b52d93 |
Title | Oak-associated biodiversity in the UK (OakEcol) |
Description | 'Mitchell, R.J.; Bellamy, P.E.; Ellis, C.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Hodgetts, N.G.; Iason, G.R.; Littlewood, N.A.; Newey, S.; Stockan, J.A.; Taylor, A.F.S. (2019). Oak-associated biodiversity in the UK (OakEcol). NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/22b3d41e-7c35-4c51-9e55-0f47bb845202' This dataset contains a list of all known birds, bryophytes, fungi, invertebrates, lichens and mammals that use oak (Quercus petraea and Q. robur) in the UK. In total 2300 species are listed in the dataset. For each species we provide a level of association with oak, ranging from obligate (only found on oak) to cosmopolitan (found on a wide range of other tree species). Data on the ecology of each oak associated species is provided: part of tree used, use made of tree (feeding, roosting, breeding), age of tree, woodland type, tree form (coppice, pollarded, or natural growth form) and season when the tree was used. Data on use or otherwise by each of the 2300 species of 30 other alternative tree species (Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Carpinus betulus, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Larix spp, Malus sylvestris, Picea abies, Pinus nigra ssp. laricio, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula, Prunus avium, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus cerris, Quercus rubra, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus torminalis, Taxus baccata, Thuja plicata, Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos, Tilia vulgaris, Tsuga heterophylla, Ulmus glabra) was also collated. A complete list of data sources is provided. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Presentations made to woodland managers allowing them access to the database to help with designing woodland management plans |
URL | http://doi.org/10.5285/22b3d41e-7c35-4c51-9e55-0f47bb845202 |
Description | Professional Internship Placement for PhD student |
Organisation | Forest Research |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Dr Liz Shaw (coI) negotiated the placement. |
Collaborator Contribution | Forest Research provided the placement and helped to supervise the student. |
Impact | No outcomes as yet, the PhD student did obtain new fieldwork skills. |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Woodland Trust funding to extend PDRA by 3 months |
Organisation | Woodland Trust |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | Mateo San Jose Garcia (named PDRA) was employed for a further three months via funding from the Woodland Trust. This helped with further data collection and analysis. |
Collaborator Contribution | Alice Broome (Forest Research) negotiated the collaboration in partnership with Rob Jackson. |
Impact | None as yet. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Title | Web-based survey |
Description | Developed by coI Alice Broome and colleagues: interactive web-based survey application and platform |
Type Of Technology | Webtool/Application |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Impact | Made direct contact with 40 international experts in the horizon scanning exercise |
Description | A web page for the project |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | A web page for the project was developed to provide dissemination of the project objectives and activities. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://protectouroaks.wordpress.com/ |
Description | Article for Woodwise the Magazine of the Woodland Trust |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Article written by Ruth Mitchell coI: More than an Oak tree? Will be distributed to >250,000 people |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Article in Magazine for "Small Woods Association" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Highlighted the biodiversity associated with oak trees to woodland managers through a stakeholder magazine. The article included summarizing how suitable other trees were to replace oak both in terms of supporting biodiversity and functioning. The editor of the magazine was very pleased with the article. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | I grew up without Elm. What is my grandson growing up without? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Blog outlining how increased tree diseases can have a cascading impact on biodiversity and lower our baseline biodiversity over generations. It discussed if greater diversity of tree species and greater biosecurity were part of the solution. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://cieem.net/i-grew-up-without-elm-what-is-my-grandson-growing-up-without/ |
Description | One-day workshop In conversation with oak trees |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Led by Hilary Geoghegan and Trish O'Flynn (CoI and PDRA): one-day workshop In conversation with oak trees at Gilwell Park for 20-30 woodland managers where they shared their research findings. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Poster at British Ecological Society's annual conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The poster was presented on-line at the British Ecological Society's annual meeting. It provoked discussion around the how the functioning of trees differed between species |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Presentation at impact meeting |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | The project arrange an Impact event at the Royal Geographical Society, London, to showcase what the project outcomes were to Lord Gardiner and a variety of national stakeholders interested in tree health. I gave a 15 min talk to the audience as well as a personal tour and discussion with the Minister. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Presentation to England Woodland Biodiversity Group |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation by coI's Ruth Mitchell and Alice Broome entitled "Alternative tree species for oak and ash" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Presentation to international forestry sector |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A presentation to the International Union of Forestry Research Organisations (IUFRO) conference in a session: The science of tree health and how we can use it: multidisciplinary research from the Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative. To showcase our work on: Working with trees, ecosystems, diseases and people: developing new ways of researching tree health in the borderlands. 30 scientists and practitioners were in the audience, this led to multidisciplinary discussions and meetings with international colleagues afterwards. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Press release and media interview for the project |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | A press release was drafted and this was picked up by thye Daily Mail. I gave an interview to their journalist and they then ran a story in the newspaper on February 27th 2019. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Small Woods and Action Oak event 26th February 2021 talk "Collapsing foundations: the ecology of the British oak and ash, implications of its decline and mitigation options" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Advise given to woodland managers on how to conserve oak and ash associated biodiversity in the face of a loss of oak and ash trees |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Talk to Aberdeenshire Countryside Rangers Association |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Talk by Ruth Mitchell (coI) Can we conserve the biodiversity associated with ash and oak given the potential decline in ash and oak trees? |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk with SNH staff |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Talk by Ruth Mitchell coI: Site Level Resilience Planning for Woodlands |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Trees for the future conference, BIFOR, 3rd and 4th November 2021. Talk on "How resilient are our native woodlands to multiple pests and pathogens?" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Illustrated to policy makers, practitioners and researchers why the impacts on biodiversity of plant diseases should be taken account of in risk assessments. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.aab.org.uk/event/trees-for-the-future-diversity-and-complexity-for-resilience-and-carbon... |
Description | Two Future Forest Management Pathways Workshops |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Delivered by coI Alice Broome: Workshops to deliver information from the project |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Two UK Forestry Standard Biodiversity Masterclass events |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Delivered by coI Alice Broome: included PuRpOsE findings in two UK Forestry Standard Biodiversity Masterclass events for forest owners, managers and agents in East England (Lincoln, Thetford, January 2019) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Various media features (TV interview, radio interviews, Newspaper articles) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interviews for oak disease (acute oak decline) and horse chestnut bleeding canker disease (wider tree disease issues) led to articles in the newspapers, radio shows and ITV Meridian. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/killer-disease-coming-for-mighty-oaks-glz97gfd2 |
Description | Web page summarizing the outputs from the work on the ecological impacts of a decline in oak |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | A web site that summarizes the key results and provides resources for woodland managers, such as the OakEcol database and case studies. I have used it to refer woodland managers to. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.hutton.ac.uk/research/departments/ecological-sciences/our%20science/biodiversity-and-eco... |
Description | Web pages developed for case studies |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Ruth Mitchell coI is developing webpages at https://www.hutton.ac.uk/oak-decline to make case studies and grey literature freely available |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.hutton.ac.uk/oak-decline |