Investigating the relationship between epilepsy, drug-resistance and affective disorders in the domestic dog
Lead Research Organisation:
Royal Veterinary College
Department Name: Clinical Sciences and Services
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex brain disease, in which individuals are pre-disposed to show spontaneous seizures. Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is classified as epilepsy of predominantly genetic or presumed genetic origin and in which there are no gross abnormalities of the structure of the brain nor other relevant underlying diseases causing seizure activity. IE is the most common chronic neurological condition in domestic dogs, estimated to affect 0.6% of dogs, but markedly higher in some breeds e.g. 17-33% in the Belgian Shepherd. Quality-of-life is also limited by side-effects of the currently used anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), and quantity-of-life is potentially reduced due to an increased risk of premature death secondary to epilepsy. Further challenges faced by veterinarians treating dogs with epilepsy, and owners of affected dogs ARE (i) drug-resistance: a lack of response to currently available AEDs affecting up to 60-86% of treated dogs, and (ii) neurobehavioural changes comorbid with IE, which are poorly understood in dogs but highly prevalent in people with epilepsy. Our own studies have previously found that as few as 14% of dogs become seizure free on treatment, and increases in fear/anxiety and defensive aggression are seen following the onset of IE. These common features make the dog an ideal translational model for spontaneously occurring drug resistant epilepsy.
It is clear that there is a need to gain a deeper understanding of IE in the dog to identify risk factors for (i) the development of IE, (ii) the lack of response to available AED therapies, (iii) the development of behavioural changes, and (iv) the interplay between these factors, so that future efforts to treat or prevent IE are targeted and effective. Genetic markers of both epilepsy and AED response have had limited success thus far, may be hard to interpret and account for only a limited proportion of susceptibility. In this study we instead investigate biochemical by-products of metabolic pathways (the 'metabolome') and the microorganisms living in association with the body (the 'microbiome') which reflects the interaction between an organism's genome and its environment and are a better potential indicator of observed characteristics, which can be potentially modified as treatment strategy. Although metabolomic markers of IE have not yet been found, profiles of anxiety have been identified in humans and mice. The microbiome has not yet been studied in IE development, but is involved in the metabolism of AEDs, and changes have been associated with anxiety levels through brain-gut interactions.
This research programme will characterise types of disease presentation, the variation in behavioural characteristics, variation in metabolites in the metabolome, and differences in micro-organism populations in the microbiome in dogs with and without IE to identify novel biological markers of both the disease, drug response and behavioural signs (and associations between these factors) that could provide new perspectives on the underlying disease biology and provide new treatment targets. We will study these novel measures in two stages: firstly, a case-control study of breed and age-matched dogs with and without IE recruited from our hospital populations to directly compare profiles; secondly, a prospective cohort study of 5000 puppies from the South of England to identify physical and behavioural profiles measured before seizure onset that act as risk factors for IE development. Urine and faecal samples will be collected for metabolomic and microbiomic analysis. Behavioural testing will characterise aspects of the dogs' underlying affective state, to reveal whether IE and drug-resistance are associated with an underlying characteristic that predisposes individuals to perform anxiety-related behaviours. This novel and comprehensive approach is needed to unravel the mechanisms underlying IE, the occurrence of drug-resistance and behavioural abnormalities.
It is clear that there is a need to gain a deeper understanding of IE in the dog to identify risk factors for (i) the development of IE, (ii) the lack of response to available AED therapies, (iii) the development of behavioural changes, and (iv) the interplay between these factors, so that future efforts to treat or prevent IE are targeted and effective. Genetic markers of both epilepsy and AED response have had limited success thus far, may be hard to interpret and account for only a limited proportion of susceptibility. In this study we instead investigate biochemical by-products of metabolic pathways (the 'metabolome') and the microorganisms living in association with the body (the 'microbiome') which reflects the interaction between an organism's genome and its environment and are a better potential indicator of observed characteristics, which can be potentially modified as treatment strategy. Although metabolomic markers of IE have not yet been found, profiles of anxiety have been identified in humans and mice. The microbiome has not yet been studied in IE development, but is involved in the metabolism of AEDs, and changes have been associated with anxiety levels through brain-gut interactions.
This research programme will characterise types of disease presentation, the variation in behavioural characteristics, variation in metabolites in the metabolome, and differences in micro-organism populations in the microbiome in dogs with and without IE to identify novel biological markers of both the disease, drug response and behavioural signs (and associations between these factors) that could provide new perspectives on the underlying disease biology and provide new treatment targets. We will study these novel measures in two stages: firstly, a case-control study of breed and age-matched dogs with and without IE recruited from our hospital populations to directly compare profiles; secondly, a prospective cohort study of 5000 puppies from the South of England to identify physical and behavioural profiles measured before seizure onset that act as risk factors for IE development. Urine and faecal samples will be collected for metabolomic and microbiomic analysis. Behavioural testing will characterise aspects of the dogs' underlying affective state, to reveal whether IE and drug-resistance are associated with an underlying characteristic that predisposes individuals to perform anxiety-related behaviours. This novel and comprehensive approach is needed to unravel the mechanisms underlying IE, the occurrence of drug-resistance and behavioural abnormalities.
Technical Summary
Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is a neurological disease of major welfare concern in the dog. In addition to seizure activity and quality-of-life limiting side-effects of the currently used anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), further IE-associated challenges include (i) drug-resistance, affecting up to 60-86% of dogs treated with AEDs, and (ii) neurobehavioural changes comorbid with IE including increased anxiety. A deeper understanding of these factors and their interplay is required to improve IE treatment. Genetic markers of IE and AED response have had limited success thus far, and may account for only a limited proportion of susceptibility. This research programme will characterise the (i) behavioural (ii) metabolomic and (iii) microbiomic profiles of dogs with and without IE to identify novel biomarkers of IE, drug-resistance and behavioural co-morbidities. Although metabolomic markers of IE are yet to be found, metabolic profiles of anxiety have been identified in humans and mice. The microbiome has yet to be studied in IE development, but is involved in the metabolism of AEDs, and has effects upon the hippocampal serotonergic system including anxiety levels via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Two complimentary studies will be conducted: a case-control study of breed/age-matched dogs with/without IE recruited from our hospital populations; and a prospective cohort study of puppies to identify profiles measured before seizure onset that act as risk factors for IE. Urine and faecal samples will be collected for metabolomic and microbiomic analysis. Behavioural testing including open field tests, cognitive bias and habituation rates will characterise underlying affective states, to reveal whether IE and drug-resistance are associated with an underlying characteristic predisposing individuals to show anxiety-related behaviours. This novel and comprehensive approach is needed to unravel the mechanisms underlying IE and develop more targeted treatments in the future.
Planned Impact
Approximately 10.5 million dogs are kept as companion animals in the UK, of which an estimated 0.6-0.8% are affected by idiopathic epilepsy (approximately 63,000 dogs). Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is a quality of life issue for both the affected dog and their owner. Management of dogs with IE often requires a long-term commitment by owners, including medicating their dog several times per day, monitoring for side-effects and ongoing financial costs. Seizures can be unpredictable and appear uncontrollable, and can be stressful for the owner to witness and manage, with 60-86% of dogs with IE uncontrolled by anti-epileptic drug therapy. Failed treatment may lead to early euthanasia. Inherited diseases in the domestic dog including IE have been a focus of scientific research and public attention for the past decade, for example major reports from charities, government bodies and an independent inquiry. IE was identified by The Dog Advisory Council as one of their 'priority problems' in 2012. This unique project will identify biomarkers of and risk factors for the development of IE, drug-resistance and co-morbid behavioural abnormalities.
Stakeholders who will benefit include:
(1) Commercial companies: pet food and veterinary pharmaceutical companies have an interest in the treatment of chronic diseases such as idiopathic epilepsy. An estimated 550,000 direct and indirect jobs are generated by pet ownership in Europe, and the pet food industry and related supply and services represent a combined annual turnover of over 24 billion Euros. Increased knowledge of the aetiopathogenesis of IE and mechanisms of drug-resistance in dogs will be advantageous in R&D studies of AED development and drug efficacy, along with the new field of identifying existing or novel treatments that improve co-morbid behavioural problems.
(2) Veterinary practices: IE is a commonly treated problem in first opinion veterinary practice, as demonstrated by published 'VetCompass' epidemiological data from RVC. IE is a frustrating condition for vets to treat, with widely varying responses to the same drugs between patients with the 'same' diagnosis, and thus increasing our understanding of IE, along with novel ways to identify dogs likely or unlikely to respond to AEDs and/or be affected by behavioural co-morbidities would greatly aid vets in their treatment of IE, and improve vet-client relations by allowing more tailored treatment plans for individual dogs.
(3) Dog breeders and regulatory bodies such as breed societies and the Kennel Club will benefit through an increased understanding of early life risk factors and profiles of dogs who will go on to develop IE, to inform the selection of animals from which to breed. At present there is no way to identify which individuals within a breed are at risk of developing IE, and with age of onset between 6 months and 6 years of age, many dogs may be used in breeding before their first seizure, which may inadvertently lead to the perpetuation of this disorder. If novel biomarkers of IE are identified, screening may be possible in the future to highlight high and low risk dogs and inform breeding strategies.
(4) Dog owners: Owners of dogs with IE are recognised to experience distress due to the management of their dog's condition, and are often frustrated to pay for expensive and invasive advanced diagnostic testing (e.g. MRI and CSF analysis) to be given an idiopathic diagnosis. As such, these owners are very keen gain a greater understanding of IE, particularly related to improvements in treatment. Owners may eventually benefit from improved therapeutic management of IE in their dog.
(5) Dogs suffering from IE: Affected dogs will benefit from the more personalised selection of AEDs, or development of novel targeted AEDs that result in reduced seizure frequency and behavioural abnormalities. This could significantly improve their QoL and reduce early euthanasia due to poor seizure management.
Stakeholders who will benefit include:
(1) Commercial companies: pet food and veterinary pharmaceutical companies have an interest in the treatment of chronic diseases such as idiopathic epilepsy. An estimated 550,000 direct and indirect jobs are generated by pet ownership in Europe, and the pet food industry and related supply and services represent a combined annual turnover of over 24 billion Euros. Increased knowledge of the aetiopathogenesis of IE and mechanisms of drug-resistance in dogs will be advantageous in R&D studies of AED development and drug efficacy, along with the new field of identifying existing or novel treatments that improve co-morbid behavioural problems.
(2) Veterinary practices: IE is a commonly treated problem in first opinion veterinary practice, as demonstrated by published 'VetCompass' epidemiological data from RVC. IE is a frustrating condition for vets to treat, with widely varying responses to the same drugs between patients with the 'same' diagnosis, and thus increasing our understanding of IE, along with novel ways to identify dogs likely or unlikely to respond to AEDs and/or be affected by behavioural co-morbidities would greatly aid vets in their treatment of IE, and improve vet-client relations by allowing more tailored treatment plans for individual dogs.
(3) Dog breeders and regulatory bodies such as breed societies and the Kennel Club will benefit through an increased understanding of early life risk factors and profiles of dogs who will go on to develop IE, to inform the selection of animals from which to breed. At present there is no way to identify which individuals within a breed are at risk of developing IE, and with age of onset between 6 months and 6 years of age, many dogs may be used in breeding before their first seizure, which may inadvertently lead to the perpetuation of this disorder. If novel biomarkers of IE are identified, screening may be possible in the future to highlight high and low risk dogs and inform breeding strategies.
(4) Dog owners: Owners of dogs with IE are recognised to experience distress due to the management of their dog's condition, and are often frustrated to pay for expensive and invasive advanced diagnostic testing (e.g. MRI and CSF analysis) to be given an idiopathic diagnosis. As such, these owners are very keen gain a greater understanding of IE, particularly related to improvements in treatment. Owners may eventually benefit from improved therapeutic management of IE in their dog.
(5) Dogs suffering from IE: Affected dogs will benefit from the more personalised selection of AEDs, or development of novel targeted AEDs that result in reduced seizure frequency and behavioural abnormalities. This could significantly improve their QoL and reduce early euthanasia due to poor seizure management.
Publications
Berk BA
(2020)
A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium-chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs.
in Journal of veterinary internal medicine
Watson F
(2018)
A review of treatment options for behavioural manifestations of clinical anxiety as a comorbidity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
in Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
Watson F
(2020)
Behavioural changes in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
in The Veterinary record
Packer RMA
(2018)
Cognitive dysfunction in naturally occurring canine idiopathic epilepsy.
in PloS one
Han FY
(2021)
Dietary medium chain triglycerides for management of epilepsy: New data from human, dog, and rodent studies.
in Epilepsia
Description | We have developed and tested a questionnaire to assess neurobehaviour, cognitive function and trainability. We have shown that cognitive function in canine epilepsy is effected. Four factors were significantly associated with a diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction: (i) epilepsy diagnosis: dogs with epilepsy were at higher risk; (ii) age: older dogs were at higher risk; (iii) weight: lighter dogs (kg) were at higher risk; (iv) training history: dogs with more exposure to training activities were at lower risk. Dogs with a history of cluster seizures ( 2 or more seizures per day) and high seizure frequency had worse cognitive dysfunction. We also showed that dogs with epilepsy are less good in being trained. Other factors which had a negative impact on trainability were polypharmacy, zonisamide and potassium bromide. |
Exploitation Route | The behavioural/cognitive measures developed are actively being used by the research teams ongoing future work. |
Sectors | Healthcare |
Description | Lifetime - Long-term influence of a medium chain fatty acid diet on canine idiopathic epilepsy |
Amount | £607,290 (GBP) |
Organisation | Industry Partners |
Sector | Private |
Country | United States |
Start | 01/2018 |
End | 01/2021 |
Description | Article about scientific publication cognitive dysfunction in canine epilepsy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Life Science Research; Reports on Life Science Research from Royal Veterinary College Provide New Insights (Cognitive dysfunction in naturally occurring canine idiopathic epilepsy) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Article describing key findings of research publication about cortisol physiology associated with seizures in dogs and their owners |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Investigators at Royal Veterinary College Detail Findings in Physiology (Physiological reactivity to spontaneously occurring seizure activity in dogs with epilepsy and their carers) was published in Life Science Weekly |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | BBC1 Barking hour Radio interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Radio interview about current research at the RVC in canine epilepsy featuring the effect of diet on epilepsy management, comorbidities, quality of life and the RVC epilepsy app. The barking hour has an international reach. RVC facebook page alone had 18k who listened to the radio interview |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | BSAVA - Birmingham April 2019 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | From papers to practice: how to apply best evidence to manage epilepsy cases in practice |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Brain camp -refractory epilepsy - training of veterinary neurology specialists in training |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | brain camp is the main training event for the future veterinary neurology specialists. We had a long debate about new ideas in regards of epilepsy beyond seizures and how this can be used to change treatment |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.ecvn.org/braincamp2018/default.aspx |
Description | Breed Health Symposium |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation to health representatives of Kennel Club breeders about nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by our former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and cognition research |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Deutsche Veterinärmedizinsiche Gesellschaft, Berlin - Nov 2019) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Basic epilepsy management Epilepsy management beyond drugs Epilepsy beyond seizures |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Epilepsy management beyond drugs |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | International conference presentation to key opinion leaders at European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and condition analysis |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Epilepsy management beyond drugs |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation to practitioners in Copenhagen, Denmark at WSAVA international conference about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by our former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and cognition research |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Epilepsy management beyond drugs + drug resistant epilepsy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | International conference presentation to key opinion leaders at American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and condition analysis |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Epilepsy management beyond drugs + drug resistant epilepsy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation to practitioners in Madrid, Spain AMVAC conference about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by our former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and cognition research |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Epilepsy management beyond drugs + epilepsy beyond seizures |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation to practitioners in Porto at national conference about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by our former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and cognition research |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Epilepsy management beyond drugs + epilepsy beyond seizures |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation to practitioners in Wrozlaw and Warsaw about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and condition analysis |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | FECAVA conference - St. Petersburg - Sept 2019 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Revamping our understanding of epilepsy Unremitting seizures: management of cluster seizures and status epilepticus An update on epilepsy and its comorbidities |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Fuel the brain |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gave a keynote lecture about brain metabolism and how to influence it using the example of canine epilepsy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://vetneuro2018.org/programme/keynote-speakers/ |
Description | Holistic epilepsy management |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation to practitioners in Birmingham, at BSAVA conference about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by our former medium chain fatty acid diet trial |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Israel December 2019 (Veterinary Neurology conference - Tel aviv) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Revamping our understanding of epilepsy 1+1=3 - how to create synergy in epilepsy management |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Lost in Translation - Epilepsy management |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation to practitioners in Leipzig Germany at national conference about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by our former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and cognition research |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | New Insights into Canine Epilepsy Management |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation to practitioners in Thessaloniki, Greece, at national conference about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by our former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and cognition research |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | New Insights into Canine Epilepsy Management |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation to practitioners in Milan, Italy, at national conference (SCIVAC) about drug and nutritional management of epilepsy in dogs informed by our former medium chain fatty acid diet trial, behaviour and cognition research |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Rio de Janeiro - August 2019 - Brazilian Veterinary Neurology conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Approach of the patient with epileptic seizures - what tests, when and what to expect? Pathophysiology of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus Epileptic seizures and feline epilepsy - Approach and treatment Antiepileptic Therapy in Dogs - Fundamentals and Cases How to feed the epileptic brain |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Talk for European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine about epilepsy comorbidities |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Major event where behaviourist met neurologists and discussed about comorbidities in epilepsy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk to Italian practitioners about epilepsy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk about epilepsy comorbidities and new management options to the main national meeting for veterinary practitioners in Italy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Veterinary Medicine article about published article about imepitoin anxiolytic properties in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Veterinary Medicine; Reports from Royal Veterinary College Describe Recent Advances in Veterinary Medicine (Investigating the potential of the anti-epileptic drug imepitoin as a treatment for co-morbid anxiety in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | WSAVA - Toronto - august 2019 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Basic epilepsy management Epilepsy management beyond drugs Epilepsy beyond seizures Fuel the brain |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Webinar to UK vets about epilepsy management |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Webinar about canine epilepsy and management to >3000 UK vets |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Webinar to brazilian vets about epilepsy beyond seizures |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gave a webinar to more than 9000 vets working in Brazil about epilepsy beyond seizures |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |