VACCINE. Development of a novel yeast-based oral subunit vaccine against Eimeria spp. in chickens
Lead Research Organisation:
Royal Veterinary College
Department Name: Pathology and Pathogen Biology
Abstract
Yeast species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful tools for the high yield production of recombinant proteins and have a Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) status. They are capable of performing several complex post-translational modifications that are not achieved in many other expression systems, and are easily grown to very high densities producing large quantities of stable particles. Recently, the idea of using S. cerevisiae as a delivery vehicle for cancer, viral, and bacterial vaccines has been explored, inducing robust humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition to using yeast to produce a vaccine antigen of interest, the yeast cell itself has been shown to have adjuvant-like properties and has the potential to activate both inflammatory and phagocytic receptors expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Our preliminary data demonstrates that freeze-drying recombinant yeast cultures expressing viral protein at their surface renders the recombinant yeast completely non-viable (unpublished). However, the freeze-drying process does not alter conformation of these proteins, as surface expression is equal in live and freeze-dried yeast as quantified by flow cytometry and Western blotting. This has interesting implications in vaccine design as a non-viable S. cerevisiae is not categorised as a genetically modified organism (GMO) and such a killed vaccine would not be subject to GMO regulations. Additionally there would be no need for refrigeration of the freeze-dried yeast, reducing transport and storage costs. Vaccines based upon S. cerevisiae are likely to be particularly valuable against diseases of farmed poultry, where safety, scalability, stability, delivery and cost are crucial. In one example modern poultry production relies on effective control of Eimeria, but current approaches using drugs and live vaccines require improvement. In recent years a panel of coccidial antigens have been identified as vaccine candidates, each individually capable of inducing up to a 65% reduction in oocyst output. Now, the focus is shifting from antigen discovery to antigen formulation and delivery with yeast being a leading option, especially given the importance of T-cell mediated responses in anticoccidial immunity.
Technical Summary
In the work proposed here we will develop Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an oral vaccine vector platform for use with poultry, employing freeze-drying to inactivate and stabilise vaccine formulations. Non-viable yeast cells are not considered as GMOs (EU directive 2001/18/EC) and benefit from Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) status. We will build on proof of concept studies with pigs to validate the freeze-drying process, comparing immunity induced in chickens after vaccination with live yeast cultures, bacterial expressed recombinant protein and natural live parasite exposure. Development of a non-GMO vector system with no requirement for a cold chain and which can be included in animal feed would revolutionise poultry vaccination.
The yeast system will be developed using three well-established anticoccidial vaccine candidates. Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria parasites remains a major animal health and welfare concern with significant impact on food security and economic productivity. The proteins apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), immune mapped protein 1 (IMP1) and microneme protein 3 (MIC3) all show robust anticoccidial vaccine potential against Eimeria tenella, one of the most important species of the genus. To date, these antigens have only been tested individually. Here, we will investigate multiple combinations of these antigens to identify an optimal multi-valent vaccine which can be used in the rational development of equivalent vaccines against other high impact Eimeria species.
Major outputs will include understanding of the breadth of immune responses, systemic and local, stimulated by oral yeast-vectored vaccination in different chicken body compartments, indicating the range of pathogens which may be rationally targeted in future applications. Finally, we will use specialised facilities to test in vivo protection stimulated by the optimised vaccine under simulated field conditions, beginning to bridge the gap between tool development and practical use
The yeast system will be developed using three well-established anticoccidial vaccine candidates. Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria parasites remains a major animal health and welfare concern with significant impact on food security and economic productivity. The proteins apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), immune mapped protein 1 (IMP1) and microneme protein 3 (MIC3) all show robust anticoccidial vaccine potential against Eimeria tenella, one of the most important species of the genus. To date, these antigens have only been tested individually. Here, we will investigate multiple combinations of these antigens to identify an optimal multi-valent vaccine which can be used in the rational development of equivalent vaccines against other high impact Eimeria species.
Major outputs will include understanding of the breadth of immune responses, systemic and local, stimulated by oral yeast-vectored vaccination in different chicken body compartments, indicating the range of pathogens which may be rationally targeted in future applications. Finally, we will use specialised facilities to test in vivo protection stimulated by the optimised vaccine under simulated field conditions, beginning to bridge the gap between tool development and practical use
Planned Impact
The work proposed has direct relevance to the Cross-Councils highlight 'novel tools and technologies for vaccinology'. The project falls within BBSRC strategic research priority areas: (1) Animal health (developing strategies to combat disease) (2) Sustainably enhancing agricultural production (improving survival/longevity) and (3) Welfare of managed animals (alleviation of disease). Outputs include establishment of freeze-dried S. cerevisiae as a safe and stable oral vaccine vector for poultry, using the coccidial parasite E. tenella as an example with immediate relevance to poultry production and welfare. Outcomes will assist in increasing UK competitiveness in the global animal production market, improving animal welfare and helping to guarantee a secure supply of safe, healthy food. The following stakeholders will benefit from impact arising from this work.
1. The poultry production industry
Chicken production and welfare benefit from many vaccines, but more are urgently required. For many pathogens candidate vaccine antigens have been documented, but progress has been limited by availability of cost-effective strategies for delivery within the tight economic margins inherent to the poultry industry. Validation of freeze-dried S. cerevisiae as a safe, stable vector platform effective when delivered directly to chickens through their diet can revolutionise production, improving economic performance and welfare. Our close relationships with industry representatives can fast track the vector into field use, starting with the anticoccidial vaccine targeted here. Findings will be relevant to vaccines targeting other pathogens in chickens, as well as pigs and ruminants.
2. The animal health industry
The UK currently leads the world in the production of live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines but a major limiting factor is the requirement for production in vivo, illustrated by recent production failures and the consequential vaccine shortage. Recombinant anticoccidial vaccines have been sought for more than 30 years. The combination of effective vaccine candidates and a realistic vector system have finally brought such vaccines within reach. The scalability and stability of a yeast-based vaccine would support expansion of vaccination from the minority to the majority of chicken production, improving chicken health.
3. Animal welfare
The effective reduction of disease as a result of improved vaccine availability against coccidial and other pathogens supports the Five Freedoms implicit to animal welfare as set out by the Farm Animal Welfare Council. A recombinant anticoccidial vaccine will also reduce the requirement for chicken use in vaccine production.
4. General public and the environment
Increased efficiency in poultry production will raise poultry product availability at a lower cost for the consumer, contributing to improved food security. Consequences of improved pathogen control include a reduction in the requirement for chemoprophylaxis, reducing drug consumption, the risk of contamination to the food chain and the environment, and selection for drug resistance.
All three investigators are actively engaged in public dissemination of UK research. Students at all levels of education can benefit from the principles established in this work.
5. Skills, knowledge and training
The multidisciplinary nature of this project will provide opportunities for broad training to all staff, in addition to other members and students of each host institution, strengthening the research community in the areas of disease control and vaccine development. Broader impact can be achieved using avenues such as the UK Veterinary Vaccines Network.
6. International development
Infectious diseases impose serious costs on animal production in developing counties. Translating high quality, innovative, strategic research within UK universities into cheap, efficacious vaccines can improve economic income and alleviate poverty.
1. The poultry production industry
Chicken production and welfare benefit from many vaccines, but more are urgently required. For many pathogens candidate vaccine antigens have been documented, but progress has been limited by availability of cost-effective strategies for delivery within the tight economic margins inherent to the poultry industry. Validation of freeze-dried S. cerevisiae as a safe, stable vector platform effective when delivered directly to chickens through their diet can revolutionise production, improving economic performance and welfare. Our close relationships with industry representatives can fast track the vector into field use, starting with the anticoccidial vaccine targeted here. Findings will be relevant to vaccines targeting other pathogens in chickens, as well as pigs and ruminants.
2. The animal health industry
The UK currently leads the world in the production of live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines but a major limiting factor is the requirement for production in vivo, illustrated by recent production failures and the consequential vaccine shortage. Recombinant anticoccidial vaccines have been sought for more than 30 years. The combination of effective vaccine candidates and a realistic vector system have finally brought such vaccines within reach. The scalability and stability of a yeast-based vaccine would support expansion of vaccination from the minority to the majority of chicken production, improving chicken health.
3. Animal welfare
The effective reduction of disease as a result of improved vaccine availability against coccidial and other pathogens supports the Five Freedoms implicit to animal welfare as set out by the Farm Animal Welfare Council. A recombinant anticoccidial vaccine will also reduce the requirement for chicken use in vaccine production.
4. General public and the environment
Increased efficiency in poultry production will raise poultry product availability at a lower cost for the consumer, contributing to improved food security. Consequences of improved pathogen control include a reduction in the requirement for chemoprophylaxis, reducing drug consumption, the risk of contamination to the food chain and the environment, and selection for drug resistance.
All three investigators are actively engaged in public dissemination of UK research. Students at all levels of education can benefit from the principles established in this work.
5. Skills, knowledge and training
The multidisciplinary nature of this project will provide opportunities for broad training to all staff, in addition to other members and students of each host institution, strengthening the research community in the areas of disease control and vaccine development. Broader impact can be achieved using avenues such as the UK Veterinary Vaccines Network.
6. International development
Infectious diseases impose serious costs on animal production in developing counties. Translating high quality, innovative, strategic research within UK universities into cheap, efficacious vaccines can improve economic income and alleviate poverty.
Publications
Chen X
(2022)
Transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed circRNAs miRNAs and mRNAs during the challenge of coccidiosis.
in Frontiers in immunology
Soutter F
(2022)
A Novel Whole Yeast-Based Subunit Oral Vaccine Against Eimeria tenella in Chickens.
in Frontiers in immunology
Williams J
(2022)
Differential expression of microRNAs in the caecal content and faeces of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria.
in Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A
Soutter F
(2021)
Impact of Eimeria tenella Oocyst Dose on Parasite Replication, Lesion Score and Cytokine Transcription in the Caeca in Three Breeds of Commercial Layer Chickens.
in Frontiers in veterinary science
Soutter F
(2020)
Poultry Coccidiosis: Design and Interpretation of Vaccine Studies.
in Frontiers in veterinary science
Blake DP
(2017)
Recombinant anticoccidial vaccines - a cup half full?
in Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases
Description | At the conclusion of the first year we had discovered that anticoccidial antigens expressed in yeast and delivered to chickens via oral inoculation could induce a protective immune response against low dose parasite challenge, measured as a reduction in parasite replication. We also found that the combination of multiple antigens in a vaccine provided additive protection. In the second year we built on these results, demonstrating protection against a high dose (pathogenic) parasite challenge in terms of lesion score and body weight gain, measures of severity and economic productivity with direct relevance to industry. We have explored variation in (i) administration protocols and (ii) yeast preservation/killing approaches. In the final year we prepared complementary yeast lines defined by higher antigen expression and a different site of antigen localisation for use in a comparative vaccination study. Unfortunately the COVID-19 pandemic delayed us from testing our vaccines lines further, but we were able to run a preliminary comparative study with support from a no cost extension. At the conclusion of the project we had generated data of good vaccine potential with scope for further improvement following a series of strategies. |
Exploitation Route | Output from this work can be taken forward by vaccine or animal feed companies to develop new anticoccidial vaccines. In 2021 we were awarded a second BBSRC grant to explore the use of different antigen expression systems and immunological adjuvants to improve vaccine potential. In year two we discussed the project and its results with three different prospective commercial partners under confidentiality agreements. All three expressed interest, highlighting specific questions that can be addressed in our last commercial-conditions vaccination trial as a prelude towards further discussions. In the last year one company (Eco Animal Health) have extended these discussions, working toward an agreement to test our most effective yeast strategies in their commercial pipelines. Feedback from these interactions was used to inform our new grant application, aiming to generate data that will improve a novel vaccine delivery platform with relevance to control of other pathogens in multiple livestock systems. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink |
Description | Following our early positive results we initiated discussion with Alltech, a major animal health compnay and producer of probiotic yeasts, looking towards commercialising the work. In the second year we engaged with Eco Animal Health and MSD Animal Health, identifying a series of commercially relevant questions that could be answered and assist with progress towards commercial development. In the third year we engaged further with Eco Animal Health. Eco AH have again extended a one year option on IP generated in a previous BBSRC project (BB/E01089X/1) and are now exploring options to test yeast lines developed in this project. A patent application has been submitted with first round feedback received and commented on. Data generated her contributed to a successful application for new BBSRC funding (project BB/V01613X/1). |
First Year Of Impact | 2019 |
Sector | Agriculture, Food and Drink |
Impact Types | Economic |
Description | Big data analyses in studies with microbiomes and vaccination outcomes |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | Coccidiosis and gut health working group |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | Phibro seminar 1 |
Geographic Reach | Asia |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | Improved use of drugs in livestock production (antimicrobial and antiparasitic) |
Description | Phibro seminar 2 |
Geographic Reach | Asia |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | Improved use of drugs in livestock production (antimicrobial and antiparasitic) |
Description | Phytobiotics 2 |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | Improved use of drugs in livestock production (antimicrobial and antiparasitic) |
Description | Poultry Diseases Group 2022 |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | USDA meeting |
Geographic Reach | North America |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to new or Improved professional practice |
Description | Development of an inactivated oral yeast vaccine against poultry Eimeria. Bloomsbury SET Follow on Fund. |
Amount | £91,489 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BSA36 |
Organisation | United Kingdom Research and Innovation |
Department | Research England |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2020 |
End | 04/2021 |
Description | Identification of virulence factors in pathogenic ruminant Eimeria species to inform future vaccination targets and strategies |
Amount | £49,603 (GBP) |
Funding ID | P2108376 |
Organisation | Agricultural and Horticulture Development Board |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2021 |
End | 03/2022 |
Description | Optimising response to oral yeast-based vaccines against coccidiosis in chickens |
Amount | £474,314 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/V01613X/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2022 |
End | 05/2024 |
Description | Further development of anticoccidial vaccine candidates |
Organisation | Proxima Concepts Limited |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Planning towards new anticoccidial vaccine development study |
Collaborator Contribution | Planning towards new anticoccidial vaccine development study |
Impact | Application for Innovate UK funding in preparation. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Title | VACCINE |
Description | Anticoccidial vaccine candidate, identified under previous BBSRC funded project and now used in ongoing recombinant/subunit vaccine development. Data generated here used to defend the patent application. |
IP Reference | EP2601211 |
Protection | Patent granted |
Year Protection Granted | 2013 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | The patent is supporting a search for commercial partners to develop an associated vector system. |
Description | Avian Infectious Diseases 2021. Microbiology Society online conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited conference presentation exploring progress towards development of novel anticoccidial vaccines |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Avian Pathology Lecture Award at the XXIInd World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Award presentation to an audience of ~800, primarily veterinarians as well as animal health and breeding company representatives. Discussions and proposals for collaboration followed, plus new links with industry. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.houghtontrust.org.uk/sponsored-lectures |
Description | DISCONTOOLS Coccidiosis (Poultry) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Working group and report published updating understanding of the impact and control of coccidiosis |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.discontools.eu/database/68-coccidiosis.html |
Description | Emerging Eimeria species and chicken genetics in Africa, University of Kwazulu-Natal |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | ~75 students and staff attended an invited plenary presentation at the University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Discussed project outcomes and follow up regarding student projects and possible project supervision. Dissemination of results to a wider community. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Engormix video |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Video of conference presentation 'Broilers, Eimeria and enteric microbiomes - a tale of tolerance' launched on the Engormix website, supplemented by a recorded interview. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://en.engormix.com/MA-poultry-industry/videos/broilers-eimeria-enteric-microbiomes-tale-toleran... |
Description | Hipra World Virtual Poultry Congress |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Invited presentation to an industry symposium, focusing on microbiology and immunology of chickens with relevance to health and welfare. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Huvepharma advanced Eimeria workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Industry led training workshop - included theoretical and practical aspects in two day format. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Industry advisory board meeting on coccidiosis |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Two day advisory board meeting with industry representatives focused on control of coccidiosis in chickens and approaches to fast track new vaccines. Included a panel of international (European + USA) representatives. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Industry working group exploring use of big data in chicken health |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Industry working group exploring use of big data in chicken health - focus on gut health including microbiota, Eimeria, and the impact of current and novel vaccines. Resulted in a collaboration agreement with new meetings pending. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Internet interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Interview with Engormix at the IHSIG conference, loaded onto website with international audience, advertised to network by email. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://en.engormix.com/MA-poultry-industry/videos/damer-blake-talks-about-his-research-eimeria-geno... |
Description | Invited presentation at the Veterinary Research Group |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited presentation to Veterinary Research Club. Online delivery to ~25 people. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Keynote presentation at the 4th Eimeriana Avia |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited keynote presentation to open the 4th Eimeriana Avia. An audience of ~400, primarily veterinarians as well as animal health and breeding company representatives. Discussions and proposals for collaboration followed. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Postdoc invited presentation: 12th International Coccidiosis Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | First invited presentation for a postdoctoral scientist, built network and enhanced experience/career |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Presentation 'impact of novel vaccine son microbiomes' - 6th International Meeting on Apicomplexan Parasites in Farm Animals |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Oral presentation by Dr Po-Yu Liu "Multi-omics analysis reveals regime shifts in the gastrointestinal ecosystem in chickens following anticoccidial vaccination and Eimeria tenella challenge" delivered to the 6th International Meeting on Apicomplexan Parasites in Farm Animals (October 2022) followed by questions from ~120 audience members |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Presentation vaccine development - 6th International Meeting on Apicomplexan Parasites in Farm Animals |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Oral presentation by Dr Jose Jaramillo-Ortiz "Yeast-vectored oral immunisation in commercial layer chickens against Eimeria tenella" delivered to the 6th International Meeting on Apicomplexan Parasites in Farm Animals (October 2022) followed by questions from ~120 audience members. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Student workshops and training, University of Kwazulu-Natal |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | ~20 students (undergraduate and postgraduate) attended a series of taught sessions and practical workshops focused on Eimeria, parasite, microbiome and chicken genetics at the University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Dissemination of results to a wider community, capacity/capability building. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Study workshop at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited presentation to the Norwegian Veterinary Institute and working group participation to explore improved control of Eimeria. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Webinar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Strategies to control coccidiosis in poultry: why, what and how?. Defeating biotic stressors to safeguard poultry production, health and food safety. International Webinar. Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) (~400 delegates). 27th November 2020 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Webinar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Pathobiology and current vaccine research strategies for control of chicken coccidia. Recent developments in pathobiology and diagnosis of animal and poultry diseases - A new prospective approach. International Webinar. Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) (~300 delegates). 15th October 2020 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Webinar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Eimeria and anticoccidial vaccines. Phytobiotics webinar (58 delegates). 27th January 2021. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Webinar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Eimeria and anticoccidial vaccines. Phytobiotics webinar (228 delegates). 4th March 2021. Asia and Australia |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Webinar: Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Online workshop and presentation calculating the cost of coccidiosis in Asian poultry production systems, including the impact of husbandry and interactions with microbiomes/enterotypes. Resulted in a follow up workshop specific to Thailand. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |