A bacterial c-di-GMP responsive enzyme modulates LPS structure and triggers immune evasion
Lead Research Organisation:
Imperial College London
Department Name: Life Sciences
Abstract
Bacteria thrive in a multitude of environments and bacterial pathogens encounter stressful and harsh conditions when they colonize their host. In order to cope with nutrient limitations, aggression by the immune system and many other environmental fluctuations, most bacteria have evolved sophisticated regulatory networks. They can put in place specialized detectors by which they sense the conditions encounter in a specific niche and modulate their genetic program so that a specific set of genes are activated/repressed in order to reorganize the physiology of the cell so that it is optimally adapted.
In many bacteria the initial detection could be the responsibility of so called two component regulatory systems, which detect a stimulus and transfer this information to a regulator that will modulate gene expression through direct control of gene expression. In many cases the transmission of this information might not be direct but make use of an intracellular second messenger, which is a small molecule that will relay this information.
I the present proposal we will study one such messenger that is called c-di-GMP. We know that this molecule is central to the lifestyle of one of the most dreadful gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which not only emerges as a multi-resistant organisms but has always been extremely resistant even to standard anti-biotherapy due to a poorly permeable cell envelope and high efflux capacity thus retaining drugs outside. Furthermore P. aeruginosa can adopt very different infection strategies and lifestyles, and this can lead to acute infection or chronic infection. In the latter case the bacterium build a city of microbe that is known as biofilm, and this bacterial community becomes even more resistant to antibiotic treatment and eradication by the immune system.
Whereas c-di-GMP is a very simple molecule it is absolutely central to the lifestyle changes and adaptation and by elevating the intracellular levels of c-di-GMP bacteria turns immediately into the biofilm mode by slowing down motility, increasing the production of an extracellular matrix which glue all cells together, activating molecular weapon which will help fight against resident bacteria or the immune system. This is a lot of tasks for one single molecule but the beauty of the mechanisms is that it is many-fold. The c-di-GMP can be made or broken by a large number of enzymes (cyclase to make or phosphodiesterase to break) and can bind a large number of proteins, which will in turn modify their activity. For example, c-di-GMP can bind a regulator that is then activated and that will drive gene expression. It can bind some specific proteins, which will modify their conformation, which will then interact for example with the flagellar motor, thus stopping rotation and arresting movement to enter the biofilm mode.
In previous work we have identified an very novel c-di-GMP signalling pathway and found that the molecule which is synthesized by the cyclase SadC is directly transferred onto a protein that we called through a direct protein-protein interaction. We have shown that this protein, that we called WarA has an enzymatic activity, namely methyltransferase, and modifies the surface of the bacterium by changing the structure of the LPS. The LPS is well known in gram-negative bacteria to be one key element (also called Pathogen associated Motif Pattern or PAMP) that triggers the immune system. We have shown that a bacterial strain devoid of this enzyme WarA, becomes immediately recognized by the immune system, as we demonstrate the recruitment of immune cells on the infection site in the transparent zebra fish model.
This is a very exciting discovery and the present proposal is aiming at understanding the cascade of molecular events in a way that we will be able to manipulate this pathway to make P. aeruginosa readily detected by the immune system and more accessible to antibiotic treatment.
In many bacteria the initial detection could be the responsibility of so called two component regulatory systems, which detect a stimulus and transfer this information to a regulator that will modulate gene expression through direct control of gene expression. In many cases the transmission of this information might not be direct but make use of an intracellular second messenger, which is a small molecule that will relay this information.
I the present proposal we will study one such messenger that is called c-di-GMP. We know that this molecule is central to the lifestyle of one of the most dreadful gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which not only emerges as a multi-resistant organisms but has always been extremely resistant even to standard anti-biotherapy due to a poorly permeable cell envelope and high efflux capacity thus retaining drugs outside. Furthermore P. aeruginosa can adopt very different infection strategies and lifestyles, and this can lead to acute infection or chronic infection. In the latter case the bacterium build a city of microbe that is known as biofilm, and this bacterial community becomes even more resistant to antibiotic treatment and eradication by the immune system.
Whereas c-di-GMP is a very simple molecule it is absolutely central to the lifestyle changes and adaptation and by elevating the intracellular levels of c-di-GMP bacteria turns immediately into the biofilm mode by slowing down motility, increasing the production of an extracellular matrix which glue all cells together, activating molecular weapon which will help fight against resident bacteria or the immune system. This is a lot of tasks for one single molecule but the beauty of the mechanisms is that it is many-fold. The c-di-GMP can be made or broken by a large number of enzymes (cyclase to make or phosphodiesterase to break) and can bind a large number of proteins, which will in turn modify their activity. For example, c-di-GMP can bind a regulator that is then activated and that will drive gene expression. It can bind some specific proteins, which will modify their conformation, which will then interact for example with the flagellar motor, thus stopping rotation and arresting movement to enter the biofilm mode.
In previous work we have identified an very novel c-di-GMP signalling pathway and found that the molecule which is synthesized by the cyclase SadC is directly transferred onto a protein that we called through a direct protein-protein interaction. We have shown that this protein, that we called WarA has an enzymatic activity, namely methyltransferase, and modifies the surface of the bacterium by changing the structure of the LPS. The LPS is well known in gram-negative bacteria to be one key element (also called Pathogen associated Motif Pattern or PAMP) that triggers the immune system. We have shown that a bacterial strain devoid of this enzyme WarA, becomes immediately recognized by the immune system, as we demonstrate the recruitment of immune cells on the infection site in the transparent zebra fish model.
This is a very exciting discovery and the present proposal is aiming at understanding the cascade of molecular events in a way that we will be able to manipulate this pathway to make P. aeruginosa readily detected by the immune system and more accessible to antibiotic treatment.
Technical Summary
Bacteria sense stimuli in the environment which triggers regulatory networks which optimize adaptation to a specific niche. Second messengers can relay this information at the intracellular level and c-di-GMP is a major player in this game. It is particularly the case for our model organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is a dreadful bacterial pathogen. Infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly severe in hospitals and with immunosuppressed or cystic fibrosis patients. The severity of the infections, the versatility of the organism and its high resistance to antimicrobials (P from ESKAPE) are urgently calling for novel therapeutic strategies. c-di-GMP signalling emerges as an appropriate target. Seminal work from my lab and others showed that it is central to a switch in lifestyles and between chronic or acute infections. At high c-di-GMP levels genes promoting biofilm formation are turned on, establishing a resilient community barely eliminated by the immune system. Major questions about c-di-GMP signalling is how it occurs and how specificity is established. One P. aeruginosa cell plays with c-di-GMP levels using 40 different enzymes, cyclases and phosphodiesterase, that make or break the molecule. Distinct signalling pathways result in specific output, e.g. motility, biofilm, AMR. We found using the cyclase SadC, that direct protein-protein interaction accounts for specificity. We showed that the cyclase transfers c-di-GMP directly on an enzyme we called WarA. c-di-GMP binding turns on WarA activity which modifies LPS composition/structure. Using zebra fish as a model, we showed that a warA mutant is less able to escape the immune system. This is an original finding and a new phenotypic output for c-di-GMP signalling. This work has just been accepted in Nature Microbiology and the present proposal aims at deciphering the molecular mechanisms involved and at exploiting our findings to proposed new therapeutic approaches.
Planned Impact
The beneficiaries of this research are as follows:
1) The UK academic community with interests in molecular microbiology, bacterial communication, biofilm and infection. The insights gained will be of use to academic researchers interested in developing and applying the general principles of bacterial signalling to understanding how they contribute to the molecular basis of biofilm formation, human infections and immune evasion. Furthermore the characterization of new c-di-GMP binding proteins and new c-di-GMP binding motifs will be of benefit to evolutionary biologists by providing example of diversification.
2) Pharmaceutical industries and Biotech will also benefit from this research as it will potentially provide novel insights to develop new therapeutic approaches and new antimicrobial or vaccine strategies against dreadful bacterial infections which can turn into development of antimicrobial resistant populations. The c-di-GMP dependent signalling system is conserved within a number of human Gram-negative pathogens and the mechanistic information produced in the research could be applicable to other human pathogens in addition to P. aeruginosa. The identification of novel c-di-GMP binding proteins can be seen as potential novel targets and can thus obviously result in the development of new drugs. The potential development and manufacture of novel anti-infective strategies by European (Sanofi-Aventis for whom I act as a consultant) and UK-based Pharma or Biotech based on c-di-GMP signalling will be of direct benefit to the European and UK economy as such therapeutics if successful would have a world-wide market.
3) Public sector health care professionals will benefit from the research in terms of an improved knowledge about the cause of P. aeruginosa infections and possible new treatment plans. P. aeruginosa is the 3rd most commonly-isolated nosocomial pathogen accounting for 10% of hospital-acquired infections, with 10,000 cases each year in UK. The development of novel therapeutic approaches would improve quality of life and health in the UK, especially in the context of chronic infections with resilient bacterial biofilms established once the bacteria have escaped elimination by the immune system. Specialist healthcare workers treating cystic fibrosis patients would particularly benefit from the work as in late stage CF, the sole microorganism left in CF patient lungs is P. aeruginosa, which is firmly and chronically established and will lead to the patient death.
4) The UK knowledge-based economy will benefit from the interdisciplinary training of the PDRA working on the research project and who is effectively acting as a research co-investigator. Such trained RA (and associated PhD, masters and undergraduate students) is likely to benefit the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, as well as the academic base in the UK. We therefore anticipate medium term economic benefits arising from a well-trained UK and international research base, reflected in maintaining internationally competitive research.
1) The UK academic community with interests in molecular microbiology, bacterial communication, biofilm and infection. The insights gained will be of use to academic researchers interested in developing and applying the general principles of bacterial signalling to understanding how they contribute to the molecular basis of biofilm formation, human infections and immune evasion. Furthermore the characterization of new c-di-GMP binding proteins and new c-di-GMP binding motifs will be of benefit to evolutionary biologists by providing example of diversification.
2) Pharmaceutical industries and Biotech will also benefit from this research as it will potentially provide novel insights to develop new therapeutic approaches and new antimicrobial or vaccine strategies against dreadful bacterial infections which can turn into development of antimicrobial resistant populations. The c-di-GMP dependent signalling system is conserved within a number of human Gram-negative pathogens and the mechanistic information produced in the research could be applicable to other human pathogens in addition to P. aeruginosa. The identification of novel c-di-GMP binding proteins can be seen as potential novel targets and can thus obviously result in the development of new drugs. The potential development and manufacture of novel anti-infective strategies by European (Sanofi-Aventis for whom I act as a consultant) and UK-based Pharma or Biotech based on c-di-GMP signalling will be of direct benefit to the European and UK economy as such therapeutics if successful would have a world-wide market.
3) Public sector health care professionals will benefit from the research in terms of an improved knowledge about the cause of P. aeruginosa infections and possible new treatment plans. P. aeruginosa is the 3rd most commonly-isolated nosocomial pathogen accounting for 10% of hospital-acquired infections, with 10,000 cases each year in UK. The development of novel therapeutic approaches would improve quality of life and health in the UK, especially in the context of chronic infections with resilient bacterial biofilms established once the bacteria have escaped elimination by the immune system. Specialist healthcare workers treating cystic fibrosis patients would particularly benefit from the work as in late stage CF, the sole microorganism left in CF patient lungs is P. aeruginosa, which is firmly and chronically established and will lead to the patient death.
4) The UK knowledge-based economy will benefit from the interdisciplinary training of the PDRA working on the research project and who is effectively acting as a research co-investigator. Such trained RA (and associated PhD, masters and undergraduate students) is likely to benefit the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, as well as the academic base in the UK. We therefore anticipate medium term economic benefits arising from a well-trained UK and international research base, reflected in maintaining internationally competitive research.
Organisations
- Imperial College London (Lead Research Organisation)
- Philipp University of Marburg (Collaboration)
- NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (Collaboration)
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Collaboration)
- University of Dundee (Collaboration)
- IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON (Collaboration)
- University of Guelph (Collaboration)
- Aix-Marseille University (Collaboration)
Publications
Cain AK
(2019)
Complete Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Reference Strain PAK.
in Microbiology resource announcements
McCarthy RR
(2019)
Cyclic di-GMP inactivates T6SS and T4SS activity in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
in Molecular microbiology
Steinchen W
(2021)
Dual role of a (p)ppGpp- and (p)ppApp-degrading enzyme in biofilm formation and interbacterial antagonism.
in Molecular microbiology
Evans L
(2023)
Identification and characterisation of G-quadruplex DNA-forming sequences in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome.
in RSC chemical biology
Valentini M
(2018)
Lifestyle transitions and adaptive pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in Current Opinion in Microbiology
Valentini M
(2019)
Multiple Roles of c-di-GMP Signaling in Bacterial Pathogenesis.
in Annual review of microbiology
Eilers K
(2022)
Phenotypic and integrated analysis of a comprehensive Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 library of mutants lacking cyclic-di-GMP-related genes.
in Frontiers in microbiology
Dortet L
(2018)
Rapid detection and discrimination of chromosome- and MCR-plasmid-mediated resistance to polymyxins by MALDI-TOF MS in Escherichia coli: the MALDIxin test.
in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Eilers K
(2024)
The dual GGDEF/EAL domain enzyme PA0285 is a Pseudomonas species housekeeping phosphodiesterase regulating early attachment and biofilm architecture.
in The Journal of biological chemistry
Description | The WarA enzyme is involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS modification as published in our Nature Microbiology paper (McCarthy et al., 2017). We are now investigating the interaction between WarA and WarB, the impact of c-di-GMP on this activity and the resulting influence on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in the Zebra fish model. We observed a minor impact iof the warB mutant on the zebra fish model and are considering to initiate a collaboration with relevant model such as mice. We are dissecting the role of the two types of LPS from P. aeruginosa, OSA and CPA, where only CPA is affected by the warAB activity. We are assessing the impact of single mutations in either one the two systems or both systems on immune response, virulence motility, biofilm and T6SS activity We are also more broadly investigating the role of other c-di-GMP breakers and makers on the above phenotypes by engineering systematic mutations in all known c-di-GMP related enzymes. |
Exploitation Route | Development of novel anti-infectious strategies |
Sectors | Education,Healthcare,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | BBSRC DTP Studentship to Marta Rudzite |
Amount | £85,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2019 |
End | 10/2022 |
Description | Confidence in Concept - Intact bacteria lipid A analysis by MALDI-MS |
Amount | £60,420 (GBP) |
Funding ID | RSRO_P75207 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2018 |
End | 07/2019 |
Description | Personalised Approach to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAPA) - CF Trust SRC |
Amount | £750,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | SRC 014 |
Organisation | Cystic Fibrosis Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2018 |
End | 09/2021 |
Description | Pseudomonal infection in CF: better detection, better understanding, better treatment |
Amount | £745,708 (GBP) |
Funding ID | SRC001 |
Organisation | Cystic Fibrosis Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2015 |
End | 08/2018 |
Description | Wellcome Trust PhD Studentship to Kira Glatzel |
Amount | £160,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 203755/Z/16/Z |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2017 |
End | 09/2020 |
Description | Antibodies against CPA and OSA LPS types from Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Organisation | University of Guelph |
Department | Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |
Country | Canada |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We used provided antibodies to probe LPS modifications in Pseudomonas aeruginosa warA or sadC mutants, as well as in P. aeruginosa strains overexpressing sadC. |
Collaborator Contribution | Professor Joe Lam provide antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS. |
Impact | A paper was published in Nature Microbiology in 2017. Cyclic-di-GMP regulates lipopolysaccharide modification and contributes to Pseudomonas aeruginosa immune evasion. McCarthy RR, Mazon-Moya MJ, Moscoso JA, Hao Y, Lam JS, Bordi C, Mostowy S, Filloux A. Nat Microbiol. 2017 Mar 6;2:17027. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.27. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | Collaboration Dr Serge Mostowy (Imperial College London) |
Organisation | Imperial College London |
Department | Faculty of Medicine |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We will provide Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant strains to assess virulence in the Zebra fish model |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr Mostowy will perform the infections and provide data including live imaging microscopy. |
Impact | Preliminary data have identified some of our mutants (warA and sadC) as being poorly targeted by the Zebra fish macrophages. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | Collaboration Gerald Larrouy-Maumus (Imperial College London) - Lipidomics and LPS analusis by LC/MS |
Organisation | Imperial College London |
Department | Faculty of Natural Sciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We engineered a broad collection of P. aeruginosa mutant strains |
Collaborator Contribution | Gerald analyses the lipidomics and LPS composition of a broad range of P. aeruginosa isolates (including warAB and c-di-GMP mutants) |
Impact | LC/MS analysis provide vey clear LPS profiles of individual P. aeruginosa starins and their mutants. |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Drug Discovery Unit - University of Dundee |
Organisation | University of Dundee |
Department | Drug Discovery Unit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We identified a methyltransferase, WarA, which is activated by SadC and c-di-GMP, which in turn modifies the LPS surface composition. The inactivation of warA results in immediate recognaition by neutrophils in the zebra fish infection model. This work has been published in Nature Microbiology and will appera online on March 6th 2017. |
Collaborator Contribution | The collaboration with DDU is to identify compounds that may incativate WarA methyltransferas activity. |
Impact | None yet |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Fluorescence microscopy -FILM at Imperial |
Organisation | Imperial College London |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Visualisation of T6SS dynamic using bacteria expressing fluorescently tagged T6SS. |
Collaborator Contribution | Visualisation of T6SS dynamic using bacteria expressing fluorescently tagged T6SS |
Impact | Microscopy images have been included in the Planamente et al, 2016, EMBO Journal |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Implementation of the Photocrosslinking methodology - Geneviève Ball and Romé Voulhoux |
Organisation | Aix-Marseille University |
Department | INSTITUTE FOR MICROBIOLOGY, BIOENERGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY - IM2B |
Country | France |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Hosted Geneviève Ball in my laboratory in February 2019 (2 weeks) to train my staff in the Photocrosslinking methodology. |
Collaborator Contribution | Romé Voulhoucx sent his technician in my laboratory to train my staff in the Photocrosslinking methodology |
Impact | None yet |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Use of Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry to map c-di-GMP binding sites - Gert Bange Marburg |
Organisation | Philipp University of Marburg |
Country | Germany |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Cloning, expression and purification of c-di-GMP binding proteins |
Collaborator Contribution | Use of Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry to map c-di-GMP binding sites by the Gert bange group |
Impact | None |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Visiting Professor - Nanyang Technical University - SCELSE - Singapore |
Organisation | Nanyang Technological University |
Country | Singapore |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Visiting Professor since 2018 and effective collaboration with the group of Prof Michael Givskov. Laura Nolan visited also the Centre in April 2018 to implement the TraDIS methodology. We have now engineered a collection of mutants affected in all known genes encoding enzymes making or breakinfg c-di-GMP |
Collaborator Contribution | Hosted Laura Nolan for supporting approaches using the TraDIS methodology. Our colaborator at SCELSE is now analysing the biofilm phenotype of all of our c-di-GMP related mutants using conofcal microsopy and biofilm grown in flow cells. |
Impact | None yet |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute - Bacterial genome sequencing |
Organisation | The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | We provide the PAK strain of P. aeruginosa in which all the muattaions for warA/B and other c-di-GMP related genes have been engineered. |
Collaborator Contribution | The PAK genome was seqeunced so that we can comapre with other P. aerugibosa laboratory strains and understand potential phenotypic difference s between isolates. |
Impact | The PAK genome sequence was published. Cain, A.K., Nolan, L.M., Whitchurch, C., Filloux, A.* and Parkhill, J. (2019) Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strain PAK. Microbiology Resource Announcements 8. pii: e00865-19 *Corresponding author |
Start Year | 2019 |
Title | METHOD OF DETECTION |
Description | The present invention is directed to a method for detecting the presence or absence of a bacterium resistant to a cyclic cationic polypeptide antibiotic, comprising: (a) subjecting a test sample to mass spectrometry analysis and generating a mass spectrum output; wherein said test sample comprises a bacterial membrane or a fragment thereof, wherein the fragment comprises a non- Lipid A component; (b) identifying in said mass spectrum output a first defined peak indicative of the presence of Lipid A modified by phosphoethanolamine, wherein said first defined peak is a peak present in a mass spectrum output for Lipid A modified by phosphoethanolamine and wherein said first defined peak is absent from a corresponding mass spectrum output for native Lipid A; and (c) wherein the presence of said first defined peak indicates the presence of a bacterium resistant to a cyclic cationic polypeptide antibiotic, and wherein the absence of said first defined peak indicates the absence of a bacterium resistant to a cyclic cationic polypeptide antibiotic. This method is also used in a screening method to identify an inhibitor of cyclic cationic polypeptide antibiotic resistance in a bacterium. The matrix solution can contain 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and aids in the selective extraction, co-crystallisation and ionisation of native Lipid A and/or modified Lipid A as an integral part of a bacterial membrane. |
IP Reference | WO2018158573 |
Protection | Patent granted |
Year Protection Granted | 2018 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | Tight link with Bruker techjnology to develop a diagnostic tool aiming at limiting spread of antimicrobial resistance by quick detection of last resort colistin resistance |
Description | Co-cordination of the Imperial Festiva 2018 - Patricia Bernal |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Patricia has coordinated the section "Bug Zones" for the Imperial Festival 2018. This covered initiation to microbiology and microbial pathogens for school children. there were several boots installed on the ground floor of Flowers Building (South Kensington campus) and this involved also several other members of the laboratory (Panayiota Pissaridou, Laura Nolan, Kira Glatzel, Sophie Howard, Luke Allsopp). Patricia was also in the jury for the "Science Toy Award" 2018 during the festival. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Imperial Festival - Super Bugs Zone - 27-29 April 2018 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Open Day odf the CMBI at the annula Impetrial Festival. Several stands at the Supoer Bugs Zone describing multiple aspects of bacterial pathogens. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Participitation to Workhop by the National Biofilm Innovation Centre (BBSRC-UK) - Aston UK, November 23rd 2021 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Workshop organized by the UK Biofilm Consoriutm NBIC to report on progress and assess opprotunities |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | School Visit WIX (Clapham London) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Luke Allsoop and Patricia Bernal visited the scool WIX in London to initiate year two kids to Microbiology (Two classes) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Thesis Progress Committee - University Lyon |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | Part of a committee to provide opinion on thesis progress of 3 PhD students from the University of Lyon (affiliated with the CIRI of which I am an advisory board member). Thesis are all related with bacterial pathogenesis and biofilm. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | talk at the SCELSE retreat (NTU Singapore) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Singapore Centre for Environemental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) retreat was organized on November 2, 2018. I deliverd a keynote talk for the staff, and students of the centre. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |