Engineering synthetic signalling between plants and microbes
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Oxford
Department Name: Biology
Abstract
Plant roots are critical for the uptake of mineral nutrients by plants. In addition, they interact with the soil environment and a complex assemblage of bacteria, fungi, single celled animal cells, nematodes and other organisms. Bacteria are simple single celled microorganisms that lack the membrane bound structures found in higher cells of plants and animals. However, while bacteria may have a less complex cellular organisation, they carry out a huge range of chemical reactions not found in plants and animals. Bacteria are responsible for the cycling of many nutrients such as N2 (N2 is also known as nitrogen gas and consists of two nitrogen atoms bound by a strong triple bond), which is a very inert atmospheric gas. N2 makes up 78% of the atmosphere but is very unreactive and cannot be used directly as a source of nitrogen, which is needed for amino acid, protein and DNA synthesis. However, a small number of bacteria can reduce (add hydrogen) to N2 and convert it into ammonia (NH3), which is readily incorporated into amino acids and then all the other building blocks of life, by a wide range of organisms including bacteria and plants. In many parts of the world the limitation to growth of plants, which in turn support animal life, is the supply of nitrogen as ammonia or nitrate. In the past, much of the nitrogen was provided by biological nitrogen fixation, particularly by a group of plants known as legumes. The legumes form nodules on their roots which house bacteria, called rhizobia, which reduce N2 to ammonia and supply it to plants in return for a carbon and energy source. This legume-rhizobia symbiosis is responsible for providing up to 50-60% of the biosphere's biologically available nitrogen (i.e. ammonia) and is therefore essential to life on earth. However, in spite of the importance of legumes more recently their use has declined and nitrogen is mainly provided to crops by chemically synthesised fertiliser. This has major negative impacts on the environment as much of this nitrogen is lost to the environment as pollution causing algal blooms and contributing to greenhouse gases. Part of the decline in legume use is also because cereals such as wheat, maize, rice and barley have much higher grain yields than legumes and modern agricultural practise has been optimised for their growth. We are therefore developing ways to use bacteria that reduce N2 to ammonia (also called nitrogen-fixing bacteria) to inoculate cereal roots to enable the plants to obtain ammonia without external fertiliser application. To control this process, we have developed plants that produce a signal, called rhizopine, that the bacteria on their roots can detect. We are now developing the control systems to fine tune this process so that rhizopine is able to control the synthesis and secretion of the ammonia by the bacteria to feed the roots of plants.
Technical Summary
Using legumes in crop rotation can be of great benefit, but agricultural productivity depends on high-yielding cereals. Attempts are therefore underway to utilise N2-fixing bacteria on roots or inside engineered nodules of cereals to provide ammonia to plants, in order to reduce external fertiliser application. Since, currently there is no means of control of bacterial infection of cereals, N2-fixation and N release from bacteria to plants, it is not possible to prevent promiscuous transfer of N2-fixing bacteria to provide N for weeds. This led us in previous work to engineer Medicago truncatula and barley to produce a unique signalling molecule, rhizopine (an aminated inositol derivative), which can regulate gene expression in microbes containing the MocR regulator. This opens up entirely novel approaches to controlling interactions between plants and their microbiome. To maximise control of rhizopine signalling an extensive toolkit for rhizopine-dependent expression of target genes will be developed. This includes a library of fine-tuned -10 promoter variants of PmocB and PmocD to widen the induction range, amplifier circuits using TraR1 and T7 polymerase for increased induction and repression circuits using TetR, LacI or dCas9 to reduce gene expression. These tools will allow optimised rhizopine-dependent expression of nifA and partial repression of glnA in Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS57, promoting N2 fixation and ammonia secretion. The ability of this strain to promote growth of rhizopine-secreting barley will then be determined in sterile medium and soil. A flavonoid-independent nodDFI under rhizopine control will be used to induce lipochitooligosaccharides (LCO) production, creating a two-way signalling cascade from plant to bacteria and back again. Rhizopine control of bacterial production of LCO and chitooligosaccharides (CO) signalling molecules lays the foundation for two-way coordinated control of plant responses to engineered symbiotic bacteria.
Planned Impact
We have established a novel rhizopine signalling pathway by which plants can control bacteria within their root microbiome. Our objective is to develop fine-tuned pathways for induction and repression of genetic circuits in bacteria. This will enable plants to use rhizopine to control expression of plant growth promoting properties in the bacteria. To make full use of synthetic signalling between plants and bacteria we will also develop a reciprocal rhizopine induced signal from the bacteria to the plant based on lipochitooligosaccharide and chitooligosaccharides synthesis using rhizobial nodulation genes. Our initial aim is to develop Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 as a model to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiont for use in provision of nitrogen to cereals. This can be as an epiphyte on the surface of roots, as an endophyte inside roots or, for a long-term aim, as a symbiont inside engineered cereal nodules. While this is undoubtedly ambitious it represents a grand-challenge for scientists to reduce nitrogen fertilizer application. This is because the use of massive fertilizer inputs into agriculture is the main reason reactive nitrogen in the environment is at double its preindustrial level and now beyond the safe operating boundary of the earth. It has led to widespread pollution of groundwater and ocean coastal zones by nitrates leading to eutrophication and costal dead zones. Nitrogen runoff from chemical fertilizer is a leading player in the perfect storm, demanding increased agricultural production but requiring changes in agricultural practice to avoid environmental carnage. Developing control mechanisms to enable cereals to control bacteria and their fixation of N2 is a critical part of enabling more efficient provision of nitrogen to crops in a sustainable way. This in turn can help to reduce the over use of chemical fertilizers and mitigate the negative environmental impact. Furthermore, in a regulatory environment where less fertilizer and pesticide use are becoming mandatory, this work will offer in the long-term tangible results to help meet these targets and assist the competitiveness of UK industry. We will maximize the potential impact of our research by directly engaging with a range of stakeholders, including crop breeders, policymakers and farmers via our existing knowledge transfer networks, including the UK Wheat Genetic Improvement Network (WGIN), landowner/farmers groups (e.g. NFU, SNFU, NFUW, HCC, Growers association, Soil Association), academic societies (BES, BSSS), conservation bodies and local/national government departments (Defra; EA), agencies (SEPA; Natural England; Natural Resources Wales, SNH). We will also expand our current collaborations with our industrial partners, Legume Technology and Pivot Bioscience as part of considering how engineered microbes might be used as inoculants. Reducing inputs into agriculture while maintaining yields has direct benefits to British farming but also to maintenance of the countryside and its use and recreation by the British public. It will help the UK meet local and European environmental targets and help the long-term sustainability and stability of our environment. We will also be training the next generation of scientists to develop practical solutions to environmental problems and develop microbes for the provision of nitrogen to crops and promote plant growth.
Organisations
Publications
Schulte CCM
(2022)
Genome-Scale Metabolic Modelling of Lifestyle Changes in Rhizobium leguminosarum.
in mSystems
Schulte Carolin C. M.
(2022)
Genome-Scale Metabolic Modelling of Lifestyle Changes in
Rhizobium leguminosarum
in MSYSTEMS
Poole PS
(2022)
Maintaining osmotic balance in legume nodules.
in Journal of experimental botany
Knights HE
(2024)
Rhizobium determinants of rhizosphere persistence and root colonization.
in The ISME journal
Knights H
(2021)
Deciphering bacterial mechanisms of root colonization
in Environmental Microbiology Reports
Jorrin B
(2024)
Stable, fluorescent markers for tracking synthetic communities and assembly dynamics.
in Microbiome
Haskett TL
(2021)
Engineering rhizobacteria for sustainable agriculture.
in The ISME journal
Haskett TL
(2022)
Control of nitrogen fixation and ammonia excretion in Azorhizobium caulinodans.
in PLoS genetics
Haskett TL
(2022)
Engineered plant control of associative nitrogen fixation.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Description | We have developed both a homozygous rhizopine producing (RhiP) barley line and a hybrid rhizopine uptake system that conveys upon our model bacterium Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 (Ac) 1000-fold improved sensitivity for rhizopine perception. Using this improved genetic circuitry, we established tight rhizopine-dependent transcriptional control of the nitrogenase master regulator nifA and the N metabolism s-factor rpoN, which drove nitrogenase expression and activity in vitro and in situ by bacteria colonizing RhiP barley roots. Most recently we have placed the nodulation genes under the control of the rhizopine inducible promoter. Thus we have laid the foundation for control of nodulation and N2 fixation in cereals by associative bacteria. |
Exploitation Route | We have laid the foundation for control of nodulation and N2 fixation in cereals by associative bacteria and this can be further developed and improved both by ourselves and other researchers. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Environment |
Description | Continuation of ENSA (RL) |
Amount | $226,932 (USD) |
Organisation | Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2021 |
End | 03/2024 |
Description | Factors controlling N2-fixing ability and competitiveness of rhizobia to nodulate legumes |
Amount | £784,606 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/W006219/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2022 |
End | 01/2025 |
Description | Marie Curie (IA) |
Amount | € 224,933 (EUR) |
Organisation | Marie Curie |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2021 |
End | 06/2023 |
Description | Peptidoglycan remodelling during Rhizobium leguminosarum life cycle, from the rhizosphere to the formation of bacteroids |
Amount | £658,994 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/W013800/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2023 |
End | 04/2026 |
Description | 20th International Symposium on Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants (ISINIP) Reims, France. 4th-8th July 2022 (IA) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | IA presented a poster and a flash talk: 'Untangling iron homeostasis in endosymbiotic rhizobia' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | 5th Annual Missouri University Plant Research Symposium |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Phil gave a talk entitled 'Improving legume symbiosis or engineering cereals' in this virtual symposium: The Next Green Revolution: Challenges and Strategies towards a Sustainable Agriculture. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.corteva.com/our-impact/innovation/symposiaseries.html |
Description | Australian Nitrogen Fixation Conference (ANFC-2022) - poster (AE) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Poster presented and interesting discussions were held. Audience reported change in techniques they would use in the future. Title of poster: Factors governing attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum to legume roots |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Australian Nitrogen Fixation Conference (ANFC-2022), Dec 2022 (BJ, RL, HK, TH) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talks were presented at this international meeting. Student talk prize was presented to TU. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Freiburg Engineering Nitrogen Symbiosis for Africa meeting (HK, RL) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Workshop and series of talks with project participants. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Genome-wide identification of root colonisation determinants in Rhizobium leguminosarum (HK) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation at OxBacNet meeting. An afternoon of talks followed by networking session. May 2023 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/oxbacnet/ |
Description | Microbiome Capability Workshop (March 2020) - AT and PSP |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Phil gave a talk to other interested parties at this BBSRC workshop |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news/ |
Description | Molecular Plant Biology Seminar Series, Dept. of Biology, Oxford (PSP) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A talk to other members of the department entitled: Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis (PSP). Lots of discussion on how the work of the section could be integrated. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Natural History Museum, DNA workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | A-KM helped run a DNA workshop at the Natural History Museum, Oxford for local 6th form students |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Nitrogen and Humanity- a Perpetual Crisis - Phil Poole |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Phil Poole gave a talk in Oxford Town Hall as part of an evening on Microbiology. Audience was made up of the general public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Ohio State University, Student Seminar (PSP) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | Seminar for students in USA (held online). Talk entitled: Life-cycle transitions of rhizobia from bacteria to nitrogen-fixing symbionts. Lots of questions from interested audience. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Organise and run OxBacNet meeting - Alison East |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I plan and design the programme, inviting all the speakers and organising the whole meeting (from tea and coffee, projectors, display of posters and pizza delivery for the networking sessions). This is an extremely successful initiative reaching the bacteriologists working in the many different locations around Oxford. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020,2021 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/oxbacnet/ |
Description | Organised and ran the Nitrogen Network Annual Meeting, July 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | 60 scientists from the UK attended a one-day meeting, organised by the Poole Lab (AE). Talks from the Poole Lab included: Engineering nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between cereals and bacteria (TH), Analysis of the regulatory systems controlling carbon and nitrogen metabolism (CSC) and Understanding Plant Colonisation by Gammaproteobacteria Using Metabolic Modelling and Multi-Omics Approaches (BT). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://synthsym.org/nitrogen-network/ |
Description | Outreach visit to school (A-KM & JD) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | A-KM and JD attended and ran workshop for local school children on microbiology. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | OxBacNet Meeting, May 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Organised and ran a one-day networking even for Oxford's bacteriologists. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | OxBacNet meeting, Nov 2022 (AE) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Organised and ran the networking even for Oxford's bacteriologists. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | OxBacNet presentation May 2021 (CCMS) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presentation (via Zoom) to members of OxBavNet ( a networking group for Bacteriologists based in Oxford). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news/ |
Description | OxBacNet workshop and networking session - Nov 20223 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Organised a workshop for all those interested in bacteriology in Oxford. Audience of approx. 80 reported interest in the presentations |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/oxbacnet/ |
Description | OxBacNet, Nov 2022 talk (RL) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation (Polyamines are crucial for maintaining nitrogen-fixing bacteroids (RL)). Questions and discussion (informally over drinks) followed the talk. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Oxford Botanic Gardens, Autumn Lecture Series (PSP) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | A talk for an audience made up of interested general public was given entitled: Climate breakdown and agriculture; can we square the circle? The event as online and was able to reach a wide number of people. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Plant Genomes, Systems Biology and Engineering, Cold Spring Harbor, 1st-3rd Dec 2021 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | On-line conference. Plant Genomes, Systems Biology and Engineering. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://meetings.cshl.edu/meetings.aspx?meet=PLANTS&year=21 |
Description | Plant-Microbe Interactions Symposium, Society for Applied Microbiology, Oct 2020 (PSP) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Phil gave a talk entitled 'Rhizobium from rhizosphere to root nodule' at this online conference. It reached a wide audience who asked a series of questions after the talk. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://sfam.org.uk/career/ems-event-calendar/plant-microbe-interactions-series-part-1.html |
Description | Poster presentation at 4th Plant Microbiome Conference Quito 1st- 4th Aug 2023 (AE) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Poster presented at conference: Factors governing attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum to legume roots, Jack D. Parsons, Alison K. East, Rachel M. Wheatley, Vinoy K. Ramachandran, Philip S. Poole. It was viewed by many of the 150+ conference attendees. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.usfq.edu.ec/en/events/4th-plant-microbiome-symposium-2023 |
Description | Poster presented at SynBioBeta 2023, Oakland, California, May 2023 (BT) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Poster presented: Understanding and Optimising Targeted Nitrogenase Expression in Gammaproteobacteria for Sustainable Cereal Agriculture. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | http://www.synbiobeta.com |
Description | Posters presented at 15th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference (ENFC), Naples Sept 2023 (JD, A-KM, OT, MC, IA, RL, AKE, BJ) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Eight posters were presented at the 15th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference from the Poole group. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.enfc2023.org |
Description | Society for General Microbiology, Belfast, April 2022 (PSP) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presented a talk entitled Engineering control of the plant microbiota to an audience of UK scientists. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Spain-UK Biotechnology Forum - presentation (CSC) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Raising the profile of the research we do to a wider international audience. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Spain-UK Plant Biotechnology Forum - Chairperson |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Chairperson during session of this scientific meeting |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |
Description | Talk at OxBacNet Oct 2021 (RL) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presentation to OxBacNet members |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Talks given at 15th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference (ENFC), in Naples, Sept 2023 (CSC, BT, TU, HK) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Four talks were given by the Poole Lab at ENFC |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.enfc2023.org |
Description | UK Legume Research Community Conference, Norfolk Jan 2023 (PSP) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Attended workshop and participated in networking and discussions concerning future research directions. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://rhizosphere.org/lab-news-current/ |