Disease Pathogenesis

Lead Research Organisation: THE PIRBRIGHT INSTITUTE

Department Name: UNLISTED

Abstract

Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.

Technical Summary

Comparative studies between differentially susceptible populations within a species and between closely related species are enormously powerful systems to interrogate the processes that lead to disease. Viral pathogenesis represents the sum of viral virulence factors and host susceptibility that lead to disease outcome. The suite of biological mechanisms involved during this process is complex and the outcome of infection can differ depending on variation in the virus, the host or through environmental influences. Consequently, studies using the natural viral host species offer the detailed information needed to advance our understanding of these complex processes.
Many of the viral pathogens we study cause differential disease within and between animal hosts. Susceptible species that do not show clinical signs can act as important virus reservoirs influencing viral evolution and transmission. Pirbright is uniquely placed with the capability to examine different host species responses to specific viral infections. These insights into the processes leading to disease are powerful tools to both identify future targets for disease control and for ensuring that any control strategies are not likely to exacerbate disease.
Pirbright is uniquely placed to examine the contribution of host genetics to differential immune responses. These complex traits are challenging to study, often requiring targeted and bespoke analysis in combination with more typical whole genome analyses. This has great potential to identify targets for gene editing to explore immune function in vitro, improve resilience and vaccine responses through informed breeding and potentially lead to developing transgenic animals.
Mathematical modelling of within-host dynamics has the potential to help understand mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and, in particular, factors influencing different clinical outcomes of infection. Moreover, it also provides a means to link pathogenesis with infectiousness and, hence, transmission between individuals.

Planned Impact

unavailable

Funded Value:

£4,521,203

Funded Period:

Mar 17 - Mar 23

Funder:

BBSRC

Project Status:

Closed

Project Category:

Institute Project

Project Reference:

BBS/E/I/00007030

Principal Investigator:

John Hammond

Research Topic:

Unclassified

Organisations

People	ORCID iD
John Hammond (Principal Investigator)
Simon Gubbins (Co-Investigator)
Holly Shelton (Co-Investigator)
Dalan Bailey (Co-Investigator)
Christopher Sanders (Co-Investigator)
Kevin Maringer (Co-Investigator)	http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-8807
Erica Bickerton (Co-Investigator)	http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4012-1283
Paolo Ribeca (Co-Investigator)	http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-3933
Wilhelm Gerner (Co-Investigator)	http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2431-5889
Carrie Batten (Co-Investigator)
Andrew Broadbent (Co-Investigator)
Isabelle Dietrich (Co-Investigator)
Christopher Netherton (Co-Investigator)	http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-8590
Satya Parida (Co-Investigator)
Elma Tchilian (Co-Investigator)
Bryan Charleston (Co-Investigator)
Shahriar Behboudi (Co-Investigator)
Mark Fife (Co-Investigator)
Venugopal Nair (Co-Investigator)
Karin Darpel (Co-Investigator)
Philippa Beard (Co-Investigator)
Linda Dixon (Co-Investigator)

Publications

Author Name

Title Publication Date Published

|< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >|

10 25 50

Abdallah F (2018) Marek's disease virus in Egypt: historical overview and current research based on the major mdv-encoded oncogene meq in Hosts and Viruses

Adams JRG (2023) Preventing bacterial disease in poultry in the post-antibiotic era: a case for innate immunity modulation as an alternative to antibiotic use. in Frontiers in immunology

Ali M (2019) Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Virus in Poultry Worker, Pakistan, 2015. in Emerging infectious diseases

Alonso C (2018) ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Asfarviridae. in The Journal of general virology

Arias M (2017) Approaches and Perspectives for Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines. in Vaccines

Asfor AS (2021) Transcriptomic Analysis of Inbred Chicken Lines Reveals Infectious Bursal Disease Severity Is Associated with Greater Bursal Inflammation In Vivo and More Rapid Induction of Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Primary Bursal Cells Stimulated Ex Vivo. in Viruses

Aslam HB (2020) A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan. in Frontiers in veterinary science

Ballingall KT (2018) Comparative MHC nomenclature: report from the ISAG/IUIS-VIC committee 2018. in Immunogenetics

Banabazi M (2023) The transcriptomic insight into the differential susceptibility of African Swine Fever in inbred pigs

Banjara S (2019) Crystal Structure of African Swine Fever Virus A179L with the Autophagy Regulator Beclin. in Viruses

Artistic and Creative Products
Key Findings
Impact Summary
Policy Influence
Further Funding
Research Databases and Models
Research Tools and Methods
Collaboration
Intellectual Property
Software and Technical Products
Engagement Activities


Title	Additional file 1 of Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Description	Additional file 1. Normal body temperature in African buffalo. A The black line is the fitted nonlinear curve, while the green points represent the data from 12 animals, with temperatures collected every 5 min. B Residuals over time from the nonlinear regression in A. C A scatter plot showing the range of residuals which were found to vary between -1.022 and 1.114, which we assume is normal physiological variation.
Type Of Art	Film/Video/Animation
Year Produced	2022
URL	https://springernature.figshare.com/articles/figure/Additional_file_1_of_Viral_dynamics_and_immune_r...


Title	Additional file 1 of Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Description	Additional file 1. Normal body temperature in African buffalo. A The black line is the fitted nonlinear curve, while the green points represent the data from 12 animals, with temperatures collected every 5 min. B Residuals over time from the nonlinear regression in A. C A scatter plot showing the range of residuals which were found to vary between -1.022 and 1.114, which we assume is normal physiological variation.
Type Of Art	Film/Video/Animation
Year Produced	2022
URL	https://springernature.figshare.com/articles/figure/Additional_file_1_of_Viral_dynamics_and_immune_r...


Description	Objective 1 Examine immune responses in different hosts to the same virus We have developed many tools to study influenza immunity in pigs. Our data suggest that T cells can reduce severity of disease and pathology but not reliably decrease viral load. We have also demonstrated the utility of the pig influenza model in testing the protective efficacy of human therapeutic antibodies and investigating the role of Fc-FcR interactions in protective immunity. This has recently been greatly enhanced through this isolation of influenza specific pig monoclonal antibodies that have overlapping specificity and function to human antibodies. We have developed a porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) model which exhibits similar pathology to human SARS-CoV-2 and have established different PRCV strains which induce a spectrum of disease outcomes. Comparison of mechanisms of infection and immune control in pigs infected with PRCVs of differing pathogenicity with human data from SARS-CoV-2 infection and from our in vitro organ cultures, will enable key events in coronavirus infection and disease pathogenesis to be identified. H9N2 avian influenza viruses cause mild to severe clinical disease in poultry. These viruses also infect humans and pigs. Our studies defined the precise mechanisms by which non-structural proteins 1 (NS1) from different H9N2 virus strains impact on viral pathogenesis by altering host immune responses. Influenza A viruses (IAV), including avian viruses, directly bind to human co-factor H (FH) protein and that this interaction is mediated by the influenza HA protein. Mapping the interacting domains of FH reveals they are common with other pathogens and close to the receptor binding site. We are now determining if this is a novel innate defence mechanism or a strategy employed by the virus to avoid the complement system. We have carried out successful in vivo studies in sheep and cattle to highlight that blue tongue virus (BTV) is efficiently transmitted from viraemic ruminants to blood feeding Culicoides and that differences in vector competence are BTV strain specific but do not seem to differ between sheep and cattle for the same virus strain. We were also able to demonstrate important differences in virulence and transmissibility of different BTV strains directly compared in the same hosts (together with BB/P006841/1) The presence or absence of specific T cells influences BTV disease manifestation but not viral replication in sheep. The presence or absence of specific T cells also seemed to influence the dynamics of specific anti-BTV immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, IgG) to some BTV proteins but not others. The work furthermore highlighted that disease manifestation to the same BTV strain also varies greatly across individual animals of the same species. This research has opened up an important new area of research elucidating the serological immune response to BTV in sheep and cattle in more depth. We infected four inbred lines of chickens with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), one described as "susceptible" and three described as "resistant" to disease and discovered that line 15 was the most resistant. We conducted RNASeq on bursal tissue from the different lines and discovered that birds from line 15 had less inflammation than birds from line W that had more severe disease. Primary cells obtained from line 15 birds also responded more slowly to in vitro infection and stimulation with LPS. This is being used to inform future plans to engineer disease resistant chickens focussing on pro-inflammatory pathways. Analysis of virus-specific T cell responses lead to identification of three immunodominant CD4+ TCRvbeta1+ T cell epitopes, which are restricted to MHC B19 or B21 haplotypes within PP38 antigen of Marek's disease virus, were identified, and T cell response to these epitopes were analysed in naïve and vaccinated chickens following infection with a virulent virus. The results provided some information on why vaccinal immunity fails to inhibit persistent infection, while provide protection against the disease. Objective 2 Characterise genomic and genetic diversity underlying differential immune responses We have examined the extent of genetic diversity in indigenous and rare breed birds in comparison to our inbred lines and commercial breeds of layers and broilers in relation to key immune gene complexes. This genetic variation is now being directly linked to in vivo and ex vivo differences in inflammatory responses that appears to be a predictor of differential disease resistance to several major poultry pathogens. We have annotated immunogenetic variation in 18 new livestock genomes which has been used as the template to quantify hyper-variation in over 1000 individual cattle and several pig breeds. This has allowed us to develop tools that link variable immune responses with genetic variation, using a combination of new bioinformatic tools, and the first proof-of-principle study as part of a GWAS has been completed. The increased quality of new genomes has allowed us to develop a SNP based assessment of immunogenetic variation in cattle that currently relies on whole genome sequencing. We are exploring how new targeted enrichment methods could now allow us to use this extended panel as a tool to decipher immune response variation at a population level, increasing our ability to predict complex immune outcomes driven my multiple genes. Whole genome assembly, manual genome annotation and genome mining has dramatically improved our basic understand of cattle, pig and chicken antibody responses during infection by examining repertoire formation and allows comparison of protective responses between closely related species. Marek's disease virus (MDV)-encoded miR-155 ortholog mdv-miR-M4, previously shown to be critical for the induction of lymphomas, are not essential for the continued proliferation of the MDV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. MDV-miR-M4-deleted cell lines proliferated at similar levels as the wild type cells. We compared immune responses in both genetically resistant and susceptible chicken lines following infection with a pathogenic or vaccine strains of MDV. The results demonstrate that infection of genetically resistant chickens induces a more potent cell-mediated immune response and that viral titres in different organs including skins of the genetically resistant chickens are significantly lower. In addition, our results showed that Marek's disease virus activates the COX-2/PGE2 pathway in chickens. Findings also suggest that activation of this pathway results in reduced lymphocyte numbers 21 days after virus infection. However, we were able to reverse this effect with a drug called meloxicam, which inhibits COX-2. With COX-2 inhibited, the production of prostaglandin E2 was reduced which prevented suppression of the immune response. The research also demonstrated that disease causing strains of MDV activated the COX-2/PGE2 pathway but that the vaccine strain of the virus, known as Rispens-CVI988 did not. Objective 3 Link viral pathogenesis and transmission No vaccine is available for African swine fever virus (ASFV). Levels of ASF virus in blood correlate with risk of transmission and pathogenesis. We investigated the role of several viral attachment proteins in viremia, pathogenesis, and induction of protection against challenge. We deleted, individually or in combination, the EP402R/CD2v and EP153R/C-type lectin genes from the genome of a partially attenuated ASFV virus, Benin?DP148R. Deletion of both CD2v/EP402R and EP153R genes had a dramatic effect since no clinical signs or viremia were observed following infection. Protection against challenge was also reduced. The results confirm our prediction that the CD2v/EP402R protein increases the time of virus persistence in blood most likely by causing binding of the virus particles to red blood cells. In addition, our results show that the EP153R protein acts in co-operation with CD2v to increase viremia and clinical signs. A simple phenomenological model for the within-host viral dynamics has been linked with a simple model relating the probability of transmission to viral titre. The model has been fitted to data from transmission experiments for foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle and swine influenza virus in pigs to test assumptions about the relationship between viral titre and probability of transmission and heterogeneity between hosts in transmission rates. Linking the models allows derivation of explicit expressions relating viral growth and clearance rates and the timing and level of peak titre within a host to between-host transmission, specifically, the reproduction number and generation time. Identifying how within-host processes influence these measures using more detailed models will allow the implications for transmission to be investigated. Utilizing our new pipelines for 16S bacterial sequencing we have generated the first known chicken respiratory microbiome data set following influenza virus infection and identified the specific gut bacterial species that are differential in abundance following influenza virus infection. The impact of the microbiome on disease outcome and transmission is now being studied.
Exploitation Route	Research outcomes enabling the policy makers to make inform decisions to implement risk-based control measures to reduce the impact of emerging avian influenza viruses on both animals and humans. These results are important in demonstrating differences in immune responses between small and large animals and that vaccine should be tested in more than one animal model before progressing to humans. More effective vaccines produced through this project are enabling reduction in virus circulation in environment thereby lessening both direct damage to poultry industry and the zoonotic transmission to humans. More accurate and rapid diagnostics produced through this project are enabling rapid decision making for implementation of optimal control measures in response to disease outbreak. Enhanced collaboration and co-production through this project is enhancing the science-based in the UK and the international collaborating institutions in the shape of research capacity and skills that are facilitating medium to long-term science-based gains in productivity in livestock and poultry farming systems The methods could be used to analyse T cell responses to vaccines against other poultry pathogens, and examine host-pathogen interaction against other viral infections in chickens. Provide vital information to the UK agriculture sector in preparing for a potential incursion of BTV in 2019. Study outcomes will enable evidence based decisions of policy makers, veterinarians and farmers. Identification of molecular pathways associated with the miR-155 expression could be taken up for developing potential novel intervention strategies against lymphomas in different species including humans by the pharmaceutical industry. Contribute to the development of next generation Covid vaccines which might be administered mucosally. Extensive multiomics datasets on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenome datasets on MDV-transformed cell can be integrated and analysed using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to gain further insights.
Sectors	Agriculture Food and Drink Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology


Description	Information obtained using a bovine challenge model RSV is being used to inform human challenge models. As part of the Human Infection Challenge Network, our work underpins the development of policies to regulate, enhance and support human challenge models in the UK and EU. In coordination with regulatory agencies and funding bodies, our work is being used to determine new regulatory frameworks for human challenge studies. The data generated by this research has allowed additional funding from other sources including EU and UKRI responsive mode. Information obtained using a bovine challenge model RSV is being used to inform human challenge models. As part of the Human Infection Challenge Network, our work underpins the development of policies to regulate, enhance and support human challenge models in the UK and EU. In coordination with regulatory agencies and funding bodies, our work is being used to determine new regulatory frameworks for human challenge studies. The data generated by this research has allowed additional funding from other sources including EU and UKRI responsive mode. Genomic and functional data for the avian immune genes has provided fundamental data for the analysis these genes in additional species. This should enhance the quality of life and health of livestock and those involved in livestock farming. The research identified factors that aiding virulence and persistence of avian influenza viruses in different animals and bird species. The outcome of this research directly feed into surveillance and risk assessment of emerging and re-emerging viruses, enabling implementation of rapid and appropriate disease mitigation strategies. The findings have been used to continue collaborations with ViroVet a company specialising in development of antivirals for farm animals. They have also been used to extend collaboration with a leading International Veterinary Vaccine company (Zoetis) and a charity (GALVmed) promoting Development of Veterinary Vaccines for livestock farmers in low- and middle-income countries. A collaboration has been established with Plymouth University to optimise porcine macrophage cell lines for use in ASFV (and other virus) research, diagnosis and vaccine production. In the middle term this will provide vaccines against African swine fever virus to protect the global pork industry and improve food security We found that contemporary avian influenza viruses H9N2 viruses infecting poultry across Asia, Middle East and North Africa acquired enhanced replication and virulence and transmission capability. The genetic markers will help in the development of risk assessment of field viruses having potential to cause sever disease in poultry. The knowledge developed is enabling disease control authorities to implement appropriate disease control measures including vaccination. Because H9N2 viruses carrying identified mutations cause more severe disease (morbidity and mortality) in chickens compared with the viruses which do not contains the identified mutations. Progress towards an ASFV vaccine have been used to establish collaborations and gain funding from an International Veterinary Vaccine Company and a charity promoting development of Veterinary Vaccines for livestock farmers in low and middle income countries. In the middle term this will provide vaccines against African swine fever virus to protect the global pork industry and improve food security. We found that contemporary avian influenza viruses H9N2 viruses infecting poultry across Asia, Middle East and North Africa acquired enhanced replication and virulence and transmission capability. The genetic markers will help in the development of risk assessment of field viruses having potential to cause sever disease in poultry. The knowledge developed is enabling disease control authorities to implement appropriate disease control measures including vaccination. Because H9N2 viruses carrying identified mutations cause more severe disease (morbidity and mortality) in chickens compared with the viruses which do not contains the identified mutations.
First Year Of Impact	2019
Sector	Agriculture, Food and Drink


Description	Advice to DEFRA
Geographic Reach	National
Policy Influence Type	Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health
Impact	Provided advice and report on activities related to African swine fever virus to DEFRA. Took part in planning for Desktop Exercise for planning response to and ASF outbreak in the UK


Description	Advisor on International Atomic Energy Association Collaborative Reserach Project on African swine fever
Geographic Reach	Africa
Policy Influence Type	Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact	Provided training to participants from Veterinary Services and Institutions in Developing Countries in Africa on African swine fever


Description	Contributing to the chapter on Marek's disease for the OIE Terrestrial Manual
Geographic Reach	Multiple continents/international
Policy Influence Type	Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health
Impact	The contribution to the Terrestrial Manual on the recent advances in the diagnosis and control of Marek's disease will impact on improved and better control of the disease to reduce losses and improved food security
URL	http://www.oie.int/


Description	Deputy Chair of BBSRC grant Committee A
Geographic Reach	National
Policy Influence Type	Membership of a guideline committee
Impact	As chair of the committee I influence the decision on grant funding which have effect on animal and human health and food security


Description	Development and Evaluation of PPR DIVA vaccines
Geographic Reach	Multiple continents/international
Policy Influence Type	Citation in other policy documents
Impact	Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease, severely affects small ruminants in almost 70 countries in Africa, the Middle East and parts of Asia. It causes USD 1.5 to 2 billion in losses each year in regions that are home to over 80% of the world's sheep and goats and to more than 330 million of the world's poorest people, many of whom depend on them for their livelihoods. The estimated current expenditure on PPR vaccination ranges between USD 270 and 380 million. The annual impact of PPR alone may be valued at between USD 1.45 and 2.1 billion per year. Approximately a third of the global financial burden of PPR is borne by Africa, with a further quarter borne by South Asia. This burden will be removed with the successful eradication of PPR. The undiscounted costs for a fifteen-year Global control Strategy of FAO and OIE are between USD 7.6 and 9.1 billion, with the first five years costing between USD 2.5 and 3.1 billion. (http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4460e.pdf). PPR is currently controlled by vaccination using mainly two live attenuated PPRV vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96). However, the current vaccines and serological tests are unable to enable Differentiation between naturally Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). This factor precludes meaningful assessment of vaccine coverage and epidemiological surveillance based on serology, in turn reducing the efficiency of control programmes. Therefore, it is almost impossible to assess the quality and efficacy of existing PPR vaccines without knowing whether positive animals are vaccinated or naturally infected. Unlike rinderpest, where cattle and buffalo were primary hosts, in PPR, new crops (about 30-40%) of lambs and kids are produced every year and are the most susceptible population to bring back new PPR outbreaks6&7. Therefore, it is likely that the cycle of vaccinations and PPR outbreaks will continue until and unless we reach the stage of 80-90% herd immunity. Therefore, development of a marker vaccine and associated DIVA diagnostics will enable the assessment of vaccine efficacy which is essential for any successful vaccination campaign. https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/news/2018/09/pirbright-scientists-run-vaccination-campaign-eradicate-peste-des-petits-ruminant The availability of a recombinant PPRV vaccine with a proven functionality is a prerequisite for the development of novel vaccines that may enable the development of DIVA tools for PPRV diagnostics. In the DBT-BBSRC FADH BB/L004801/1 grant we have rescued Sungri 96 and Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strains. Both the vaccine strains were rescued from respective synthetic c-DNA clones with mutations in the variable part of C terminus of the nucleocapsid (N) gene similar to Dolphin Morbillivirus (DMV) to enable negative marker DIVA vaccines. These two DIVA vaccines along with parental vaccines have been recently tested in a pilot studies in goats. Both the DIVA and parent vaccines provided safety, stability and protection for vaccinated goats whereas the control animals were clinically infected. Patent applications have been made to protect these DIVA vaccines. Agreements are being done with vaccine industries for the licensing and commercialisation.
URL	https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/press-releases/2018/09/pirbright-collaboration-provides-tools-peste-des-...


Description	Expert Reviewer for Veterinary Vaccines, European Medicines Agency
Geographic Reach	Europe
Policy Influence Type	Participation in a guidance/advisory committee


Description	Human Infection Challenge Models for Vaccination
Geographic Reach	Europe
Policy Influence Type	Influenced training of practitioners or researchers


Description	Member of the British Society for Immunology Forum
Geographic Reach	National
Policy Influence Type	Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact	The BSI is very active in lobbying MPs and Government on subjects to do with clinical immunology and immunisations.
URL	https://www.immunology.org/


Description	Organised seminar series on Sequencing, Virus Evolution and Molecular Biology at Pirbright (with Luca Ferretti and Graham Freimanis)
Geographic Reach	Local/Municipal/Regional
Policy Influence Type	Influenced training of practitioners or researchers


Description	Participation in DEFRA African swine fever disease outbreak simulation exercise
Geographic Reach	Multiple continents/international
Policy Influence Type	Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact	Provided expert advice on African swine fever virus including transmission and diagnosis


Description	Participation in the Management of the Oxford DTP
Geographic Reach	Multiple continents/international
Policy Influence Type	Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact	As part of the Management committee of the Oxford-Pirbright-Oxford Brookes-Diamond doctorate Training Partnership, contributed to the success of the DTP in meeting the objectives, recruitment and review
URL	http://www.biodtp.ox.ac.uk/


Description	Taught course on introductory bioinformatics to PhD students at Pirbright
Geographic Reach	Local/Municipal/Regional
Policy Influence Type	Influenced training of practitioners or researchers


Description	Training MSc students
Geographic Reach	Local/Municipal/Regional
Policy Influence Type	Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact	Delivered a new training session to MSc students teaching viral quantification assays. This lead to a greater understanding of laboratory techniques and academic research.


Description	WOAH Global Network of African swine fever diagnostic labs
Geographic Reach	Multiple continents/international
Policy Influence Type	Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
Impact	Participated in discussions to establish an WOAH Global Network of African swine fever virus diagnostic laboratories and became a member of the organizing committee


Description	sLoLa
Geographic Reach	National
Policy Influence Type	Participation in a guidance/advisory committee
Impact	No changes yet


Description	A methodology to universally attenuate avian coronavirus strains
Amount	£450,616 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/Z516144/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	01/2025
End	01/2027


Description	Application of AI to profile the nasal and faecal microbiota of pigs following respiratory virus challenge
Amount	£16,000 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	05/2023
End	07/2024


Description	Assessing the functionality of avian BST2 as a viral restriction factor.
Amount	£50,000 (GBP)
Organisation	University of Oxford
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2021
End	09/2025


Description	Aviagen Industry Funding
Amount	£422,383 (GBP)
Organisation	Aviagen Group
Sector	Private
Country	United States
Start	08/2019
End	12/2020


Description	BBSRC - responsive mode
Amount	£187,370 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/S007911/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	03/2019
End	03/2022


Description	BBSRC IAA
Amount	£25,000 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/S506680/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	08/2021
End	03/2022


Description	BBSRC IAA, "Generating high-quality reference of the Babraham pig."
Amount	£44,075 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/S506680/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	11/2018
End	05/2020


Description	BBSRC Industrial CASE (iCASE)
Amount	£100,000 (GBP)
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2019
End	09/2022


Description	BBSRC Newton Fund Swine and Poultry Research Initiative
Amount	£865,623 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R01275X/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	03/2018
End	06/2021


Description	Blood Markers for prediction of respiratory virus infection
Amount	£21,000 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	05/2023
End	07/2024


Description	Bluetongue virus changes the emission of volatile organic chemicals in the body odour of sheep and cattle during infection
Amount	£471,421 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/T014601/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	03/2021
End	01/2022


Description	British Egg Marketing Board PhD studentship
Amount	£76,000 (GBP)
Organisation	British Egg Marketing Board
Sector	Private
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2018
End	09/2022


Description	China UK One Health research for epidemic preparedness and AMR initiative
Amount	£900,000 (GBP)
Funding ID	MR/Y015061/1
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	02/2025
End	02/2028


Description	Commonwealth Scholarship. Molecular determinants impacting avian influenza H9N2 virus evolution, replication fitness and virulence
Amount	£200,000 (GBP)
Funding ID	LKCS-2019- 665
Organisation	British Council
Sector	Charity/Non Profit
Country	United Kingdom
Start	11/2019
End	10/2022


Description	DEFRA R&D science: Advanced genetic analysis, molecular and serological diagnostics of bluetongue virus and related orbiviruses to protect UK livestock
Amount	£1,097,000 (GBP)
Organisation	Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	12/2019
End	11/2022


Description	Developing a complex in vitro airway model to study respiratory viral pathogenesis, lung macrophage function and herpes viral vaccine vectors in pigs BBSRC/NC3Rs NC/X002446/1
Amount	£249,908 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	01/2023


Description	Developing a complex in vitro airway model to study respiratory viral pathogenesis, lung macrophage function and herpesviral vaccine vectors in pigs
Amount	£199,927 (GBP)
Funding ID	NC/X002446/1
Organisation	National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	02/2023
End	02/2025


Description	Development of next generation vaccine technology inducing rapid and strong immunity through targeted delivery of antigens to chicken immune cells
Amount	£473,080 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/T013087/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	05/2021
End	05/2024


Description	Development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for coronaviruses
Amount	£120,000 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2022
End	09/2026


Description	Dissecting the molecular pathways of MDV oncoprotein Meq for understanding pathogenesis and aid vaccine development
Amount	£440,000 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R007896/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	03/2018
End	03/2021


Description	Emerging porcine influenza and coronaviruses" (EPICVIR)
Amount	£596,027 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/X019780/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	11/2023
End	10/2026


Description	Enhancing protective efficacy of avian influenza vaccines through targeted delivery of protective antigens to chicken immune cells
Amount	£98,212 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R50595X/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	08/2017
End	09/2021


Description	FLI- TPI joint PhD studentships Avian influenza immunology markers.
Amount	£100,000 (GBP)
Organisation	Friedrich Loeffler Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	Germany
Start	06/2018
End	06/2022


Description	Further development of infectious bronchitis virus vaccines adapted for production in cell culture
Amount	£262,701 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R019576/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2018
End	03/2020


Description	How does the lung protect itself against influenza?
Amount	£120,000 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	06/2022
End	07/2026


Description	Japan Partnering Award
Amount	£49,500 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/P025803/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	08/2017
End	08/2021


Description	LVIF
Amount	$1,500,000 (CAD)
Organisation	Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Sector	Charity/Non Profit
Country	United States
Start	03/2018
End	09/2020


Description	NC3Rs Research Project Grant
Amount	£436,339 (GBP)
Funding ID	NC/R001138/1
Organisation	National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	12/2017
End	11/2019


Description	Newton Fund: UK-China-Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative
Amount	£841,995 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R012679/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	01/2018
End	12/2020


Description	Newton Fund: UK-China-Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative. Understanding antigenic diversity, zoonotic potential and immunological prevention of avian influenza viruses affecting poultry.
Amount	£497,995 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R012679/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	01/2018
End	12/2020


Description	PRCV model to better understand immunity to SARS-CoV2
Amount	£50,000 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	08/2021
End	03/2022


Description	Pathfinder BB/R012431/1 Grant holder: Dr Mark Fife. Grant title: chIFITM knockdown/knockout technology as a platform technology for increased vaccine yields in SPF Eggs.
Amount	£12,500 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R012431/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	11/2017
End	02/2018


Description	Pathogenesis, immunity, and control of coronaviruses in a large natural host animal, the pig
Amount	£893,800 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/X014266/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2023
End	09/2026


Description	Pirbright Institute Flexible Talent Mobility Account
Amount	£255,000 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/S507945/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	11/2018
End	03/2022


Description	Pirbright Institute PhD studentship
Amount	£100,000 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2019
End	09/2023


Description	Reducing the Economic and Zoonotic Impact of Avian Influenza (REZIAI): delivering novel vaccines and diagnostics from laboratory to the field.
Amount	£400,000 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/S013792/1
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	02/2019
End	01/2021


Description	Responsive mode: Rapid acquisition of mammalian characteristics by avian influenza virus in single host infections.
Amount	£535,337 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R007292/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	05/2018
End	01/2021


Description	SFS-10-2017 - Research and approaches for emerging diseases and pests in plants and terrestrial livestock: Addressing the dual emerging threats of African Swine Fever and Lumpy Skin Disease in Europe (DEFEND)
Amount	€ 5,986,250 (EUR)
Funding ID	773701
Organisation	European Commission H2020
Sector	Public
Country	Belgium
Start	05/2018
End	05/2023


Description	Seed Catalyst Award
Amount	£25,527 (GBP)
Funding ID	ISCF-TFPSA-Pirbright
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	11/2018
End	02/2019


Description	Taiwan Partnering Award
Amount	£40,700 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/S020624/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start


Description	The Global Challenges Research Fund
Amount	£640,473 (GBP)
Organisation	Research Councils UK (RCUK)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	03/2019
End	03/2024


Description	The Pirbright Livestock Antibody Hub
Amount	$5,530,900 (USD)
Funding ID	INV-003007
Organisation	Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Sector	Charity/Non Profit
Country	United States
Start	09/2019
End	09/2024


Description	The genetic and functional analysis of variation in innate immune genes associated with restriction of influenza virus for chicken lines
Amount	£422,383 (GBP)
Organisation	Aviagen Group
Sector	Private
Country	United States
Start	01/2020
End	03/2021


Description	Turnover of porcine lung tissue resident memory cells
Amount	£25,000 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	08/2021
End	03/2022


Description	UK International coronavirus network (UK-ICN)
Amount	£510,207 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/W003287/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2021
End	09/2025


Description	UK-China partnership on Global Food Security: Combating avian tumor diseases for sustainable poultry proudction
Amount	£382,000 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/R007632/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	03/2018
End	03/2020


Description	US-UK-China Collab-Understanding the Impact of Poultry Vaccination on H5Nx Avian Influenza Virus Evolution and Ecosystem Dynamics
Amount	£3,000,000 (GBP)
Funding ID	APP18977: 3291
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	08/2024
End	10/2029


Description	Understanding the importance of the PI3K pathway in modulating influenza virus replication in chickens and ducks
Amount	£100,000 (GBP)
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Sector	Academic/University
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2021
End	04/2025


Description	[YY-EEID US-UK XXXX] Evaluating how immunosuppression influences influenza A virus transmission and evolution in wild and domestic birds
Amount	£606,360 (GBP)
Funding ID	BB/T008806/1
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	06/2019
End	06/2023


Description	iCASE studentship: Production and assessment of antiviral prophylactic properties of natural biomolecules against avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses affecting poultry
Amount	£100,000 (GBP)
Organisation	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Sector	Public
Country	United Kingdom
Start	09/2019
End	09/2023


Title	A ligation and restriction enzyme independent cloning technique: an alternative to conventional methods for cloning hard-to-clone gene segments in the influenza reverse genetics system
Description	we developed an easy and efficient ligation and restriction enzyme independent (LREI) cloning method for cloning influenza gene segments into pHW2000 vector. The method involves amplification of megaprimers followed by PCR amplification of megaprimers using a bait plasmid, DpnI digestion and transformation. ligation and restriction enzyme independent (LREI) cloning method represents an alternative strategy for cloning influenza gene segments that have internal restriction sites for the enzymes used in reverse genetics. Further, the problem of genetic instability in bacteria can be alleviated by growing recombinant bacterial cultures at a lower temperature. This technique can be applied to clone any influenza gene segment using universal primers, which would help in the rapid generation of influenza viruses and facilitate influenza research and vaccine development.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The method will help in the rapid generation of reverse genetic base influenza viruses and facilitate influenza research and vaccine development.
URL	https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-020-01358-2


Title	A pipeline to determine changes in immune cell populations in the bursa of Fabricius following IBDV infection
Description	IBDV is an immunosuppressive disease. In order to study immunosuppression further, we have developed a pipeline to quantify the number of Bu1+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and KUL01+ macrophages in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) following infection with a field strain or a vaccine strain of IBDV by flow cytometry. We found that the number of B cells decreased, the number of KUL01 macrophages increased at early time points and then declined gradually, and the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased. Interestingly, CD4/CD8 double positive cells also increased following infection, which have been shown by others to potentially be suppressive. In addition, we have developed pipeline to quantify the number of CD4+CD25+FGFbeta+ T regulatory cells in the BF following IBDV infection by flow cytometry in collaboration with Shahriar Behboudi's group. T regulatory cells increased following IBDV infection.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	We have submitted abstracts to the Microbiology Society and American Society for Virology 2021 annual meetings. We have established a collaboration with Shahriar Behboudi's group


Title	An ex vivo IBDV infection model using a chicken primary B cell culture system
Description	Recently, it has become possible to culture chicken primary B cells in vitro in the presence of a soluble construct of chicken CD40L that was made at The Pirbright Institute. We have demonstrated that these chicken primary B cells can be infected with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). This system will be validated and expanded to other B cell tropic viruses in order to replace the use of infected chickens in research, in an NC3Rs funded grant.
Type Of Material	Model of mechanisms or symptoms - in vitro
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Using this system, we have determined that chicken primary B cells respond to IBDV infection by inducing Type I IFN responses. However, the induction is more pronounced in cells infected with an attenuated strain compared to a very virulent strain. This is consistent with the very virulent strain down-regulating antiviral responses to a greater extent than other strains which may, in part, explain its enhanced virulence. We also observed a reduction in the expression of key genes involved in B cell proliferation and activation following IBDV infection which was only possible by using the primary B cell culture system.
URL	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=broadbent+dulwich


Title	Cattle MHC genotyping
Description	Using the sequence data generated through the targeted pull down of MHC, we developed a full gene and more targeted PCR approach to genotype cattle for the MHC class I region. This has been applied to many hundreds of samples to enable us to select individuals for breeding as well as survey genetic diversity in beef and diary herds.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	After publication which we anticipate in 2019, we will appy this method to targeted herds and are already attracting industry interest.


Title	Comprehensive analysis of genetic variants across immune loci in indigenous breeds.
Description	The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) protein family comprises a class of restriction factors widely characterised in humans for their potent antiviral activity. Their biological activity is well documented in several animal species, but their genetic variation and biological mechanism is less well understood, particularly in avian species. Here we report the complete sequence of the domestic chicken Gallus gallus IFITM locus from a wide variety of chicken breeds to examine the detailed pattern of genetic variation of the locus on chromosome 5, including the flanking genes ATHL1 and B4GALNT4. We have generated chIFITM sequences from commercial breeds (supermarket-derived chicken breasts), ancient bone samples, indigenous chickens from Nigeria (Nsukka) and Ethiopia, European breeds and inbred chicken lines from The Pirbright Institute, totalling of 211 chickens. Through mapping of genetic variants to the latest chIFITM consensus sequence our data reveal that the chIFITM locus does not show structural variation in the locus across the populations analysed, despite spanning diverse breeds from different geographic locations. However, single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in functionally important regions of the proteins within certain groups of chickens were detected, in particular the European breeds and indigenous birds from Ethiopia and Nigeria. In addition, we also found that two out of four SNVs located in the chIFITM1 (Ser36 and Arg77) and chIFITM3 (Val103) proteins were simultaneously under positive selection. Together these data suggest that IFITM genetic variation may contribute to the capacities of different chicken populations to resist viral infection.
Type Of Material	Model of mechanisms or symptoms - non-mammalian in vivo
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	This paper is currently in press in. BMC Genomics.


Title	De
Description	//
Type Of Material	Model of mechanisms or symptoms - human
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	//


Title	Detection of HA antigens of avian influenza viruses
Description	Assay for detection of recombinant HVT expressing HA antigens of avian influenza viruses
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	This new method will help to detect recombinant HVT vaccine expressing HA antigen in infected cell.


Title	Developed assays for evaluation of antigen specific memory chicken T cells
Description	An in vitro model for generation of effector cells from memory T cells for chicken T cells were developed
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	This method will enable scientists working on poultry vaccines and immune response to pathogens to assess memory T cell responses in chickens.


Title	Development of assay for assessing antigen-specific T cell responses in chickens
Description	An in vitro assay were developed to generate effector memory T cells from memory T cells (cultured ELISPOT assay for chicken T cells)
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	Enables scientists to assess memory T cell responses induced by poultry vaccines


Title	Development of chicken NKT cell tetramer
Description	Tetramer for detection and quantification of chicken NKT cells are developed and tested.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	This will lead to identification of a novel chicken lymphocytes which has major role in the control of infectious diseases and tumour in chickens.


Title	Development of tetramers to study immune responses in pigs
Description	The pig is a natural and important host of influenza viruses and is physiologically more comparable to humans than other animal models in terms of size, respiratory tract biology and volume. It is also an important vector in the birds to human infection cycle. A major drawback of the current pig model is the inability to analyze antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, which are critical to respiratory immunity. We addressed this knowledge gap using an established in-bred pig model with a high degree of genetic identity between individuals, including the MHC (Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA)) locus. We developed a toolset that included long-term in vitro pig T-cell culture and cloning and identification of novel immunodominant influenza-derived T-cell epitopes. We also generated structures of the two SLA class I molecules found in these animals presenting the immunodominant epitopes. These structures allowed definition of the primary anchor points for epitopes in the SLA binding groove and established SLA binding motifs that were used to successfully predict other influenza-derived peptide sequences capable of stimulating T-cells.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	Peptide-SLA tetramers were constructed and used to track influenza-specific T-cells ex vivo in blood, the lungs and draining lymph nodes. Aerosol immunization with attenuated single cycle influenza viruses (S-FLU) induced large numbers of CD8+ T-cells specific for conserved NP peptides in the respiratory tract. Collectively, these data substantially increase the utility of pigs as an effective model for studying protective local cellular immunity against respiratory pathogens.


Title	Evaluation of poultry virus vaccine interference
Description	Poultry are immunised with several vaccines, with the timing between vaccines sometimes only a few weeks, yet little is known as to whether they interfere with one another. Here, we developed a protocol to evaluate the interference of an IBDV vaccine with an avian influenza vaccine. We vaccinated birds with the live IBDV vaccine strain 228E and then vaccinated birds two weeks later with the inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine (strain UDL) and quantified anti-influenza antibody titers three weeks following vaccination.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	This protocol will allow us to evaluate the interference of poultry vaccines on one another which will be useful for the poultry industry


Title	Fluorescence activated single cell sorting to isolate gene-deleted/modified African swine fever virus
Description	A method was developed to use fluoresecence activated single cell sorting to isolate recombinant gene-deleted ASFV using insertion of fluorescence protein genes under control of African swine fever virus promoters as reporter to isolate cells infected with recombinant viruses. This method was used to generate 15 different single and multiple gene-deleted ASFV and study the impact of the gene deletions on virus replication and host responses and develop candidate live attenuated vaccines. This method has been further refined by splitting the fluorescent protein gene such that two genes can be deleted at the same time.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Development of candidate gene-deleted live attenuated African swine fever virus vaccines
URL	https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060615


Title	Gene expression analysis by qPCR to investigate the host immune response
Description	Evaluation of regulation of gene expression involved in the interferon response during viral infection is investigated by qPCR. Analysis of reference genes and experimental genes expression are compared to normalised gene expression variation and link them to events of up- and down-regulation in tissues collected during animal studies or from in vitro data of infected cells. The reference genes are first selected based on the variables occurring in the study (GeNorm and NormFinder are adopted for the selection) and the experimental genes linked to the interferon analysis are normalised to those basal expression level. The delta-deltaCt comparison is used to infer the fold change in gene expression.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The analysis of gene expression linked to interferon response has been used for evaluating the effect of viral replication during IBV infection, testing tissues collected during an animal study. Viral loads quantified by qPCR have been correlated to gene expression levels in tissues collected from birds infected with different recombinant IBV thought to have a targeted influence on the immune response. Equally, mock infected birds have been analysed to provide the basal expression data and threshold. The data have been collected and analysed for the manuscript "Recombinant avian infectious bronchitis viruses with targeted modifications in the nsp3 Macrodomain are attenuated in vivo and display morphological distinct phenotypes in vitro" under preparation.


Title	Generation of cell-free virus using feather follicle stem cells
Description	An in vitro model for generation and purification of cell-free virus using feather follicule stem cells
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	Cell lines could be used to generate cell free vaccines against Marek's disease virus


Title	IBDV Reverse Genetics System
Description	We have developed a reverse genetics system for IBDV.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	We have used the reverse genetics system to generate recombinant IBDVs and chimeric recombinant IBDVs that contain genes from classical and very virulent strains of IBDV in the background of a cell culture adapted attenuated strain. This will enable us to study the effect of individual virus genes on pathogenicity.


Title	IBDV titration in chicken B cells by TCID50 to replace IBDV titration in chicken embryos by EID50
Description	The titer of IBDV has traditionally been determined by infecting embryos, humanely culling them at embryonic day 18 and then observing the number that show growth abnormalities due to virus. As this goes beyond 2/3 gestation (14 embryonic days), this falls under Home Office Legislation. We demonstrated that the immortalised B cell line, DT40, could be used to titrate IBDV instead, replacing the use of embryos. This is being written up into a manuscript currently.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	we have already replaced the use of embryos in our research. Once this has been published and is in the public domain, we anticipate this will lead to more replacement in the field,


Title	Luciferase assay responsive to chMX stimulation for detection of bioactive IFN
Description	A luciferase assay was established for detection of chicken bioactive interferon in biological samples. A plasmid was generated containing the chMX responsive element paired with the luciferase gene. Transfection of DF1 cells with the selected plasmid, paired with a renilla based construct for estimating transfection efficiency allowing data normalisation is conducted to quantify the amount of interferon (IFN) units in the tested sample. Comparison of Renilla and luciferase luminescence values (RLU) detected by a luminometer upon use of a reporter system allows for the relative comparison of IFN quantity in different samples.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The quantification of bioactive interferon allows for the detection of an innate immune response in the context of viral infections. Specifically, reverse genetics targeting selected genes (nsp3, nsp16, spike) and allowing the generation of recombinant viruses with potential implication in the host interaction have been tested by this method to quantify the impact of the targeted modification in the ability of each rIBV to induce interferon. Notably interferon response is the first line of defence during viral infection. The assay has been tested on in vitro infections conducted in chicken kidney cells. The assay will also be used to evaluate the impact of temperature sensitivity of rIBVs in the context of the IFN immune response.


Title	Optimisation of chicken kidney cell culture preparation
Description	We have optimised the method of extracting kidneys and preparing chicken kidney (CK) cell cultures from chickens. CK cells are used for in vitro assays to study avian viruses, in particular infectious bronchitis virus.
Type Of Material	Cell line
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	This has increased the yield of viable cells and the quality of the cell cultures. We can now obtain the number of cells we require using fewer chicken kidneys, therefore requiring fewer chickens to be culled. This is an important development for the 3Rs. We hope to publish this method for others' information.


Title	Optimisation of preparation of TOCs from adult chickens
Description	Tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) are prepared from chicken embryos and used to assess growth of avian viruses that are not able to be propagated in cell culture. We have optimised the method of TOCs preparation from 3-week old chickens and are using these to assess viral genetic stability and phenotype in organ cultures that are a similar environment to the site of replication in whole chickens.
Type Of Material	Cell line
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	We hope that this technique will reduce the number of chickens required for in vivo experiments, in line with the 3Rs, and plan to publish the method in due course.


Title	Quantifying IBDV immunosuppression from a blood sample
Description	We plan to determine how IBDV-mediated immunosuppression influences the pathology, evolution and transmission of subsequent infection with avian influenza virus. However, it was first necessary to develop an assay that could quantify immunosuppression from a blood sample to be sure that the birds we challenge with avian influenza virus are immunosuppressed. In order to do this, we developed a pipeline to quantify the number of Bu1+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and KUL01+ macrophages in the blood following IBDV infection by flow cytometry. We discovered that following iBDV infection, the Bu1+ B cell population in the blood was significantly reduced.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	This assay will be invaluable future studies evaluating the impact of IBDV-mediated immunosuppression on various infections through collaboration


Title	Recombinant antibody generation pipeline - WM
Description	Validated a sequencing protocol at Pirbright for mouse hybridomas, cattle heterohybridomas, and porcine B cells. Vector constructed for humans, mouse, cattle, pigs and chicken to allow ligation of commercially generated antibody gene blocks or PCR products generated by degenerate or 5' RACE PCR. These methods allow the following: • Sequencing mAbs • Making Fab fragments from mAbs • Class switching mAbs • Species switching mAbs
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The methods developed have enabled a standardised pipeline that allows cloning of PCR products or synthetic gene constructs for recombinant antibody generation from various species. This uniform approach avoids development of bespoke protocols for each species thus saving time and resources.
URL	http://www.immunologicaltoolbox.co.uk


Title	Scintigraphy of the respiratory tract in pigs
Description	We have used in vivo scintigraphy in pigs to characterize the distribution of large and small droplets, delivered to the respiratory tract using nebulisers or a mucosal atomisation device.
Type Of Material	Model of mechanisms or symptoms - mammalian in vivo
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	Scintigraphy and the tools we have developed to analyse the specificity and function of tissue resident memory cells will allow the effects of localised distribution of antigen in the respiratory tract to be studied and established the pig as a useful model for investigating optimal targeting of vaccines for respiratory disease.


Title	Stable chicken cell lines overexpressing chicken IFITM1,2 and 3
Description	In collaboration with Mark Fife, we have produced chicken stable cell lines overexpressing chicken IFITM1,2, 3 and a mutant chicken IFITM3 lacking palmitoylation sites.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	These cell lines will be used to evaluate the effect of the IFITM proteins on the replication of different viruses, including IBDV.


Title	chimeric IBDVs
Description	Andrew Broadbent has engineered chimeric IBDVs expressing individual genes from a very virulent strain in the backbone of an attenuated strain.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	These chimeric strains can be used to define viral determinants of virulence.


Title	in vitro quantification of anti-IBDV neutralising antibodies using chicken B cells
Description	Typically, the titre of neutralising antibodies generated by a field strain of IBDV is quantified by determining the ability of the serum to neutralise the infectivity of a cell- culture adapted strain of IBDV into immortalised fibroblast cells. The reason for this is that field strains do not typically infect immortalised fibroblast cells and have a tropism limited to B lymphocytes. However, this technique may not quantify the correct titre against the field strain in question as it relies on cross-reactivity of the serum to the cell-culture adapted strain. We have developed an in vitro neutralisation assay using the immortalised B cell line, DT40, in order to quantify the titre of neutralising antibodies against field strains of IBDV. As cytopathic effect is not observed in lymphocytes, this assay relies on immunostaining with antibodies against IBDV to determine the endpoint.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	This technique enables us to more accurately quantify the titre of antibodies against field strains of IBDV.


Title	method for identification of lung Tissue resident memory cells in pigs
Description	Recent overwhelming evidence indicates the importance of local tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in protective immunity. Most work on TRM has been performed in mice and the TRM defined as inaccessible to intravenously administered anti-T cell antibody. However there are very few data on TRM in large animals. For the first time we have defined TRM in the pig influenza model.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	The identification of TRM and their robust protective capacity in site-specific infection has provided a new paradigm by which to assess T cell-mediated responses and an important new target for vaccine design. Since swine are an economically important species, are used as a large animal model for human infection and play a key role in the emergence of novel and potentially zoonotic influenza viruses, the identification of TRM in pigs will allow us to study their role in immunity to swine influenza.and how best to induce them by immunisation.


Title	porcine TOCs
Description	We have developed the method of preparing and infecting tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) from pigs with porcine coronaviruses.
Type Of Material	Cell line
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	The development of the porcine TOCs will allow us to study the replication, tropism and evolution of porcine coronaviruses in biologically relevant tissues, without the requirement for an in vivo study. Porcine coronaviruses can be used as a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection of humans.


Title	scRNA seq analysis of porcine BAL
Description	We describe for the first time scRNA-seq analysis of porcine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), a cell source increasingly used to analyse respiratory immune responses, and which has been shown to be major correlate for protection against respiratory infections such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2. Our work reveals both similar and unique cell subsets and divergent transcriptome profiles of BAL immune cells compared to publicly available data from blood cells.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2024
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	The data we have generated will provide an atlas for future pig BAL scRNA-seq studies.


Title	tetracysteine-tagged IBDV
Description	Andrew Broadbent has engineered a tetracysteine (TC)-tagged IBDV that can be used in live cell imaging and co-infection studies with the split-GFP IBDV.
Type Of Material	Technology assay or reagent
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	This tool, combined with the split-GFP IBDV, will enable us to study co-infection, super-infection exclusion, and the intracellular requirements for viral reassortment.


Title	Additional file 3 of Low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection retards colon microbiota diversification in two different chicken lines
Description	Additional file 3. Supplementary Table S5.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	https://springernature.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Additional_file_3_of_Low_pathogenic_avian_influ...


Title	Additional file 3 of Low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection retards colon microbiota diversification in two different chicken lines
Description	Additional file 3. Supplementary Table S5.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2021
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	https://springernature.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Additional_file_3_of_Low_pathogenic_avian_influ...


Title	Babraham pig genome assembly and transcriptome atlas
Description	A long-read whole genome assembly of the Babraham pig (TPI_Babraham_pig_v1; GCA_031225015.1)
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2023
Provided To Others?	Yes
Impact	None yet.


Title	Characterization of the haemagglutinin properties of the H5N1 avian influenza virus that caused human infections in Cambodia
Description	High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 is a subtype of the influenza A virus primarily found in birds. The subtype emerged in China in 1996 and has spread globally, causing significant morbidity and mortality in birds and humans. In Cambodia, a lethal case was reported in February 2023 involving an 11-year-old girl, marking the first human HPAI H5N1 infection in the country since 2014. This research examined the zoonotic potential of the human H5N1 isolate, A/Cambodia/NPH230032/2023 (KHM/23), by assessing its receptor binding, fusion pH, HA thermal stability, and antigenicity. Results showed that KHM/23 exhibits similar receptor binding and antigenicity as the early clade 2.3.2.1c HPAI H5N1 strain, and it does not bind to human-like receptors. Despite showing limited zoonotic risk, the increased thermal stability and reduced pH of fusion in KHM/23 indicate a potential threat to poultry, emphasizing the need for vigilant monitoring.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2023
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	https://tandf.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Characterization_of_the_haemagglutinin_properties_of_the...


Title	Data S1 from Quantifying the relationship between within-host dynamics and transmission for viral diseases of livestock
Description	Data on virus isolation and challenge outcome from a series of one-to-one transmission experiments for foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2024
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_S1_from_Quantifying_the_relationship_between_within-ho...


Title	Data S2 from Quantifying the relationship between within-host dynamics and transmission for viral diseases of livestock
Description	Data on virus isolation and challenge outcome from a series of one-to-one transmission experiments for swine influenza virus in pigs
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2024
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	https://rs.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_S2_from_Quantifying_the_relationship_between_within-ho...


Title	Data for 'Risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease increase SARS CoV-2 infectivity of endothelial cells and pericytes'
Description	Data for paper published in Open Biology (12/06/2024)Each .csv file is the data for a different figure or sub-figure, as indicated in the file name. All data is viral titre in different cells in response to incubation with SARS CoV-2 pseudo-typed virus (PV). The cells, genotype, type of PV and other experimental variables are listed in column headers.Matching R markdown code to use these data to generate the figures in the linked manuscript are provided. These can be used by saving all the data files into a folder, from which there is a subfolder called "Analysis". The R code will then generate the figures and save analyses into that subfolder.AbstractCOVID-19 was initially considered a primarily respiratory disease but is now known to affect other organs including the heart and brain. A major route by which COVID-19 impacts different organs is via the vascular system. We studied the impact of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and inflammation on vascular infectivity by pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 viruses in mouse and human cultured endothelial cells and pericytes. Possessing the APOE4 allele or having existing systemic inflammation is known to enhance the severity of COVID-19. Using targeted replacement human APOE3 and APOE4 mice, and inflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) we investigated infection by SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show that infectivity was higher in murine cerebrovascular pericytes compared to endothelial cells, and higher in cultures expressing APOE4. Furthermore, increasing the inflammatory state of the cells by prior incubation with LPS increased infectivity into human and mouse pericytes, and human endothelial cells. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying severe COVID-19 infection, highlighting how risk factors such as APOE4 genotype and prior inflammation may exacerbate disease severity by augmenting the virus's ability to infect vascular cells.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2024
Provided To Others?	Yes
URL	https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_for_Risk_factors_for_severe_COVID-19_disease_incre...


Title	Full length cattle MHC genes
Description	Using our method for full length MHC gene amplification, the largest reference set ever produced from common haplotypes has been sequenced and deposited in the publicly available data IPD-MHC with associated research tools.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2020
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	None yet, but it will allow far greater resolution when analysing MHC polymorphism and evolution in cattle populations.
URL	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/mhc/group/BoLA/


Title	Method to detect the expression of repetitive genes
Description	Reconstructing expression levels of genes having a high repeat content is difficult, due to the impossibility of assigning RNA-sequencing that have multiple mappings to their correct originating location. In collaboration with the Immunogenetics group, the Integrative Biology and Bioinformatics groups are developing a data analysis method to circumvent the problem.The method has already been shown to be effective on some KIR genes in cattle. An essential component of the immune system, their family is rich in repeated members and repetitive regions, making the technique essential if one wants to study them.
Type Of Material	Data analysis technique
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	Being able to resolve the expression of repetitive genes, which are plentiful in most mammalian genomes, would be essential to the high-precision study of many important gene families, including most of the genes of the immune system. The technique has already proven itself effective on a real-life problem, and holds the potential to be extended to many more biological systems


Title	South-African buffalo FMDV sequences
Description	We have sequenced FMDV buffalo samples originated from a EEID project entitled: Persistence of a Highly Contagious Pathogen: Ecological and Evolutionary Mechanisms in Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus. This project aims to understand why a highly contagious pathogen such as FMDV, which induces a rapid host immunity and depletes the supply of susceptible host, is able to persist in isolated buffalo populations and thus avoid auto-extinction. The centre piece of the project is a cohort study which involves an established FMDV-positive breeding herd of ca. 70 buffalo in a 900-hectare enclosure surrounded by double game fencing housing buffalo in isolation from other herds in the Kruger National Park (South Africa). The entire herd is being monitored for three years (animals are sampled every 2 months (serum, tonsil swabs, probang) to trace FMDV transmission events, allowing us to define FMD infection dynamics across the susceptible calf cohorts and amongst adults. So far, FMDV genomes from 101 samples have been deep sequenced by illumina. Samples from the last year captures are currently being analysed and virus is currently being isolated. The second experiment is an experimental study, which involves a group of naïve buffalo experimentally infected with either a SAT-1, SAT-2 or SAT-3 virus. The infected buffalo were then allowed to mingle with susceptible animals and transmission of FMDV to naïve animals was monitored during the acute infection but also from persistently infected animals. So far, FMDV genomes from 48 samples obtained at days 2, 30 and 160 of the experiment have been deep sequenced.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2019
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	The samples sequenced come from South Africa, which is an LMIC, While FMDV infection in cattle is very well studied, the mechanisms of persistence in buffalo, which is thought to be the natural reservoir of the infection, are not well understood. Such understanding would be essential to inform better policies to understand and manage FMDV, which is an economically important scourge of cloven hooved animals in LMICs. All the sequences will be made available on the Transboundary Portal which is being developed at Pirbright.


Title	Viral assembly pipeline
Description	The Integrative Biology and Bioinformatics group has developed a data analysis pipeline to obtain sensitive and robust viral assemblies out of high-throughput sequencing data. In spite of the relatively short genomic length of most viruses, assembling of viral sequences can be challenging due to several reasons, such as: low amount of material in the sample, which might require amplification, introducing biases, and/or generates low-quality sequences; uneven coverage due to low-quality material or the genomic material of the virus being RNA; the viral nucleic acid being almost lost in the background of nucleic acid of the host. Our pipeline overcomes most of those problems, and is even able to detect different viral strains being present together in the same sample. It can also be used on metagenomic environmental samples.
Type Of Material	Data analysis technique
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	The pipeline is being deployed as the tool of choice for the nascent sequencing facility at Pirbright. It has been used by several groups at Pirbright, and the FMDV World Reference Lab, in order to assemble very different kinds of viruses.


Title	Viral variant calling pipeline
Description	The Integrative Biology and Bioinformatics group has developed a data analysis pipeline to obtain sensitive and robust variant calling for viral sequences out of high-throughput sequencing data. In spite of the relatively short genomic length of most viruses, calling variant for viral sequences can be challenging due to several reasons, such as: low amount of material in the sample, which might require amplification, introducing biases, and/or generates low-quality sequences; very high genome coverage, which slows down most existing variant callers; the presence of a potentially very high number of different haplotypes for RNA viruses, which is an unusual scenario in variant calling. Our fast and sensitive Bayesian pipeline overcomes most of those problems.
Type Of Material	Data analysis technique
Year Produced	2017
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	The pipeline is being deployed as the tool of choice for the nascent sequencing facility at Pirbright. It has been used by several groups at Pirbright, and the FMDV World Reference Lab, in order to assemble very different kinds of viruses.


Title	Zimbabwe FMDV sequences
Description	Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an acute vesicular disease in domestic cloven-hooved animals. However, in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) clinical disease is rarely observed and following infection virus is persistently carried in the oesophageal-pharyngeal area of the upper respiratory tract. During the 1990s oesophageal-pharyngeal scrapings were collected from free-living African buffalo in multiple herds in six different geographic areas of Zimbabwe. We sequenced over 140 FMD viruses each belonging to one of the Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes (SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3) from primary bovine thyroid cells.
Type Of Material	Database/Collection of data
Year Produced	2018
Provided To Others?	No
Impact	This dataset has been generated from samples collected in Zimbabwe, which is a low-income country. Those viral sequences will be essential to help elucidating the nature of persistent FMDV infection in African buffalo, which is supposed to be the main virus reservoir in vivo. As the samples track viral infection and evolution over several years and across a number of different herds in different national parks and conservatories, the dataset will also inform better animal management and conservation. A better understanding of FMDV persistence would also be essential to mitigate the economic burden generated by the disease, which is a scourge of cloven-hoofed animals in LMICs. All the sequences will be made available through the Transboundary Pathogen portal that is being developed at Pirbright.


Description	Aerosol delivery of vaccines and therapeutics
Organisation	Aerogen
Country	Ireland
Sector	Private
PI Contribution	Developed the pig influenza model which is a natural host pathogen system
Collaborator Contribution	Provided expertise and equipment for aerosol delivery
Impact	Successfully delivered vaccines by aerosol
Start Year	2015


Description	Anihwa Call 1
Organisation	Friedrich Loeffler Institute
Country	Germany
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	1. Conducted challenge experiments in goats to study pathogenicity. 2. Developed NGS technology to sequence PPR whole genome.
Collaborator Contribution	FLI has conducted transmission study between different species ( Goats, pig, camel). For the first time they showed that pigs are clinically infected by PPR virus.
Impact	Joint Publications
Start Year	2013


Description	Aviagen
Organisation	Aviagen
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Private
PI Contribution	Influenza virus expertise in poultry.
Collaborator Contribution	Sharing of commercial poultry breed resources
Impact	We have a sponsored PhD studentship to commence Oct 2021 agreed.
Start Year	2020


Description	Avian influenza H7N9 virus evolution: defining the impact of internal genes on virus infection in avian and mammalian species
Organisation	Animal and Plant Health Agency
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	Provision of samples and reagents for research
Collaborator Contribution	Provision of samples, reagents for research and research facilities
Impact	Research output entitled "A restriction digestion and ligation independent technique for cloning influenza gene segments into pHW2000" was presented at January 17th to 19th 2018. Fortuna Hotel, Lang Ha Street, Hanoi, VietNam (Presented by postdoctoral scientist Dr Sushant Bhat
Start Year	2016


Description	Avian influenza H7N9 virus evolution: defining the impact of internal genes on virus infection in avian and mammalian species
Organisation	Francis Crick Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	(1) Exchange of research methods and reagents
Collaborator Contribution	(1) Exchange of research methods and reagents. (2) Provision of training to PhD students and postdoctoral Scientist (3) Critical review of experimental data and manuscripts.
Impact	(1) Joint funding: BBSRC Newton Fund: UK-China-Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative (2018-2021). Understanding antigenic diversity, zoonotic potential and immunological prevention of avian influenza viruses affecting poultry. Value: £497,995.93. UK Co-Is: Prof John McCauley (Crick Institute), Dr Richard Reeve (University of Glasgow). Collaborators from China: Dr Yipeng Sun, Prof Jinhua Liu and Dr Juan Pu (China Agricultural University), Prof Yongqing Li (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and forestry Sciences), Dr Wenfei Zhu (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC).
Start Year	2007


Description	BBSRC - Oxford University iCASE Studentship (October 2019- September 2023). Production and assessment of antiviral prophylactic properties of natural biomolecules against avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses affecting poultry production
Organisation	University of Oxford
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	This collaboration between The Pirbright Institute (UK), Oxford University (UK) and industrial partners in Italy. This project will conceived and developed bu MI. The PhD student (Holly Everest) in my group is investigating the antiviral prophylactic properties of natural biomolecules against avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses affecting poultry production.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners in Italy will produce and purify natural antiviral molecules effective against avian influenza and other poultry viruses.
Impact	This project started in January 2020.
Start Year	2020


Description	Bridget Penman
Organisation	University of Warwick
Department	School of Life Sciences
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We are providing genetic data and diversity measures of MHC and associated receptors to inform the modelling efforts to elucidate which selection pressures are the main drivers for the types of diversity we see in extant species.
Collaborator Contribution	They are experts in mathmatical modelling and will provide data to help explain genetic diversity in cattle.
Impact	Not yet
Start Year	2017


Description	Challenge of transgenic chickens with influenza viruses
Organisation	Imperial College London
Department	Section of Virology
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have challenged transgenic chickens with recombinant avian influenza viruses to determine outcome; infectivity, transmission, pathogenicity, dissemination within host. We also processed the samples generated from these animal experiments at The Pirbright Institute.
Collaborator Contribution	Imperial College (Wendy Barclay and Mike Skinner) generated recombinant avian influenza viruses for challenge.
Impact	This collaboration has resulted in the successful award of a joint grant with imperial college aiming to carry out challenge experiments on novel transgenic chickens to facilitate control of avian influenza virus in the poultry population. BB/S007911/1 - Investigating the role of ANP32A in the replication of avian Influenza virus
Start Year	2018


Description	Chicken Microbiome - Robert La Ragione - University of Surrey
Organisation	University of Surrey
Department	School of Veterinary Medicine
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Providing sequencing data of gut microbiome from chickens infected with avian influenza viruses.
Collaborator Contribution	Sharing expertise in the analysis of microbiome data
Impact	Joint manuscripts and funding opportunities are being explored
Start Year	2019


Description	Collaboration studentship BTV
Organisation	University of Surrey
Department	Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Collaborative studentship with virologist at the University of Surrey, student registered at the University
Collaborator Contribution	Intellectual input, training of student
Impact	Thesis http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845643/
Start Year	2013


Description	Collaboration with John Innes Center (UK) on BTV VLP production
Organisation	John Innes Centre
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	None yet.
Collaborator Contribution	Collaborators at the JIC (GL group) are producing Bluetongue virus-like particles (in-king contribution) for us to analyse the B cell response post BTV vaccination in cattle.
Impact	None yet.
Start Year	2024


Description	Collaboration with University of Bristol
Organisation	University of Bristol
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We are collaborating on a PhD studentship to investigate "Rational development of the next generation of vaccines for Infectious Bronchitis Virus". We have sourced the funding and are hosting the student.
Collaborator Contribution	Our partners at Bristol are supervising the PhD student and we have monthly meetings to discuss project progress.
Impact	None yet.
Start Year	2024


Description	Collaboration with University of Cambridge
Organisation	University of Cambridge
Department	Virology
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have performed experiments with SARS-CoV-2 to investigate the host response to infection in vitro.
Collaborator Contribution	Our partners have led the research and we have published a paper detailing the results.
Impact	Information on the host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Echavarría-Consuegra L, Cook GM, Busnadiego I, Lefèvre C, Keep S, Brown K, Doyle N, Dowgier G, Franaszek K, Moore NA, Siddell SG, Bickerton E, Hale BG, Firth AE, Brierley I, Irigoyen N. Manipulation of the unfolded protein response: A pharmacological strategy against coronavirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2021 Jun 17;17(6):e1009644. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009644. PMID: 34138976; PMCID: PMC8211288.
Start Year	2020


Description	Collaboration with University of Cambridge
Organisation	University of Cambridge
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have performed in vitro experiments with infectious bronchitis virus, contributed to data analysis, preparation of manuscripts and discussed further funding opportunities.
Collaborator Contribution	Our partners have analysed viral transcription and translation, and host gene expression after infection of host cells with infectious bronchitis virus, prepared manuscripts and discussed further funding opportunities.
Impact	Dinan, A., Keep, S., Bickerton, E., Britton, P., Firth, A. and Brierley, I. (2019) Comparative analysis of gene expression in virulent and attenuated strains of infectious bronchitis virus at sub-codon resolution. J. Virol. 93(18) e00714-19. PhD studentship funding from The Pirbright Institute "Investigation of Canonical and Noncanonical Transcription during Coronavirus Replication" which commenced in 2021.
Start Year	2012


Description	Collaborative PhD student project on virus-bacteria-host-vector interaction
Organisation	University of Edinburgh
Department	The Roslin Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	This is a collaborative PhD studentship funded by The Pirbright Institute between Pirbright and the Roslin Institute. The student is investigating how bacteria or bacterial compounds will effect bluetongue virus replication in mammalian host cells with a specific emphasis on skin derived migratory cells. While mainly based at Pirbright the student will visit the Roslin Institute and spend some time in the lab of Prof. Jane Hope.
Collaborator Contribution	The student will carry out the main laboratory work at Pirbright including infection studies of ruminant primary host target cells in the presence/ absence of bacterial compounds. There will be regular meetings between the students and supervisors at Pirbright and at Roslin (at least monthly by skype) and the student will visit the Roslin group for specific work aspects such as flow cytometry of skin derived pseudo-afferent lymph cells. Roslin will also make cattle pseudo-afferent lymph cells available to the student and Pirbright for ex vivo BTV infection studies.
Impact	bacteriology, virology, immunology, virus-host interaction
Start Year	2019


Description	Collaborative project on identification of volatile organic chemicals in the body odour of sheep and cattle following bluetongue virus infection
Organisation	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Expertise in bluetongue virus infection of cattle and sheep and in-vivo animal infection studies plus Virology, Immunology and Entomology expertise especially for Culicoides -borne viruses, exploration of diagnostic methodologies to detect viral infections
Collaborator Contribution	Expertise in chemical ecology, identification of volatile organic chemicals released in the body odour of mammals, exploration of diagnostic application of VOC changes in response to infections
Impact	Successful application for external funding, project has now started as a collaborative BBSRC grant in 2021. This collaboration combines key disciplines of virology, veterinary medicine with chemical ecology and engineering.
Start Year	2020


Description	Commonwealth Scholarship. Molecular determinants impacting avian influenza H9N2 virus evolution, replication fitness and virulence
Organisation	Royal Veterinary College (RVC)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	I develop a research project proposal in which we are investigating how evolutionary changes in the H9N2 avian influenza virus modulate virus fitness and virulence in chickens. This PhD studentship project was funded by Commonwealth scholarship commission for 3 years.
Collaborator Contribution	The collaborating Partner Dr Nicola Lewis at Royal Veterinary College is a co-supervisor of the PhD student Thusitha Karunarathna. she provide necessary guidance to achieve prescribed objectives of this project.
Impact	The project is at its initial stage.
Start Year	2019


Description	Development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines
Organisation	Francis Crick Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The outcomes of research led to incite new collaborations with following partners in UK, Vietnam and Pakistan. Together with partners we apply for the collaborative research grant to BBSRC entitled "Combating avian influenza through systematic analysis of antigenic drift, genetic variation, and development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines". That led to further improvement avian influenza virus vaccines and diagnostics and a number of research publication.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners are evaluating the potency and efficacy of vaccines in countries where the disease is enzootic in poultry.
Impact	1. Peacock TP, Benton DJ, Sadeyen J-R, Chang P, Sealy JE.,d, Bryant JE, Martin SR., Shelton H, McCauley JW, Barclay WS, Iqbal M (2017) Variability in H9N2 haemagglutinin receptor binding preference and pH of fusion. Emerging Microbes & Infections 6, e11 2. Peacock T, Reddy K, James J, Adamiak B, Barclay W, Shelton H, Iqbal M (2016). Antigenic mapping of an H9N2 avian influenza virus reveals two discrete antigenic sites and a novel mechanism of immune escape. Scientific Reports 5: 18745. doi: 10.1038/srep18745. 3. Thuy DM, Peacock TP., Bich VTN, . Iqbal M, Juliet E. Bryant (2016). Prevalence and diversity of H9N2 avian influenza in chickens of Northern Vietnam, 2014. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 44: 530-540
Start Year	2014


Description	Development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines
Organisation	Imperial College London
Department	School of Public Health
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The outcomes of research led to incite new collaborations with following partners in UK, Vietnam and Pakistan. Together with partners we apply for the collaborative research grant to BBSRC entitled "Combating avian influenza through systematic analysis of antigenic drift, genetic variation, and development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines". That led to further improvement avian influenza virus vaccines and diagnostics and a number of research publication.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners are evaluating the potency and efficacy of vaccines in countries where the disease is enzootic in poultry.
Impact	1. Peacock TP, Benton DJ, Sadeyen J-R, Chang P, Sealy JE.,d, Bryant JE, Martin SR., Shelton H, McCauley JW, Barclay WS, Iqbal M (2017) Variability in H9N2 haemagglutinin receptor binding preference and pH of fusion. Emerging Microbes & Infections 6, e11 2. Peacock T, Reddy K, James J, Adamiak B, Barclay W, Shelton H, Iqbal M (2016). Antigenic mapping of an H9N2 avian influenza virus reveals two discrete antigenic sites and a novel mechanism of immune escape. Scientific Reports 5: 18745. doi: 10.1038/srep18745. 3. Thuy DM, Peacock TP., Bich VTN, . Iqbal M, Juliet E. Bryant (2016). Prevalence and diversity of H9N2 avian influenza in chickens of Northern Vietnam, 2014. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 44: 530-540
Start Year	2014


Description	Development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines
Organisation	National Agricultural Research Centre
Country	Pakistan
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	The outcomes of research led to incite new collaborations with following partners in UK, Vietnam and Pakistan. Together with partners we apply for the collaborative research grant to BBSRC entitled "Combating avian influenza through systematic analysis of antigenic drift, genetic variation, and development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines". That led to further improvement avian influenza virus vaccines and diagnostics and a number of research publication.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners are evaluating the potency and efficacy of vaccines in countries where the disease is enzootic in poultry.
Impact	1. Peacock TP, Benton DJ, Sadeyen J-R, Chang P, Sealy JE.,d, Bryant JE, Martin SR., Shelton H, McCauley JW, Barclay WS, Iqbal M (2017) Variability in H9N2 haemagglutinin receptor binding preference and pH of fusion. Emerging Microbes & Infections 6, e11 2. Peacock T, Reddy K, James J, Adamiak B, Barclay W, Shelton H, Iqbal M (2016). Antigenic mapping of an H9N2 avian influenza virus reveals two discrete antigenic sites and a novel mechanism of immune escape. Scientific Reports 5: 18745. doi: 10.1038/srep18745. 3. Thuy DM, Peacock TP., Bich VTN, . Iqbal M, Juliet E. Bryant (2016). Prevalence and diversity of H9N2 avian influenza in chickens of Northern Vietnam, 2014. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 44: 530-540
Start Year	2014


Description	Development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines
Organisation	University of Oxford
Department	Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Vietnam (OUCRU)
Country	Viet Nam
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The outcomes of research led to incite new collaborations with following partners in UK, Vietnam and Pakistan. Together with partners we apply for the collaborative research grant to BBSRC entitled "Combating avian influenza through systematic analysis of antigenic drift, genetic variation, and development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines". That led to further improvement avian influenza virus vaccines and diagnostics and a number of research publication.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners are evaluating the potency and efficacy of vaccines in countries where the disease is enzootic in poultry.
Impact	1. Peacock TP, Benton DJ, Sadeyen J-R, Chang P, Sealy JE.,d, Bryant JE, Martin SR., Shelton H, McCauley JW, Barclay WS, Iqbal M (2017) Variability in H9N2 haemagglutinin receptor binding preference and pH of fusion. Emerging Microbes & Infections 6, e11 2. Peacock T, Reddy K, James J, Adamiak B, Barclay W, Shelton H, Iqbal M (2016). Antigenic mapping of an H9N2 avian influenza virus reveals two discrete antigenic sites and a novel mechanism of immune escape. Scientific Reports 5: 18745. doi: 10.1038/srep18745. 3. Thuy DM, Peacock TP., Bich VTN, . Iqbal M, Juliet E. Bryant (2016). Prevalence and diversity of H9N2 avian influenza in chickens of Northern Vietnam, 2014. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 44: 530-540
Start Year	2014


Description	Development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines
Organisation	University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Country	Pakistan
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The outcomes of research led to incite new collaborations with following partners in UK, Vietnam and Pakistan. Together with partners we apply for the collaborative research grant to BBSRC entitled "Combating avian influenza through systematic analysis of antigenic drift, genetic variation, and development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines". That led to further improvement avian influenza virus vaccines and diagnostics and a number of research publication.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners are evaluating the potency and efficacy of vaccines in countries where the disease is enzootic in poultry.
Impact	1. Peacock TP, Benton DJ, Sadeyen J-R, Chang P, Sealy JE.,d, Bryant JE, Martin SR., Shelton H, McCauley JW, Barclay WS, Iqbal M (2017) Variability in H9N2 haemagglutinin receptor binding preference and pH of fusion. Emerging Microbes & Infections 6, e11 2. Peacock T, Reddy K, James J, Adamiak B, Barclay W, Shelton H, Iqbal M (2016). Antigenic mapping of an H9N2 avian influenza virus reveals two discrete antigenic sites and a novel mechanism of immune escape. Scientific Reports 5: 18745. doi: 10.1038/srep18745. 3. Thuy DM, Peacock TP., Bich VTN, . Iqbal M, Juliet E. Bryant (2016). Prevalence and diversity of H9N2 avian influenza in chickens of Northern Vietnam, 2014. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 44: 530-540
Start Year	2014


Description	Development of tetramers in the Babraham pig model
Organisation	Cardiff University
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Developed the aerosol delivery method of vaccine and provided material (spleen, BAL and blood) from inbred animals (Babraham pigs) following immunisation with the candidate universal vaccine, S-FLU.
Collaborator Contribution	Developed porcine influenza specific class I tetramers and provided the epitope map of Babrahams S-Flu responses to NP, M1, M2, PB1 and PB2 that could be presented by SLA-1 or SLA-2 Grew pig T cell clones for the first time in 30 years.
Impact	Multidisciplinary - immunology, virology, protein chemistry. Paper not yet published
Start Year	2014


Description	Dr Carol Cardona, University of Minnesota- avian influenza virus challenge of IBDV or mock-infected chickens
Organisation	University of Minnesota
Country	United States
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We will challenge birds that have been exposed to IBDV, or mock exposed, with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains to determine how IBDV-mediated immunosuppression impacts upon HPAI infection in chickens.
Collaborator Contribution	Dr Cardona's group will challenge birds that have been exposed to IBDV, or mock exposed, with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strains to determine how IBDV-mediated immunosuppression impacts upon LPAI infection in chickens.
Impact	we have been successful in obtaining funding (Grant Ref: BB/T008806/1)
Start Year	2019


Description	Dr Caroline Denesvere
Organisation	French National Institute of Agricultural Research
Department	INRA Loire Valley Centre
Country	France
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	Worked together to establish a collaboration on development of feather follicular stem cell lines as a platform for the generation of cell-free vaccine against Marek's disease virus.
Collaborator Contribution	Provided expertise on cell free Marek's disease and microscopic evaluation of cells generating the virus.
Impact	Generation of data leading to a successful BBSRC IPA grant application
Start Year	2020


Description	Dr Holly Shelton, The Pirbright Institute- avian influenza virus challenge of IBDV or mock-infected chickens
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We will expose birds to IBDV, compared to mock controls
Collaborator Contribution	Holly will train my group in conducting studies with avian influenza viruses and, together, we will challenge birds with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains to determine how IBDV-mediated immunosuppression impacts upon HPAI infection in chickens.
Impact	we have been successful in obtaining funding (Grant Ref: BB/T008806/1)
Start Year	2019


Description	Dr Liam Morrison
Organisation	University of Edinburgh
Department	The Roslin Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Analysis is single cattle B cell antibody sequences
Collaborator Contribution	Single cattle B cell antibody sequences
Impact	None as yet
Start Year	2019


Description	Dr Michael Skinner, Imperial College London
Organisation	Imperial College London
Department	Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We aim to compare the host transcriptional response of primary chicken B cells infected with different strains of IBDV of varying virulence. We have the specialist reagents and expertise in house that are required to culture primary chicken B cells, and we have access to different strains of IBDV.
Collaborator Contribution	Dr Michael Skinner and his team at Imperial College London have the expertise and facilities to generate and analyse RNA-Seq data in order to determine host transcriptional responses. This is required in order to complete the aim of the project.
Impact	Further funding: PhD studentship (£102,800) - Dr Andrew Broadbent at The Pirbright Institute and Dr Michael Skinner at Imperial College London are joint supervisors for a PhD student working on this project. Further Funding: Houghton Trust (£8,000)- Dr Andrew Broadbent was awarded a Houghton Trust Small Research Grant to contribute to this project. Further funding: NC3Rs (Grant Ref: NC/R001138/1)
Start Year	2014


Description	Dr. John D. Phillips
Organisation	University of Utah
Department	School of Medicine Utah
Country	United States
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Additional IAA funding for long-read sequencing, assembly, and analysis of Babraham genome and transcriptome
Collaborator Contribution	Long- and short-read sequencing and assembly of Babraham genome.
Impact	Manuscript in BioRxiv. Genome assembly and reads publicly available through GenBank.
Start Year	2016


Description	Dr. Michelle Baker
Organisation	Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Country	Australia
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	Analysis of bat MHC and NK cell receptor gene diversity.
Collaborator Contribution	Analysis of bat MHC and NK cell receptor gene diversity.
Impact	None yet.
Start Year	2024


Description	Dr. Sabine Hammer
Organisation	University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
Country	Austria
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Characterization of pig MHC, TCR, and WC1 genes
Collaborator Contribution	Characterization of pig MHC, TCR, and WC1 genes
Impact	Two manuscripts (DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104214; 10.1111/tan.13281) in 2018 and 2021.
Start Year	2016


Description	Efficacy of a candidate universal influenza vaccine, S-FLU.
Organisation	University of Oxford
Department	Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Tested the immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate universal influenza vaccine, S-FLU, in pigs. For the first time we demonstrated that S-FLU when administered by aerosol can reduce viral load in nasal swabs and lung in pigs after influenza virus challenge. We have shown that the most efficient way to administer this vaccine is by aerosol.
Collaborator Contribution	Professor Alain Townsend has developed the S-FLU vaccine.
Impact	The most efficient way to induce immune response in the lung is after aerosol delivery of LAIV vaccines in pigs. The most efficient way to induce cross-protective immunity is by aerosol delivery of S-FLU to the lungs of pigs
Start Year	2014


Description	Evaluate the potential of AstraZeneca's sialic acid tag technology for treating influenza viruses with Fc molecules
Organisation	Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Department	Parasite Immunology Liverpool
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	Established partnership to investigate the antiviral properties of novel antiviral ( fragment-crystallisable (Fc) molecules) compounds that potentially block influenza virus infection. These compounds will be used to test their antiviral activity against avian influenza and Newcastle Disease virus that are causing sever economic looses to the poultry industry.
Collaborator Contribution	The Partners have developed these antiviral compounds and showed that these compounds bids to specific cell surface receptors that are required by the virus to bind to and enter into the cell to cause infection.
Impact	Project is just started
Start Year	2022


Description	Exploiting novel porcine macrophage cell lines and ASFV virulence factors
Organisation	University of Plymouth
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	My team has developed gene-deleted African swine fever viruses in order to study the role of these virus genes in virus replication and modulation of host responses. These gene-deleted viruses are also being evaluated as candidate live attenuated vaccines.
Collaborator Contribution	University of Plymouth provided novel porcine macrophage cell lines to evaluate their susceptibility to African swine fever virus (ASFV) replication and as tools for ASFV research, vaccine development and diagnosis. These cell lines are being further characterized and developed by our partners at University of Plymouth.
Impact	Multi-disciplinary: Virology, Immunology, Cell biology, Vaccinology
Start Year	2019


Description	Exploiting novel porcine macrophage cell lines and ASFV virulence factors
Organisation	Zoetis
Country	United States
Sector	Private
PI Contribution	The Pirbright Research Team is constructing gene deleted African swine fever viruses and is testing these in pig macrophage primary cell cultures and using novel pig macrophage cell lines from University of Plymouth. These are also being tested in pigs in immunization and challenge vaccination experiments.
Collaborator Contribution	Zoetis will establish conditions for scaling up of the novel pig macrophage cell lines in a commercial setting.
Impact	Multi-disciplinary: Virology, cell biology, pathogenesis, immunology, vaccinology
Start Year	2015


Description	FLU-Trailmap: Transmission and risk of avian influenza: learning more to advance preparedness
Organisation	Animal and Plant Health Agency
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	This project brought together eight leading scientific organizations in the UK to develop strategies for mitigating bird flu. Its main objective is to devise tools that bridge significant knowledge gaps concerning the virus's prevalence in wild birds and the factors leading to its emergence in poultry. We are exploring molecular determinants potentially related to changes in virus virulence, antigenicity, cross-species transmission, and the capacity to infect humans.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners provided field samples and sequence data of viruses isolated from disease outbreaks. This data was used to identify molecular determinants linked to virus phenotype changes.
Impact	At the frontline, ethnographic surveys were designed and implemented to understand farmers perceptions of farm biosecurity. Studies highlighted the need for an improved understanding of key biosecurity risk points and the implementation of effective biosecurity practices. Outputs showed that high quality facilities and management systems can be undermined by weaknesses in procedural compliance. As such, targeted farm worker education could help mitigate against future incursions which will be addressed in the follow-on research programme, FLUTRAILMAP. Recent work indicates that farm-to-farm spread is rare and that the virus is not spread long distances as an aerosol. Linked to biosecurity, virulence for poultry and the potential role of airborne spread of the virus was evaluated. Active sampling on infected premises across different hosts supported the experimental evaluation of pathogenesis and transmission (FLUMAP: Pathogenesis) by demonstrating that this virus is not spread long distances by the aerosol route (FLUMAP: Aerosol). Further, studies demonstrated that different bird species represent different risk levels for excretion of infectious material and potential transmission routes (FLUMAP: Gannets; FLUMAP: Environment; Pheasants). Ultimately, experimental, field and genetic data supported a lack of aerosol spread between premises. In support of this, genetic analysis of over 800 full bird flu virus genomes demonstrated that farm-to-farm spread was very rare with independent incursions from wild birds driving infection in poultry (FLUMAP: Genetics; Phylodynamics). Several genetic characteristics were identified that expanded our knowledge, explaining the explosive success of the current H5N1 bird flu viruses to spread fast and infect a greater range of bird species including a shift of infection dynamics to affect seabirds (FLUMAP: Infection dynamics) and via long distance and transatlantic spread (Transatlantic). These traits have contributed to the current H5N1 viruses having increased fitness across multiple species. Contemporary H5N1 viruses have enhanced fitness to infect, transmit and persist in birds, but remain of low risk to humans (FLUMAP: Characterization; Human Case). This project has defined a role for multiple virus genes which have switched and evolved over time to act together in a highly efficient manner. To better understand key species that may tolerate infection with this virus in the absence of clinical disease, sampling of hunter harvested wild birds was undertaken. Virus positive birds were detected in a small subset of Teal, Wigeon, and Pink-Footed Geese although carcasses were not available to evaluate the distribution of virus in these birds (Healthy birds). Further assessment of different avian species using this approach are planned. Gannet populations around the UK have been severely impacted by High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI), at Bass Rock the number of occupied nest sites decreased by over 70%. Linked to the detection of the virus in apparently healthy birds, interrogating survival from infection, and in particular the role of antibodies in birds that may have been infected, but survived infection was a key interest (FLUMAP: Gannets). FLUMAP has enabled the development of a suite of laboratory tools that will enable us to dissect the immune response in birds that may have been exposed to multiple and different influenza viruses in their lifetime. Tools are now available to dissect antibody responses to each of the two different viral surface proteins (both individually and in tandem). How these two different viral coat proteins interact with each other and what optimal protein combinations mean with respect to stability of interaction has also been assessed. These tools will enable a better understanding of how different key surface proteins drive immune responses and what that means where viruses emerge containing different coat proteins. The periodic switching of the neuraminidase (NA) protein (i.e., N8 to N1) is an important factor in influencing the emergence of new strains and the tools developed in FLUMAP will enable the impact of these genetic reassortment events to be assessed. Whilst further outputs are realised from the FLUMAP project, the follow-on project, FLUTRAILMAP, will enable the application of these data to this continually emerging global situation and will enable better prevention and mitigation approaches to be defined.
Start Year	2023


Description	Horizon Discovery Ltd Cambridge Research Park, United Kingdom
Organisation	Horizon Discovery Group plc
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Private
PI Contribution	Verify IFITM knock-out cell by qPCR and immuno-blotting. Verification of further knock-out cell lines by DNA sequencing, immuno-blotting and qPCR Cell infection with Avian Influenza Viruses Assess the viral titre of cells infected with Influenza Viruses in K/O and wildtype cells. Quantitative analysis of viral infection in IFITM K/O cells Demonstrate increased AIV viral titres at lab scale and estimation of what this may equate to with respect to vaccine dose yields. Analysis of IFITM K/O cell lines permissivity to a range of additional animal viruses (Relevant to the LVIF). Milestone 7: Demonstrate permissivity increased and viral titres for a range of LVIF relevant viruses in the edited cell lines.
Collaborator Contribution	Develop a CRISPR/cas9 gene editing system to specifically target the chIFITM locus in avian cell culture
Impact	Grant funding
Start Year	2017


Description	ILRI Research Collaboration (Kenya, March 2017)
Organisation	International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
Country	Kenya
Sector	Charity/Non Profit
PI Contribution	Exchange of ideas and samples for indigenous breeds of livestock
Collaborator Contribution	Contributed samples for analysis.
Impact	Analysis of indigenous breed genomic sequences for Immune function genes.
Start Year	2017


Description	Identification of conserved B-cell epitopes of highly pathogenic coronaviruses for broadspectrum immunotherapy and vaccine design.
Organisation	Imperial College London
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have performed experiments to generate preliminary data for a collaborative grant application, contributed to the writing of the grant proposal and responded to reviewers comments.
Collaborator Contribution	My collaborators have performed experiments to generate preliminary data for a collaborative grant application, contributed to the writing of the grant proposal and responded to reviewers comments.
Impact	Submission of proposal entitled "Identification of conserved B-cell epitopes of highly pathogenic coronaviruses for broadspectrum immunotherapy and vaccine design" to the "One Health Approaches to Accelerate Vaccine Development" call that forms part of the UK government's commitment to Official Development Assistance (ODA) in October 2017.
Start Year	2017


Description	Identification of conserved B-cell epitopes of highly pathogenic coronaviruses for broadspectrum immunotherapy and vaccine design.
Organisation	University of Kent
Country	United Kingdom
PI Contribution	We have performed experiments to generate preliminary data for a collaborative grant application, contributed to the writing of the grant proposal and responded to reviewers comments.
Collaborator Contribution	My collaborators have performed experiments to generate preliminary data for a collaborative grant application, contributed to the writing of the grant proposal and responded to reviewers comments.
Impact	Submission of proposal entitled "Identification of conserved B-cell epitopes of highly pathogenic coronaviruses for broadspectrum immunotherapy and vaccine design" to the "One Health Approaches to Accelerate Vaccine Development" call that forms part of the UK government's commitment to Official Development Assistance (ODA) in October 2017.
Start Year	2017


Description	Identification of genetic markers in the haemagglutinin glycoprotein critical for antigenic activity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses.
Organisation	Francis Crick Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	d provision of reagents and virus samples.
Collaborator Contribution	Technical training to PhD students and use of research facilities
Impact	(1) Talk: Avian influenza virus evolution: immune escape, increase in zoonotic potential and fitness in poultry. Presented at "Prevention and Control Techniques for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry", 27th 29th August 2017, Beijing, China. (2) Impact of avian influenza virus evolution on antigenicity and zoonotic infection potential. Presented at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan on 23rd August 2017. (3). Molecular determinants of H9N2 avian influenza virus influencing antigenicity and receptor binding. Presented at CERAD (Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases), 3rd Symposium Recent Advances in Avian Disease Research. 31st August - 1st September 2017 at the Harbour Hotel, Alexandra Terrace, Guildford, Surrey, UK. (4) Overview of ongoing research on Poultry diseases in United Kingdom. Presented as at International poultry Stakeholders work on poultry biosecurity in Sri Lanka from 26th February to 3rd March 2017. (5). Evolutionary fitness of avian influenza viruses and development of improved vaccines and diagnostics. Presented as invited seminar speaker at RVC (Hawkshead Campus), UK. 19th October 2016.
Start Year	2012


Description	Identification of genetic markers in the haemagglutinin glycoprotein critical for antigenic activity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses.
Organisation	Imperial College London
Department	Section of Virology
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	d provision of reagents and virus samples.
Collaborator Contribution	Technical training to PhD students and use of research facilities
Impact	(1) Talk: Avian influenza virus evolution: immune escape, increase in zoonotic potential and fitness in poultry. Presented at "Prevention and Control Techniques for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry", 27th 29th August 2017, Beijing, China. (2) Impact of avian influenza virus evolution on antigenicity and zoonotic infection potential. Presented at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan on 23rd August 2017. (3). Molecular determinants of H9N2 avian influenza virus influencing antigenicity and receptor binding. Presented at CERAD (Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases), 3rd Symposium Recent Advances in Avian Disease Research. 31st August - 1st September 2017 at the Harbour Hotel, Alexandra Terrace, Guildford, Surrey, UK. (4) Overview of ongoing research on Poultry diseases in United Kingdom. Presented as at International poultry Stakeholders work on poultry biosecurity in Sri Lanka from 26th February to 3rd March 2017. (5). Evolutionary fitness of avian influenza viruses and development of improved vaccines and diagnostics. Presented as invited seminar speaker at RVC (Hawkshead Campus), UK. 19th October 2016.
Start Year	2012


Description	Improving vaccines and diagnostics for avian influenza viruses
Organisation	Zagazig University
Country	Egypt
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Provision of Research training, analysis of field samples
Collaborator Contribution	Provision of Field data and samples
Impact	Characterisation of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin from Egyptian Chicken Flocks during 2016 Outbreaks. Presented at Global Alliance for Research on Avian Diseases conference. Hanoi, VietNam17-19 January 2018.
Start Year	2017


Description	Industrial partnership-Aviagen 2018
Organisation	Aviagen Group
Country	United States
Sector	Private
PI Contribution	We have established a significant industrial partnership with Aviagen group Ltd. The nature of this work remains confidential.
Collaborator Contribution	The nature of this work remains confidential.
Impact	The nature of this work remains confidential.
Start Year	2018


Description	Interferon stimulated genes
Organisation	Royal Veterinary College (RVC)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Hosted meetings and carried out preliminary experiments
Collaborator Contribution	Contributed reagents and expertise
Impact	Preliminary data was used to support an MSc project. This has since led to a publication and a PhD project.
Start Year	2016


Description	Investigating antigenic determinants inducing stronger and broader cross-protective immunity among H5 avian influenza viruses
Organisation	Royal Veterinary College (RVC)
Department	Veterinary Basic Sciences
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The overarching aims of the proposed research are to improve controls against H5 subtype of avian influenza viruses infecting poultry by investigating underlying mechanisms that define how vaccines renders effectiveness and develop novel approaches enhancing the effectiveness of H5 avian influenza vaccines. We recently generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognise a variety of different clades of H5 viruses. Propagation of AIV in eggs or cultured cells together with mAbs drives virus to escape from mAbs neutralisation activity. These classical virus neutralization assays (VN) followed by HA gene sequence analysis allowed us to defined the role of amino acid substitutions that are associated with evasion of antibody neutralization through emergence of antigenic variants and failure of vaccine efficacy.
Collaborator Contribution	provided intellectual input for achieving prescribed objectives of this work.
Impact	Talk entitled "Molecular determinants for antigenicity and vaccine efficacy of avian influenza viruses" was presented at Newton Agham Researcher Links Workshop " Novel Vaccines and Diagnostic Technologies against Emerging and re-emerging Veterinary Pathogens" at Rizal Park Hotel, Manila, Philippines, 4-7 February 2019.
Start Year	2019


Description	Investigating antigenic determinants inducing stronger and broader cross-protective immunity among H5 avian influenza viruses.
Organisation	Royal Veterinary College (RVC)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We developed research programme to characterise diversity of antigenic epitopes induce protective immunity in chickens against H5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses.
Collaborator Contribution	Collaborating partner Dr Nicola Lewis at Royal Veterinary College provide advise to on cartography programme to visualize the antigenic similarity or difference among different strains of influenza viruses.
Impact	The work under this collaborative determined the antigenic differences among different clades of H5 avian influenza viruses circulating in birds. This project is multi-disciplinary. our laboratory mainly work on virology and immunology part of the project and we seek help on computer modeling part from the collaborating partner Dr Nicola Lewis.
Start Year	2019


Description	Investigating the role of the SH protein of RSV in the duration of immunity
Organisation	Imperial College London
Department	Department of Medicine
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We provided initial data supporting the hypothesis that the small hydrophobic protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus regulates the host's immune response by modulating the transcription factors NF-kB and STAT1 in bovine cells
Collaborator Contribution	Based on our results, Imperial has began investigating the role of the small hydrophobic protein of human respiratory syncytial virus on human cells.
Impact	Publication in progress titled "Regulation of the B cell activating factor BAFF by the small hydrophobic protein of respiratory syncytial virus".
Start Year	2017


Description	Janet Daly & Stephen Dunham- PI3K pathway and influenza
Organisation	University of Nottingham
Department	School of Veterinary Medicine and Science Nottingham
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Preliminary data was produced by Pirbright using reverse genetics of avian influenza viruses to secure a 50:50 funded PhD studentship that will commence in October 2020 entitled "Understanding the importance of the PI3K pathway in modulating influenza virus replication in chickens and ducks".
Collaborator Contribution	Preliminary data was produced by University of Nottingham using PI3K p85 subunit pulldowns to secure a 50:50 funded PhD studentship that will commence in October 2020 entitled "Understanding the importance of the PI3K pathway in modulating influenza virus replication in chickens and ducks".
Impact	Funding for a PhD studentship entitled "Understanding the importance of the PI3K pathway in modulating influenza virus replication in chickens and ducks".
Start Year	2019


Description	Loren Skow, Texas A&M
Organisation	Texas A&M University-Central Texas
Country	United States
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We are sequencing extended MHC haplotypes from cattle samples that have previously been typed by low resolution SNPs
Collaborator Contribution	Providing samples and SNP data for animals with known phenotypes.
Impact	Not yet
Start Year	2017


Description	Mapping ligand binding domain on African swine fever virus CD2v protein
Organisation	University of Oxford
Department	Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Testing of mutant versions of CD2v extracellular domain for ability to bind to red blood cells
Collaborator Contribution	Produced predicted model of CD2v extracellular domain and selected mutations to be made
Impact	Preliminary results for publication and future funding application
Start Year	2018


Description	Microbial products in insect saliva and effects on virus infection enhancement
Organisation	Boston University School of Medicine
Country	United States
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Sharing of results on the discovery of bacterial LPS in Culicoides saliva and its infection enhancing effect on BTV in bovine monocytes. Discussion of future work and comparison of the results to other insect transmitted viruses including those of high importance to humans
Collaborator Contribution	Sharing of data from their portfolio on mosquito saliva effects on virus infectivity and replication. Comparison of methodology and discussion of future collaborations
Impact	On-going sharing of results and discussion of future experiments - collaborator left academia to work in industry. Contact still remains.
Start Year	2018


Description	Molecular epidemiology of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Vietnam and Pakistan.
Organisation	Royal Veterinary College (RVC)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Exchange of technical ideas, reagents and samples.
Collaborator Contribution	Provision of field samples and data on avian influenza infection in poultry. This diseases is endemic in poultry in Pakistan.
Impact	(1) Increased receptor binding avidity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses is associated with escape from antibody based immunity and enhanced zoonotic potential. presented by Joshua Sealy at GARAD and ZELS conferences in Haneoi, Vietnam from 17-27 January 2018.
Start Year	2008


Description	Molecular epidemiology of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Vietnam and Pakistan.
Organisation	University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
Department	Department of Microbiology
Country	Pakistan
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Exchange of technical ideas, reagents and samples.
Collaborator Contribution	Provision of field samples and data on avian influenza infection in poultry. This diseases is endemic in poultry in Pakistan.
Impact	(1) Increased receptor binding avidity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses is associated with escape from antibody based immunity and enhanced zoonotic potential. presented by Joshua Sealy at GARAD and ZELS conferences in Haneoi, Vietnam from 17-27 January 2018.
Start Year	2008


Description	Morphological differences of Influenza A viruses
Organisation	University of Edinburgh
Department	The Roslin Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Exchange of research methods and reagents
Collaborator Contribution	(1) Exchange of reagents and Research methods.(2) training of PhD students and Postdoctoral Scientists (3) use of research facilities
Impact	Research output were presented at Avian Influenza A virus budding morphology: spherical or filamentous? presented at The European Scientific Working group on Influenza (ESWI) Riga, Latvia. 10 to 13 September 2017 (2) .Budding morphology of avian influenza A viruses. Microbiology Society, annual Conference 2017, 306 April, EICC, Edinburggh, UK
Start Year	2016


Description	Mucosally Associated Invariant T cells (MAIT) in pig influenza model
Organisation	University of Oxford
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Identified MAIT cells in pig Influenza model. Provide samples from infected and immunised protected animals
Collaborator Contribution	Provide expertise in characterising MAIT: development of tetramer; Zell scanner technology allowing high resolution studies of cell phenotype and functions
Impact	Joint PhD studentship with Paul Klenerman, University of Oxford
Start Year	2016


Description	Novel PRRS and swine influenza vaccines
Organisation	National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)
Country	Thailand
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	Expertise in PRRS immunology and vaccine evaluation.
Collaborator Contribution	Novel vaccine strains and SE Asian field strains
Impact	Collaborative grant proposal funded under the BBSRC Newton Fund UK-China-Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative
Start Year	2017


Description	PARTNERSHIP: Nanoparticle Vaccines Against Emerging Poultry Infections
Organisation	University of Wisconsin-Madison
Department	Department of Pathobiological Sciences
Country	United States
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We established a joint project with School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. My team will contribute in the development of Novel Target antigen delivery vaccines that selectively delivers antigens to the chicken immune cells and induces faster and stronger immune responses in vaccinated chickens.
Collaborator Contribution	The partner developed a novel DNA nano-vaccine platform. This partnership will merge both technologies to enhance both the potency and delivery systems for poultry vaccines.
Impact	The partnership submitted a joint research grant proposal to USDA-NIFA-AFRI (Program A1181 Agricultural Biosecurity) entitled "Partnership: Nanoparticle Vaccines Against Emerging Poultry Infections". This grant proposal has been approved by the funders.
Start Year	2022


Description	PRRS and Influenza co-nfection studies
Organisation	Government of Thailand
Department	National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)
Country	Thailand
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	The Pirbright team of 4 scientists with expertise in immunology and animal care visited Thailand in July 2018 to train Thai colleagues to perform animal experiments (Chiang Mai) and analyse immune responses by ELISPOT and Flow cytometry (Bangkok). This provided Thailand with trained personnel and expertise in testing vaccines in pigs. As a result of the joint work, the Chiang Mai animal facility is currently being renovated. Development of such an animal facility will promote the production and testing of more vaccines by Thai scientists.
Collaborator Contribution	Our Thai colleagues provided us with local Thai PRRS and Influenza virus strains which we use in our co-infection studies.
Impact	None yet
Start Year	2018


Description	Partnering with National Taiwan University
Organisation	National Taiwan University
Country	Taiwan, Province of China
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have prepared and submitted an application for a BBSRC-Taiwan Partnering Award to study "Assembly of Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Determination of Antigenic Sites that Confer Hemagglutination Activity".
Collaborator Contribution	The partners conceived the project and got in contact about submitting an application for funding together.
Impact	An application has been made for a BBSRC-Taiwan Partnering Award in November 2018.
Start Year	2018


Description	Pathology of BTV in T cell depleted sheep
Organisation	University of Surrey
Department	School of Veterinary Medicine
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Carrying out animal studies, taking samples for histopathology and sending material
Collaborator Contribution	Certified pathologist will attend selected necropsies, sample processing and pathological analysis
Impact	Protocols and sample sending established - first clinical trial to start in March 2018
Start Year	2017


Description	Pathology of bovine skin post Culicoides midge blood-feeding
Organisation	University of Surrey
Department	School of Veterinary Medicine
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Collection of skin samples from cattle responding with local inflammation to Culicoides biting midges blood feeding, sending of materials
Collaborator Contribution	Processing of samples, histopathological analysis, sharing of results
Impact	Further identification of cellular and histological local changes in ruminant skin to Culicoides blood-feeing which will inform pathogenesis of co-transmitted arboviruses such as BTV
Start Year	2017


Description	Paul Digard - The Roslin Insititute
Organisation	University of Edinburgh
Department	The Roslin Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We generated constructs that express PB1-F2 from a variety of avian influenza strains in eukaryotic expression plasmids. We generated Chimera PB1-F2 expression plasmids where the C-terminus of the PB1-F2 are switched between strains. Using these plasmids we have determined the localization and antagonist activity toward the IFN beta signaling pathway and NF-kb signaling pathway in human and chicken cells. We have therefore provided reagents and intellectual input to the collaboration.
Collaborator Contribution	Our collaborators have used these plasmids in there well defined stability assays to determine sequence specific effects on this characteristic. Intellectual input and expertise in a particular assay were made by these collaborators.
Impact	We have successfully published some of this work; "The cellular localization of avian influenza virus PB1-F2 protein alters the magnitude of IFN2 promoter and NF?B-dependent promoter antagonism in chicken cells." doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001220. We have an ongoing joint PhD studentship in this area. This collaboration remains current and active.
Start Year	2017


Description	Pepscan - screening antibody responses against peptide conformational epitopes from different IBDV genogroups
Organisation	Pepscan
Country	Netherlands
Sector	Private
PI Contribution	We have provided Pepscan with serum from birds vaccinated with IBDV
Collaborator Contribution	Pepscan have created14 CLIPS(TM) arrays, from viruses representing the different IBDV genogroups worldwide. They will screen the serum we provided to determine conserved conformational epitopes.
Impact	no outputs yet
Start Year	2020


Description	Placement Studentship: Production and characterisation of nanobodies recognising avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus surface glycoproteins using phage display technology
Organisation	University of Bath
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Studentship allocated to Roddy Brookes producing and characterising llama nanobodies which recognise avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus surface glycoproteins, using our established methods of phage display technology.
Collaborator Contribution	Supervisory contributions, expertise and research guidance for undergraduate placement, attributed to the Bachelor of Science award.
Impact	On-going.
Start Year	2023


Description	Policy advice to DEFRA (JH)
Organisation	Department For Environment, Food And Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	Reviewed outline policy to be proposed to government.
Collaborator Contribution	Reviewed outline policy to be proposed to government.
Impact	n/a
Start Year	2022


Description	Prof. Jayne Hope
Organisation	University of Edinburgh
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Analysis of cattle NK cell subsets, and NK cell receptor ligands. 50% PhD studentship.
Collaborator Contribution	50% PhD studentship. MHC constructs for identifying receptor-ligand interactions.
Impact	None as yet
Start Year	2023


Description	Professor Benedikt Kaufer
Organisation	Free University of Berlin
Country	Germany
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Providing knowledge and methodologies.
Collaborator Contribution	Providing reagents and methodologies to perform experiments.
Impact	Two publications from this collaboration: Gurung A, Kamble N, Kaufer BB, Pathan A, Shahriar Behboudi. Association of Marek's Disease induced immunosuppression with activation of a novel regulatory T cells in chickens, PLoS Pathogens, 2017, 13 (12), e1006745. Boodhoo N, Kamble N, Kaufer BB, Shahriar Behboudi. Replication of Marek's disease virus is dependent on de novo synthesis of fatty acid and Prostaglandin E2. J Virol. 2019 Apr 10
Start Year	2019


Description	Professor Helen Sang,The Roslin Institute - GFP1-10 expressing transgenic chickens
Organisation	University of Edinburgh
Department	The Roslin Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have developed IBDV tagged to GFP11
Collaborator Contribution	Helen Sang's group at the Roslin Institute have developed transcgenic chicken lines that constitutively express GFP1-10 in every cell.
Impact	we have been successful in obtaining funding (Grant Ref: BB/S014594/1)
Start Year	2019


Description	Professor Jim Kaufman
Organisation	University of Edinburgh
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Provided information on CD4 T cell epitopes derived from Marek's disease virus
Collaborator Contribution	Provided knowledge and information on assessing peptide binding to chicken MHC molecules
Impact	Generation of data leading to understanding correlate of protection against Marek's disease virus.
Start Year	2019


Description	Professor Oliver Pybus, University of Oxford / Royal Veterinary College - IBDV-like viruses in wild bird populations
Organisation	University of Oxford
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	My group will characterise the immunosuppressive potential of IBDV-like viruses from wild bird populations
Collaborator Contribution	Oliver Pybus' group have screened a wild bird population by metagenomics shotgun sequencing to determine the prevalence of IBDV-like viruses and correlate their presence with the abundance and diversity of viral sequences identified for other viruses.
Impact	we have been successful in obtaining funding (Grant Ref: BB/T008806/1)
Start Year	2019


Description	Professor Shayan Sharif, University of Guelph, Canada
Organisation	University of Guelph
Department	Department of Pathobiology
Country	Canada
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Collaboration between my team and Professor Sharif lead to new finding in Avian immunology, specifically in understanding the effects of nutrients on antigen presenting cells and T cells of chicken. We took the lead in studying the effects of some nutrients (Vitamin D) on the function of chicken T cells, performed most of the experiments in our laboratory. Meanwhile, we participated in studying the effects of Vitamin D on antigen presenting cells of chicken by performing some key experiments because we had access to some specific reagents (monoclonal antibodies) recognizing molecules expressed on chicken antigen presenting cells.
Collaborator Contribution	Professor Sharif team took the lead in studying the effects of Vitamin D on antigen presenting cells of chicken, and contributed to experimental plan for studying the effects on chicken T cells.
Impact	Two publications in 2015 and 2016: 1. Nitish Boodhoo, Shayan Sharif, Shahriar Behboudi. 1a,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 Modulates Avian T Lymphocyte Functions without Inducing CTL Unresponsiveness. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 24;11(2):e0150134 2. Bahram Shojadoost, Shahriar Behboudi, Villanueva AI, Jennifer Brisbin, Ali Ashkar, Shayan Sharif. Vitamin D3 modulates the function of chicken macrophages. Res. Vet. Sci. 2015 June, 100: 45-51
Start Year	2019


Description	Rapid acquisition of mammalian characteristics by avian influenza virus in single host infections.
Organisation	Imperial College London
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Provided reagents and day to day technical help for undertaking this project and supervising postdoctoral researcher working on this project. Reagents include influenza reverse genetic plasmids and H9N2 and H7N9-specific antibodies.
Collaborator Contribution	this project will aim to understand AIV genetics that facilitate the rapid acquisition of mammalian adaptation characteristics in a single host infection. The partners with our collaborations determined adaptive genetic changes in the H9N2 avian influenza virus following infection in mice (mammalian hosts). Different strains of avian influenza Viruses generated by reverse gentic techniques were inoculated into mice and lungs sampled daily. RNA recovered from lung homogenates were deep sequenced and mutations arising were characterised for adaptation. Relative viral fitness and the rapidity of the accumulation of mutations was measured and compared amongst the viral strains.
Impact	The results of the our experimental studies showed the avian-origin viruses rapidly acquired mutations that increase virus fitness in mammalian species. Therefore, these viruses pose zoonotic and pandemic threat to public health.
Start Year	2018


Description	Rapid acquisition of mammalian characteristics by avian influenza virus in single host infections.
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Provided reagents and day to day technical help for undertaking this project and supervising postdoctoral researcher working on this project. Reagents include influenza reverse genetic plasmids and H9N2 and H7N9-specific antibodies.
Collaborator Contribution	this project will aim to understand AIV genetics that facilitate the rapid acquisition of mammalian adaptation characteristics in a single host infection. The partners with our collaborations determined adaptive genetic changes in the H9N2 avian influenza virus following infection in mice (mammalian hosts). Different strains of avian influenza Viruses generated by reverse gentic techniques were inoculated into mice and lungs sampled daily. RNA recovered from lung homogenates were deep sequenced and mutations arising were characterised for adaptation. Relative viral fitness and the rapidity of the accumulation of mutations was measured and compared amongst the viral strains.
Impact	The results of the our experimental studies showed the avian-origin viruses rapidly acquired mutations that increase virus fitness in mammalian species. Therefore, these viruses pose zoonotic and pandemic threat to public health.
Start Year	2018


Description	Re-annotation of Marek's Disease Virus
Organisation	U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA
Department	Beltsville Agricultural Research Center
Country	United States
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We are using bioinformatics analysis of high-throughput sequencing data in order to provide a better annotation of the genome of Marek's Disease Virus
Collaborator Contribution	Our partners are sharing their extensive expertise of the genomics of MDV, and performing experimental validations
Impact	No output yet
Start Year	2015


Description	Research Collaboration with Nigeria (23rd - 28th January 2017)
Organisation	University of Nigeria
Country	Nigeria
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Analysis of rare breed indigenous chicken in Nigeria.
Collaborator Contribution	Helped with sampling and background information of the breed.
Impact	Analysis is ongoing.
Start Year	2017


Description	Semliki Forest
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Generated and analysed RNA-sequencing samples with bespoke in-house methods
Collaborator Contribution	Generated samples
Impact	The purpose of the collaboration is to study how arboviruses interact with their host cells with modern high-throughput techniques. No outputs yet
Start Year	2017


Description	Steve Goodbourn - St Georges - chicken innate molecule interactions.
Organisation	Ulster University
Department	Biomedical Sciences Research Centre
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have collaborated by producing yeast- 2-hybrid plasmids containing the influenza PB1-F2 gene from various avian influenza strains. The PhD student on this studentship then visited Professor Goodbourn's laboratory to carry out the yeast-2-hybrid screen for interaction innate chicken molecules.
Collaborator Contribution	Professor Goodbourn's laboratory provided yeast-2-hybrid plasmids containing various innate chicken molecules to be screened for interaction with avian influenza virus PB1-F2 protein. They also offered help and guidance carrying out the interaction technique to understand if PB1-F2 directly associated with chicken innate components. They also provided reporter plasmids and guidance on innate reporter assays in chicken cells.
Impact	Successful publication of work. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001220. The cellular localization of avian influenza virus PB1-F2 protein alters the magnitude of IFN2 promoter and NF?B-dependent promoter antagonism in chicken cells.
Start Year	2016


Description	Suresh Kuchipudi and Janet Daly
Organisation	Penn State University
Country	United States
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have hosted a co-supervised PhD student twice at The Pirbright Institute. During these visits we have helped with viral infection of primary cells for analysis of PI3K pathway perturbations and generated new GM influenza viruses to help to understand if the difference in PI3K pathway activity observed between two different avian influenza viruses in avian cells was a result of difference in the NS1 protein. In addition we have provided support to the student regarding the future directions of the project and writing up and presentation of the material. Therefore we have provided reagents, practical expertise and intellectual input.
Collaborator Contribution	The collaborators have provided access to data generated in their laboratories and intellectual input to the project.
Impact	Publication: doi: 10.1038/srep17999
Start Year	2016


Description	Suresh Kuchipudi and Janet Daly
Organisation	University of Nottingham
Department	School of Veterinary Medicine and Science Nottingham
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We have hosted a co-supervised PhD student twice at The Pirbright Institute. During these visits we have helped with viral infection of primary cells for analysis of PI3K pathway perturbations and generated new GM influenza viruses to help to understand if the difference in PI3K pathway activity observed between two different avian influenza viruses in avian cells was a result of difference in the NS1 protein. In addition we have provided support to the student regarding the future directions of the project and writing up and presentation of the material. Therefore we have provided reagents, practical expertise and intellectual input.
Collaborator Contribution	The collaborators have provided access to data generated in their laboratories and intellectual input to the project.
Impact	Publication: doi: 10.1038/srep17999
Start Year	2016


Description	Surrey DTP Studentship: Pathogens and Host Defences Doctoral Training Partnership
Organisation	University of Surrey
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Studentship allocated to Oenone Bodman-Harris defining immune potentiating mechanism of vaccines targeting antigens to chicken immune cells.
Collaborator Contribution	Supervisory contributions, expertise and research guidance for PhD award.
Impact	On-going
Start Year	2023


Description	T folicullar helper cells in the pig influenza model
Organisation	University of Oxford
Department	Nuffield Department of Medicine
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Provide material from influenza infected/vaccinated protected and unprotected animals.
Collaborator Contribution	Seph Borrow from Oxford University provide antibodies and advice as to how to identify and charcterise the TFH cells.
Impact	Not yet
Start Year	2018


Description	The GCRF One Health Poultry Hub
Organisation	Royal Veterinary College (RVC)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The focus of the research is to achieve sustainable global intensification of poultry meat and egg production whilst reducing risks to human and animal health and welfare. We are undertaking research to investigate the diversity of avian influenza viruses prevalent in poultry and wild birds in south east Asia.
Collaborator Contribution	Royal Veterinary College, London is leading this GCRF One Health Poultry Hub. The project will address the need to meet rising demand for poultry meat and eggs in developing countries, while minimising risk to international public health. Population growth is driving global demand for poultry, meat and egg production; this unfortunately creates conditions in which animal diseases can spread to humans ('zoonoses'). These include bacterial food poisoning and strains with avian influenza with epidemic or pandemic potential. The GCRF One Health Poultry Hub will adopt a 'One Health' approach to the issue of combatting animal-to-human diseases by bringing together a team of laboratory, clinical, veterinary and social scientists. This team will test and evaluate novel interventions. The need for safe poultry production is most urgent in South and South East Asia, so the RVC and its partners will then use their local networks in these regions to put its positive research to immediate use.
Impact	Development of international interdisciplinary partnership of 55 investigators from 13 countries to address the emerging global challenges of food security and public health associated with intensification of poultry production.
Start Year	2018


Description	The Pirbright "Livestock Antibody Hub" funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Organisation	The Pirbright Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Me and my team established collaboration in the "Livestock Antibody Hub" funded ($5.5 million) by the from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Focus of our partnership is to develop techniques and capacity to analyse immune cells (B cells) of cattle, poultry and pigs that produce virus neutralizing antibodies. This research will support rational development of next generation of vaccines and to explore antibody-based passive immunization approaches for treatment and prophylaxis of infectious viral diseases affecting livestock and humans. Our initial focus is to target major animal viral pathogens that cause severe losses within Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) animal production systems including avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).
Collaborator Contribution	This is a collaborative project and partners are providing help in provision of reagents and techniques for analysis of diversity of B cells repertoire that produce infleunza virus-specific antibodies, single cell sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. This project will further strengthen our on-going research collaborations with many research groups in academia as well as with animal health industry (Zoetis, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Merck, CEVA, Jovac, YeBio, ILRI, Galvmed, The Roslin Institute, HuMabs, AbCellera and Distributed Bio) to take the research outputs from laboratory to the field. The outputs of research will be improved vaccines and diagnostics enabling to reduce the impact of infectious diseases on farm animals, which offer substantial direct and indirect economic, public health, environmental and social benefits to the UK and rest of the world.
Impact	Development of passive immunization approaches against avian influenza viruses affecting poultry (project incited in January 2020).
Start Year	2020


Description	The effect of the microbiota on immunity to swine infleunza
Organisation	University of Surrey
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	We wish to establish the gut and nasal microbiome in normal healthy pigs and how this is affected by influenza infection. We have collected gut samples from pigs at different stages of infection, as well as nasal swabs which we will provide to our collaborators in Surrey.
Collaborator Contribution	Our collaborators in Surrey will perform the sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to determine the microbial communities present in the samples.
Impact	No outcomes yet - we are in the process of analysing the samples.
Start Year	2017


Description	The role of segment 3 in H9N2 avian influenza virus pathogenicity
Organisation	University of Edinburgh
Department	The Roslin Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	This is a Joint studentship project funded by The Pirbright Institute and The Roslin Institute. We identiifed molecular markers that are responsible for increase in virus pathogenicity and transmission.
Collaborator Contribution	The Roslin Institute contributed both intellectually and by proving research training, samples and regents to achieve the prescribed objectives this project.
Impact	1. Oral Presentation Title: Identification of segment 3 sequence polymorphisms which alter shut off activity and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in vivo. Anabel Clements, Saira Hussain, Holly Shelton, Paul Digard and Munir Iqbal. Global Alliance for Research Into Avian Diseases (GARAD). January 17th to 19th 2018. Fortuna Hotel, Lang Ha Street, Hanoi, VietNam 2. Poster title: What is the role of H9N2 avian influenza virus PA-X within an avian model?. Anabel Clements, Saira Hussain, Holly Shelton, Paul Digard & Munir Iqbal. UK- China CERAD (Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases), 3rd Symposium Recent Advances in Avian Disease Research. August 31st - 1st September 2017. The Harbour Hotel, Alexandra Terrace, Guildford, Surrey, UK. 3. Poster title: What is the role of H9N2 avian influenza virus PA-X within an avian model?. Anabel Clements, Saira Hussain, Holly Shelton, Paul Digard & Munir Iqbal. Microbiology Society Annual Conference. April 3rd-6th 2017. Edinburgh International Conference Centre (EICC), Edinburgh, UK. 4. Oral Presentation title: Identification of sequence polymorphisms in segment 3 of H9N2 avian influenza viruses that affect PA-X activity. Anabel Clements, Saira Hussain, Holly Shelton, Paul Digard & Munir Iqbal. Focused Meeting 2016: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Avian Viruses. September 27th-29th 2016. Charles Darwin House, London, UK. 5. Oral Presentation title: The role of segment 3 in H9N2 avian influenza virus pathogenicity. Anabel Clements, Saira Hussain, Holly Shelton, Munir Iqbal & Paul Digard. UK -Taiwan BBSRC Partnering Award workshop: Improving Control of influenza viruses. 26th-27th April 2016. Taipei, Taiwan. 6. Oral Presentation title: Identification of sequence polymorphisms in segment 3 of H9N2 avian influenza viruses that affect PA-X activity. Anabel Clements, Saira Hussain, Holly Shelton, Munir Iqbal & Paul Digard. Microbiology Society Annual Conference 2016; virus Workshop: Negative strand RNA Viruses. 21st-24th March 2016. Arena and Convention Centre, Liverpool, UK. 7. Poster title: The role of segment 3 in H9N2 influenza virus pathogenicity. Anabel Clements, Saira Hussain, Holly Shelton, Munir Iqbal & Paul Digard. 7th Orthomyxovirus research conference. 16th-18th September 2015. Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. 8. Poster title: The role of segment 3 in H9N2 influenza virus pathogenicity. Anabel Clements, Saira Hussain, Holly Shelton, Munir Iqbal & Paul Digard. Edinburgh Infectious Diseases Annual Symposium. 20th May 2015. Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, UK.
Start Year	2014


Description	TrailMap-One Health
Organisation	Imperial College London
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b is panzootic in birds. Its widespread geographical distribution, sheer numbers of infections and frequent incursions in mammals indicate it to be a virus with pandemic potential. We are working as a consortium to achieve a coordinated in-depth risk assessment of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses particularly zoonotic potential of the current clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses.
Collaborator Contribution	The collaborating partners are jointly providing data and samples necessary for evaluating the threat posed by H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) to human health. This effort aims to understand the risks, potential spillover routes into humans, the virus's capacity to adapt for human transmission, and the probable severity of human infections should they occur. We will meet these objectives through three interconnected work packages: (1) assessing the infection likelihood in non-human mammals that could serve as bridging species, (2) evaluating the risk of direct or adapted virus spillover infections in humans, and (3) examining the potential for Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses to become transmissible among humans.
Impact	The work is currently in its initial stages, with anticipated outcomes expected by the end of this current year, 2024/2025.
Start Year	2024


Description	Understanding animal health threats from emerging H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses
Organisation	Animal and Plant Health Agency
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	This is a collaborative research project funded by the UKRI-BBSRC to understand how the high pathogenicity Avian Influenza virus (H5N1) persisting in different species of wild birds and transmits from wild birds to farmed poultry, the gaps in biosecurity that allow the virus to penetrate premises, and how this could be addressed. My team contributing by by generating research reagents (such as viruses generated using reverse genetic technique) that allows the identification of molecular markers in the virus genes responsible for virus virulence, transmission and/or antigenic change. The data generated helped the partners to utilise the viruses and reagents for testing their biological behaviors ( such as infectivity and transmission parameters) via animal infection studies. The outcome of this collaborative work will provide insights for assessing threats from new and emerging strains, enabling national and international agencies to design and execute contingencies as part of risk mitigation and disease control. This will provide vital information when considering how to invest scarce resources for surveillance design aimed at early warning of the threat.
Collaborator Contribution	The collaboration enhance both the capacity of my team by providing field data ( such as sequences of viruses isolated from the field) and reagents such as post-infection antiserum containing antibodies specific to the field virus. This allowed the investigation of field virus antigenic profiles that can be used for selection of candidate vaccine seeds for the production of effective vaccines.
Impact	The data generated provided a risk assessment of contemporary H5Nx HPAIVs that are acquiring adaptive changes to increase fitness within domestic and wild avian populations. This partnership identified viral and host factors that potentially contribute to increased transmissibility, persistence, and pathogenicity in wild birds and those that enhance their potential to disseminate and manifest disease in poultry. We identified genetic changes that drive the virological, immunological, and zoonotic infection potential of these H5N1 viruses. The data generated allowed us an establishment of current and future risks from these viruses to both animals and humans if they continue to remain prevalent in wild bird populations.
Start Year	2022


Description	Understanding diversity of avian influenza viruses and improvement disease control in poultry and humans
Organisation	Agricultural Research Centre
Department	Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute
Country	Egypt
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	This project helped my research group to establish research collboration between the Pirbright Institute and the scientists at the collaborating laboratories listed above and an excellent opportunity for building a joint "ONE HEALTH" platfor. I am sharing knowledge, reagents and techniques to improve efficacious vaccines and diagnostic tools against avian influenza viruses. The easy availability of better control tools against avian influenza viruses will aid in the reduction of poultry production losses and thus be important for global food security and improved animal welfare whilst also reducing zoonotic transmission to humans.
Collaborator Contribution	Each collaborating institute and team member has specific expertise and facilities in areas relevant to this research programme. Collaborators in different institutions have extensive experience collecting field samples and implementing vaccination and large scale surveillance programmes. Each partner institutions have unique experience in monitoring the endemic prevalence of many animal diseases including avian influenza in both domestic and wild birds from which UK is under constant threat. The partners are sharing knowledge, expertise and facilities to investigate fundamental biology of influenza viruses and predict their epidemiological relevance, to assess potential risks and to devise appropriate intervention strategies. The knowledge, reagents and field samples will be available through this partnership. which will be essential for development of informed control policies and tools(vaccines and diagnostics) that may contribute to reducing the ever increasing threat from endemic, emerging and re-emerging influenza virus variants posing risk to animals and humans. Also, All researchers involved will benefit through ongoing professional development and advanced training in new technologies and new systems-level approaches to disease management. Exchange visits of researchers from collaborating laboratories to undertake training in a number of disciplines including disease surveillance, molecular virology, epidemiology, immunology, vaccinology and diagnostics will have a tangible impact on capacity building and training of next generation researchers in control of infectious animal and zoonotic diseases.
Impact	The ultimate aims of this collaboration are to reduce the impact of influenza virus on poultry production and reduce their zoonotic transmission to humans. The collaboration will improve resources and capacity for disease control systems. Achieving these specific goals will prove a step-change in AIV disease management and increase in poultry productivity directly drives economic prosperity of farmers and allied communities. The will directly impact on socio-economic well-being of partner countries.
Start Year	2017


Description	Understanding diversity of avian influenza viruses and improvement disease control in poultry and humans
Organisation	Francis Crick Institute
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	This project helped my research group to establish research collboration between the Pirbright Institute and the scientists at the collaborating laboratories listed above and an excellent opportunity for building a joint "ONE HEALTH" platfor. I am sharing knowledge, reagents and techniques to improve efficacious vaccines and diagnostic tools against avian influenza viruses. The easy availability of better control tools against avian influenza viruses will aid in the reduction of poultry production losses and thus be important for global food security and improved animal welfare whilst also reducing zoonotic transmission to humans.
Collaborator Contribution	Each collaborating institute and team member has specific expertise and facilities in areas relevant to this research programme. Collaborators in different institutions have extensive experience collecting field samples and implementing vaccination and large scale surveillance programmes. Each partner institutions have unique experience in monitoring the endemic prevalence of many animal diseases including avian influenza in both domestic and wild birds from which UK is under constant threat. The partners are sharing knowledge, expertise and facilities to investigate fundamental biology of influenza viruses and predict their epidemiological relevance, to assess potential risks and to devise appropriate intervention strategies. The knowledge, reagents and field samples will be available through this partnership. which will be essential for development of informed control policies and tools(vaccines and diagnostics) that may contribute to reducing the ever increasing threat from endemic, emerging and re-emerging influenza virus variants posing risk to animals and humans. Also, All researchers involved will benefit through ongoing professional development and advanced training in new technologies and new systems-level approaches to disease management. Exchange visits of researchers from collaborating laboratories to undertake training in a number of disciplines including disease surveillance, molecular virology, epidemiology, immunology, vaccinology and diagnostics will have a tangible impact on capacity building and training of next generation researchers in control of infectious animal and zoonotic diseases.
Impact	The ultimate aims of this collaboration are to reduce the impact of influenza virus on poultry production and reduce their zoonotic transmission to humans. The collaboration will improve resources and capacity for disease control systems. Achieving these specific goals will prove a step-change in AIV disease management and increase in poultry productivity directly drives economic prosperity of farmers and allied communities. The will directly impact on socio-economic well-being of partner countries.
Start Year	2017


Description	Understanding diversity of avian influenza viruses and improvement disease control in poultry and humans
Organisation	Imperial College London
Department	MSk Lab
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	This project helped my research group to establish research collboration between the Pirbright Institute and the scientists at the collaborating laboratories listed above and an excellent opportunity for building a joint "ONE HEALTH" platfor. I am sharing knowledge, reagents and techniques to improve efficacious vaccines and diagnostic tools against avian influenza viruses. The easy availability of better control tools against avian influenza viruses will aid in the reduction of poultry production losses and thus be important for global food security and improved animal welfare whilst also reducing zoonotic transmission to humans.
Collaborator Contribution	Each collaborating institute and team member has specific expertise and facilities in areas relevant to this research programme. Collaborators in different institutions have extensive experience collecting field samples and implementing vaccination and large scale surveillance programmes. Each partner institutions have unique experience in monitoring the endemic prevalence of many animal diseases including avian influenza in both domestic and wild birds from which UK is under constant threat. The partners are sharing knowledge, expertise and facilities to investigate fundamental biology of influenza viruses and predict their epidemiological relevance, to assess potential risks and to devise appropriate intervention strategies. The knowledge, reagents and field samples will be available through this partnership. which will be essential for development of informed control policies and tools(vaccines and diagnostics) that may contribute to reducing the ever increasing threat from endemic, emerging and re-emerging influenza virus variants posing risk to animals and humans. Also, All researchers involved will benefit through ongoing professional development and advanced training in new technologies and new systems-level approaches to disease management. Exchange visits of researchers from collaborating laboratories to undertake training in a number of disciplines including disease surveillance, molecular virology, epidemiology, immunology, vaccinology and diagnostics will have a tangible impact on capacity building and training of next generation researchers in control of infectious animal and zoonotic diseases.
Impact	The ultimate aims of this collaboration are to reduce the impact of influenza virus on poultry production and reduce their zoonotic transmission to humans. The collaboration will improve resources and capacity for disease control systems. Achieving these specific goals will prove a step-change in AIV disease management and increase in poultry productivity directly drives economic prosperity of farmers and allied communities. The will directly impact on socio-economic well-being of partner countries.
Start Year	2017


Description	Understanding diversity of avian influenza viruses and improvement disease control in poultry and humans
Organisation	Imperial College London
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	This project helped my research group to establish research collboration between the Pirbright Institute and the scientists at the collaborating laboratories listed above and an excellent opportunity for building a joint "ONE HEALTH" platfor. I am sharing knowledge, reagents and techniques to improve efficacious vaccines and diagnostic tools against avian influenza viruses. The easy availability of better control tools against avian influenza viruses will aid in the reduction of poultry production losses and thus be important for global food security and improved animal welfare whilst also reducing zoonotic transmission to humans.
Collaborator Contribution	Each collaborating institute and team member has specific expertise and facilities in areas relevant to this research programme. Collaborators in different institutions have extensive experience collecting field samples and implementing vaccination and large scale surveillance programmes. Each partner institutions have unique experience in monitoring the endemic prevalence of many animal diseases including avian influenza in both domestic and wild birds from which UK is under constant threat. The partners are sharing knowledge, expertise and facilities to investigate fundamental biology of influenza viruses and predict their epidemiological relevance, to assess potential risks and to devise appropriate intervention strategies. The knowledge, reagents and field samples will be available through this partnership. which will be essential for development of informed control policies and tools(vaccines and diagnostics) that may contribute to reducing the ever increasing threat from endemic, emerging and re-emerging influenza virus variants posing risk to animals and humans. Also, All researchers involved will benefit through ongoing professional development and advanced training in new technologies and new systems-level approaches to disease management. Exchange visits of researchers from collaborating laboratories to undertake training in a number of disciplines including disease surveillance, molecular virology, epidemiology, immunology, vaccinology and diagnostics will have a tangible impact on capacity building and training of next generation researchers in control of infectious animal and zoonotic diseases.
Impact	The ultimate aims of this collaboration are to reduce the impact of influenza virus on poultry production and reduce their zoonotic transmission to humans. The collaboration will improve resources and capacity for disease control systems. Achieving these specific goals will prove a step-change in AIV disease management and increase in poultry productivity directly drives economic prosperity of farmers and allied communities. The will directly impact on socio-economic well-being of partner countries.
Start Year	2017


Description	Understanding diversity of avian influenza viruses and improvement disease control in poultry and humans
Organisation	Suez Canal University
Country	Egypt
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	This project helped my research group to establish research collboration between the Pirbright Institute and the scientists at the collaborating laboratories listed above and an excellent opportunity for building a joint "ONE HEALTH" platfor. I am sharing knowledge, reagents and techniques to improve efficacious vaccines and diagnostic tools against avian influenza viruses. The easy availability of better control tools against avian influenza viruses will aid in the reduction of poultry production losses and thus be important for global food security and improved animal welfare whilst also reducing zoonotic transmission to humans.
Collaborator Contribution	Each collaborating institute and team member has specific expertise and facilities in areas relevant to this research programme. Collaborators in different institutions have extensive experience collecting field samples and implementing vaccination and large scale surveillance programmes. Each partner institutions have unique experience in monitoring the endemic prevalence of many animal diseases including avian influenza in both domestic and wild birds from which UK is under constant threat. The partners are sharing knowledge, expertise and facilities to investigate fundamental biology of influenza viruses and predict their epidemiological relevance, to assess potential risks and to devise appropriate intervention strategies. The knowledge, reagents and field samples will be available through this partnership. which will be essential for development of informed control policies and tools(vaccines and diagnostics) that may contribute to reducing the ever increasing threat from endemic, emerging and re-emerging influenza virus variants posing risk to animals and humans. Also, All researchers involved will benefit through ongoing professional development and advanced training in new technologies and new systems-level approaches to disease management. Exchange visits of researchers from collaborating laboratories to undertake training in a number of disciplines including disease surveillance, molecular virology, epidemiology, immunology, vaccinology and diagnostics will have a tangible impact on capacity building and training of next generation researchers in control of infectious animal and zoonotic diseases.
Impact	The ultimate aims of this collaboration are to reduce the impact of influenza virus on poultry production and reduce their zoonotic transmission to humans. The collaboration will improve resources and capacity for disease control systems. Achieving these specific goals will prove a step-change in AIV disease management and increase in poultry productivity directly drives economic prosperity of farmers and allied communities. The will directly impact on socio-economic well-being of partner countries.
Start Year	2017


Description	Understanding diversity of avian influenza viruses and improvement disease control in poultry and humans
Organisation	University of Tokyo
Department	International Research Center for Infectious Diseases
Country	Japan
Sector	Hospitals
PI Contribution	This project helped my research group to establish research collboration between the Pirbright Institute and the scientists at the collaborating laboratories listed above and an excellent opportunity for building a joint "ONE HEALTH" platfor. I am sharing knowledge, reagents and techniques to improve efficacious vaccines and diagnostic tools against avian influenza viruses. The easy availability of better control tools against avian influenza viruses will aid in the reduction of poultry production losses and thus be important for global food security and improved animal welfare whilst also reducing zoonotic transmission to humans.
Collaborator Contribution	Each collaborating institute and team member has specific expertise and facilities in areas relevant to this research programme. Collaborators in different institutions have extensive experience collecting field samples and implementing vaccination and large scale surveillance programmes. Each partner institutions have unique experience in monitoring the endemic prevalence of many animal diseases including avian influenza in both domestic and wild birds from which UK is under constant threat. The partners are sharing knowledge, expertise and facilities to investigate fundamental biology of influenza viruses and predict their epidemiological relevance, to assess potential risks and to devise appropriate intervention strategies. The knowledge, reagents and field samples will be available through this partnership. which will be essential for development of informed control policies and tools(vaccines and diagnostics) that may contribute to reducing the ever increasing threat from endemic, emerging and re-emerging influenza virus variants posing risk to animals and humans. Also, All researchers involved will benefit through ongoing professional development and advanced training in new technologies and new systems-level approaches to disease management. Exchange visits of researchers from collaborating laboratories to undertake training in a number of disciplines including disease surveillance, molecular virology, epidemiology, immunology, vaccinology and diagnostics will have a tangible impact on capacity building and training of next generation researchers in control of infectious animal and zoonotic diseases.
Impact	The ultimate aims of this collaboration are to reduce the impact of influenza virus on poultry production and reduce their zoonotic transmission to humans. The collaboration will improve resources and capacity for disease control systems. Achieving these specific goals will prove a step-change in AIV disease management and increase in poultry productivity directly drives economic prosperity of farmers and allied communities. The will directly impact on socio-economic well-being of partner countries.
Start Year	2017


Description	Understanding diversity of avian influenza viruses and improvement disease control in poultry and humans
Organisation	Zagazig University
Country	Egypt
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	This project helped my research group to establish research collboration between the Pirbright Institute and the scientists at the collaborating laboratories listed above and an excellent opportunity for building a joint "ONE HEALTH" platfor. I am sharing knowledge, reagents and techniques to improve efficacious vaccines and diagnostic tools against avian influenza viruses. The easy availability of better control tools against avian influenza viruses will aid in the reduction of poultry production losses and thus be important for global food security and improved animal welfare whilst also reducing zoonotic transmission to humans.
Collaborator Contribution	Each collaborating institute and team member has specific expertise and facilities in areas relevant to this research programme. Collaborators in different institutions have extensive experience collecting field samples and implementing vaccination and large scale surveillance programmes. Each partner institutions have unique experience in monitoring the endemic prevalence of many animal diseases including avian influenza in both domestic and wild birds from which UK is under constant threat. The partners are sharing knowledge, expertise and facilities to investigate fundamental biology of influenza viruses and predict their epidemiological relevance, to assess potential risks and to devise appropriate intervention strategies. The knowledge, reagents and field samples will be available through this partnership. which will be essential for development of informed control policies and tools(vaccines and diagnostics) that may contribute to reducing the ever increasing threat from endemic, emerging and re-emerging influenza virus variants posing risk to animals and humans. Also, All researchers involved will benefit through ongoing professional development and advanced training in new technologies and new systems-level approaches to disease management. Exchange visits of researchers from collaborating laboratories to undertake training in a number of disciplines including disease surveillance, molecular virology, epidemiology, immunology, vaccinology and diagnostics will have a tangible impact on capacity building and training of next generation researchers in control of infectious animal and zoonotic diseases.
Impact	The ultimate aims of this collaboration are to reduce the impact of influenza virus on poultry production and reduce their zoonotic transmission to humans. The collaboration will improve resources and capacity for disease control systems. Achieving these specific goals will prove a step-change in AIV disease management and increase in poultry productivity directly drives economic prosperity of farmers and allied communities. The will directly impact on socio-economic well-being of partner countries.
Start Year	2017


Description	Understanding the molecular parthenogenesis of influenza viruses in animals and humans
Organisation	China Agricultural University (CAU)
Country	China
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Influenza A viruses cause disease in both animals and humans. We developed a programme of reseach to investigate how this virus overcome species barriers and infect alternative species e.g, how avian influenza viruses infect humans. we also developed a joint programme of research to investigate ?What are the prevalence and genetic evolution of different AIVs in China? ? What is the extent of antigenic diversity among the contemporary AIVs circulating in China? ?How these viruses overcome evade host antiviral system to manifest the disease. ? Which strains might threaten the poultry industry as well as public health?. We provided technical help and reagents to achieve the objectives of this joint project.
Collaborator Contribution	The partners at China Agricultural University executed the prescribed experimental work, analysed data and translated it into publication.
Impact	We identified a host-cell protein "P21" which restricts influenza A virus replication in the infected host. The results will aid in designing new antiviral against these viruses. The research outcomes were translated into publications entitled: "p21 restricts influenza A virus by perturbing the viral polymerase complex and upregulating type I interferon signalling" (PLoS Pathogens 18:2, e1010295).
Start Year	2017


Description	Vaccinia
Organisation	Defence Science & Technology Laboratory (DSTL)
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Public
PI Contribution	Generated and analysed DNA- and RNA-sequencing data from vaccinia samples with bespoke in-house pipelines
Collaborator Contribution	Generated DNA and RNA vaccinia samples
Impact	The collaboration aims to better understand the interaction between vaccina virus and its host(s), through the use of modern high-throughput techniques. No outputs yet
Start Year	2016


Description	Volatile organic compounds emitted by sheep and cattle before and after BTV infection analyzed by thermal desorption - gas chromatography
Organisation	University of Warwick
Department	School of Engineering
Country	United Kingdom
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Viral infection of livestock, disease pathogenesis, VOC collection of skin, breath and body odor in sheep and cattle prior and after, bluetongue virus infection conducted in high containment, implementation of biosafety procedures of sample processing from high containment facilities
Collaborator Contribution	Engineering and collection of volatile organic chemicals in body odor and breath, analysis and identification of compounds by thermal desorption gas chromatography time of flight coupled mass spectrometry (ATD-GC-TOF-MS), advanced statistical analysis and modelling of results
Impact	The collaboration is highly inter-disciplinary between virology, veterinary medicine, engineering, chemical ecology and mathematical modelling . Outputs so far include improved methodologies, additional analytical approaches of existing samples collected in an animal infection study, improved quantity and quality of results.
Start Year	2021


Description	Wilhelm Gerner
Organisation	University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
Country	Austria
Sector	Academic/University
PI Contribution	Our lab hosted Dr Gerner who brought samples for RNA-seq. My lab planned and executed the sequencing and is contributing to the analysis.
Collaborator Contribution	Dr Gerner did all the animal work and cell sorting to produce the samples reading for RNA-seq
Impact	None as yet, analysis is ongoing
Start Year	2019


Title	???????
Description	The present invention provides an attenuated African Swine Fever (ASF) virus which lacks a functional version of the following genes: multigene-family 360 genes 9L, 10L, 11L, 12L, 13L and 14L; and multigene-family 505 genes 1R, 2R, 3R and 4R. The invention further provides an attenuated African Swine Fever (ASF) virus which lacks a functional version of the DP148R gene. The present invention also provides a vaccine comprising such an attenuated virus and its use to prevent ASF. Further, the invention relates to intranasal administration of an attenuated ASF virus.
IP Reference	UA121217
Protection	Patent application published
Year Protection Granted	2020
Licensed	No
Impact	The gene-deleted African swine fever virus strains are being evaluated as live attenuated vaccines


Title	AVIAN CELLS FOR IMPROVED VIRUS PRODUCTION
Description	The present Invention provides as avian cell in which the expression or activity of one or more of the following genes, or a homologue thereof: Chicken IFITM 1 (SEQ ID No. 1); Chicken IFITM2 (SEQ ID No. 2) and Chicken IFITM3 (SEQ ID No. 3) is reduced. The invention also provides methods for passaging viruses in avian cells, embryos and/or avian cell lines which have reduced expression of one or more IFITM genes and methods which involve investigating the sequence of one or more of the following genes, or a homologue thereof: Chicken IFITM1 (SEQ ID No. 1); Chicken IFITM2 (SEQ ID No. 2) and Chicken IFITM3 (SEQ ID No. 3).
IP Reference	WO2014195692
Protection	Patent granted
Year Protection Granted	2014
Licensed	Commercial In Confidence
Impact	The present invention provides an avian cell in which the expression or activity of one or more of the following genes, or a homologue thereof: Chicken IFITM1 (SEQ ID No. 1); Chicken IFITM2 (SEQ ID No. 2) and Chicken IFITM3 (SEQ ID No. 3) is reduced. The invention also provides methods for passaging viruses in avian cells, embryos and/or avian cell lines which have reduced expression of one or more IFITM genes and methods which involve investigating the sequence of one or more of the follow


Title	PPR DIVA vaccine
Description	We ahve developed two PPR live attenuated DIVA vaccines that can differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals.
IP Reference	PCT/GB2019/053641,WO2020128496
Protection	Patent application published
Year Protection Granted	2020
Licensed	Commercial In Confidence
Impact	Till date there is no PPR vaccine avalable that can differentiate between vaccination and infection. This causes a huge issue on eradication of the didease and declare freedom from the disease. Therefore our newly develped chimeric live attenauted PPR vaccine and DIVA tests can differentiate between vaccination and infection which is a great achievement for ongoing PPR eradication. Please see detail from the below web. https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020128496


Title	VACCINE AGAINST AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS INFECTION
Description	The present invention relates to attenuated African Swine Fever viruses. The attenuated viruses protect pigs against subsequent challenge with virulent virus. The present invention also relates to the use of such attenuated viruses to treat and/or prevent African Swine Fever. The invention also relates to EP402R proteins of African Swine Fever virus comprising particular amino acid substitutions, as well as polynucleotides encoding such proteins and African Swine Fever viruses comprising such proteins.
IP Reference	WO2021176236
Protection	Patent application published
Year Protection Granted	2021
Licensed	No
Impact	The gene-deleted African swine fever viruses are being taken forward as candidate live attenuated vaccines and included in a BBSRC LINK award


Title	Vaccine
Description	The present invention provides an African swine fever virus (ASFV) subunit vaccine which comprises: (i) one or more recombinant polynucleotides which encode polypeptides shown as SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 and 3 or an immunogenic fragment thereof; or a variant with at least 70% sequence identity to one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 or 3; wherein the total number of different ASFV polypeptides encoded by the one or more recombinant polynucleotides is 10 or fewer; or (ii) recombinant polypeptides shown as SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 and 3 or an immunogenic fragment thereof; or a variant with at least 70% sequence identity to one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 and 3; wherein vaccine comprises 10 or fewer different ASFV polypeptides.
IP Reference	TW202118771
Protection	Patent application published
Year Protection Granted	2021
Licensed	Commercial In Confidence
Impact	The polypeptides are being taken forward to develop subunit vaccines for African swine fever virus


Title	SimonGubbins/WithinHostDynamicsAndTransmission: Release for publication
Description	No description provided.
Type Of Technology	Software
Year Produced	2022
Impact	Improves reliability and future use of methods in article.
URL	https://zenodo.org/record/7347010


Description	"Challenges for Poultry Industry". Organised by Fakieh Poultry at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2nd -3rd December 2018,
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Conference discussed prevention and control of infectious diseases affecting poultry production.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	"Interactive session with poultry stakeholders". Title: Overview of Avian Influenza group Research at The Pirbright Institute. Presented at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan, 3rd August 2018.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The workshop discussed the economic impacts and prevention strategies against avian influenza viruses affecting poultry production and zoonotic infections.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	2. Overview of Avian Influenza group Research at The Pirbright Institute. Presented at "Interactive session with poultry stakeholders" at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan, 3rd August 2018.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Dissemination of research Project outcomes These include presenting research data for vaccine seed strains with emergent field avian influenza variants; The zoonotic risk posed by emerging avian influenza viruses circulating in the wild birds and poultry. Impact of virus evolution on vaccine efficacy and persistence in poultry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	A talk at a symposium entitled: Using the 3Rs to support good science
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	I gave a talk at a Symposium held at The Pirbright Institute entitled: "Using the 3Rs to support good science". The talk was entitled: "A chicken primary B cell culture model to study the pathogenesis and improve the control of immunosuppressive viruses of poultry"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	A talk at the British Poultry Diseases Group meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	The Poultry Diseases Group meet quarterly and is comprised of representatives from private veterinary practices, vaccine and pharmaceutical industries, and the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). I gave a talk at one of the meetings outlining my research to date and future directions.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	AB Improving Approaches to Prevent and Control Viral Diseases of Livestock and Poultry
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Batra, A., Maier, H.J., Britton P., Hiscox, J.A., Fife, M.S., 2015. PI3K/AKT signalling during infectious bronchitis virus infection. Food Security: Improving Approaches to Prevent and Control Viral Diseases of Livestock and Poultry, British Council Research Links Workshop, Istanbul, Turkey (Oral presentation)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2015


Description	AB Society of General Microbiology Annual conference
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Poster presentation. Batra, A., Maier, H.J., Britton, P., Hiscox, J.A., Fife, M.S. AKT activation during infectious bronchitis virus infection. Society of General Microbiology Annual conference, Liverpool, UK
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2013,2014,2015


Description	AN INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR VENUGOPAL NAIR
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Professor Venugopal Nair is a Research Group Leader at The Pirbright Institute, a visiting Professor of Avian Virology at the Department of Zoology, and a Jenner Investigator at the Jenner Institute, University of Oxford. He is also a member of the Microbiology Society, and in this interview, he tells us more about his research into viral diseases of livestock.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020
URL	https://microbiologysociety.org/membership/meet-our-members/focus-area-viruses/an-interview-with-pro...


Description	ASF Genotypes Study Interview
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Interview to discuss recent publication on a hybrid virus discovered in China
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Amin Asfor presented the findigs of the project at the Microbiology Society Annual meeting, 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Amin Asfor presented the findigs of the project at the Microbiology Society Annual meeting, 2019. Title: in vivo and ex vivo models of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) in inbred chicken lines differing in their resistance to the disease.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Amin Asfor presented the work at the NC3Rs Fellows Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Amin Asfor presented a poster at the NC3Rs Fellows Day entitled: Chicken primary B cell culture model to study the pathogenesis and improve the control of immunosuppressive viruses of poultry
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Animal Health Investment Forum. Panel Discussion on African swine fever
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Panel discussion on African swine fever impact and control
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020,2022


Description	Article and Video in AP press on African swine fever risk to pygmy hogs
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview and video recording for AP press on risks of African swine fever virus to critically endangered pygmy hogs in Assam India
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Article in The Scientist Magazine following interview with Katya Zimmer (June 2019)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview with Journalist with The Scientist Magazine for a News Article concerning Race to Build ASFV vaccine in response to outbreaks in China/Asia
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/scientists-race-to-build-vaccine-for-african-swine-fever-...


Description	Ash Manor School challenge week workshop
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	For this event, 60 students were rotating around a series of science workshops as part of their challenge week based on a selected theme of their choice. Giulia and Phoebe contributed together with other people from our Institute in delivering the workshop about microbiology, hence student were actively interested in the topic. They organised activities that could be performed in small groups such as teaching pupils about the importance of hand hygiene using our UV Equipment, seeing live mosquitoes through a microscope, learning about flu using our Flu Fighters- H&N Selector and trying to take swabs from a model chicken using Flu Fighters- Henrietta the Chicken. The students were very interested in all the activities and actively participating, and they were asking many questions related to viruses, animal diseases, zoonotic diseases and microbiology in general.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Ash Manor school challenge week science workshops
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Provide information on research activity at The Pirbright Institute and informing on pathogens infecting farmed animals.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Ash Manor school challenge week science workshops
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Discussion of research activities with school children and the school reported increased interests in the related subject.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Avian Influenza Evolution: Impact on Virulence, Vaccines and Diagnostics.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal presented a keynote talk at the International Seminar 2024 "Poultry Health Challenges in Pakistan on 21 November 2024 at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Avian Influenza H9N2 and H7N9 evolution, fitness in poultry and zoonotic potential presented by Munir Iqbal at UC DAVIS EDUCATION CONFERENCE ON ONE HEALTH FOR FOOD SAFETY, AGRICULTURE, AND ANIMAL HEALTH
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The research was discussed with academic and non-academic participants the risks of avian influenza viruses currently circulating in poultry and carry potential to cause zoonotic infections. Since avian influenzas viruses (AIVs) exist in many subtypes and co-infection of two or more different AIV subtypes in an individual bird can lead to the generation of novel reassortant viruses. The emergent reassortant viruses may carry differential phenotypic characteristics (virulence, host-transmission and host-range) compared to their parental viruses. Our studies revealed that experimental co-infection of chickens with two different subtypes of avian influenza viruses (H9N2 and H7N9) led to the emergence of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses which carry greater virulence for poultry and an increased zoonotic and pandemic potential. Our results also provided evidence that both H9N2 and H7N9 viruses can rapidly acquire antigenic changes in vaccinated birds causing vaccine failure and cocirculation of these viruses can also rapidly lead to rapid generation of novel reassortment viruses with increased virulence and host-range posing threat to both animals and humans. This presentation increased awareness among the audience risk posed by co-circulation of different subtypes of avian influenza viruses in poultry and wild birds and how best we can detect emerging threats and develop the disease risks and disease mitigation strategies.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://www.wifss.ucdavis.edu/onehealthsummer21/


Description	Avian Influenza Research at Pirbright
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presented a talk as an invited speaker to the Animal Diseases Surveillance and Control Team at The Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), London, UK sharing the research goals and achievements performed at the Pirbright Institute. The topics focused on (i) understanding the genetic and antigenic evolution of avian influenza viruses, (ii) drivers of zoonotic potential, (iii) improvement of poultry vaccine potency, (iv) investigating molecular markers of antigenic variants, (v) improving avian influenza detection and diagnostic approaches, e.g. lateral flow devices and (vi) development of novel vaccine candidates to improve protective efficacy including vector- and multivalent-based vaccines and targeted delivery of antigens.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Avian Influenza Vaccines Research at Pirbright
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Delivered a presentation to key research grant funders and stakeholders in the UK, including BBSRC and DEFRA, associated with animal welfare, disease control, and the research goals and achievements performed at the Pirbright Institute. The topics focused on (i) understanding the genetic and antigenic evolution of avian influenza viruses, (ii) drivers of zoonotic potential, (iii) improvement of poultry vaccine potency, (iv) investigating molecular markers of antigenic variants, (v) improving avian influenza detection and diagnostic approaches, e.g. lateral flow devices and (vi) development of novel vaccine candidates to improve protective efficacy including vector- and multivalent-based vaccines and targeted delivery of antigens.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Avian Influenza Viruses: Potential Threats and Disease Mitigation Strategies
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal presented a talk (as an invited keynote speaker) at the 8th Scientific Conference on Transboundary Animal Diseases on 10 October 2024, Tunis, Tunesia
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Avian Influenza and One Health
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal presented Talk at the Infectious Diseases seminar for senior medical practitioners on 25 September 2024, at the Gordon Museum of Pathology, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Avian Influenza: Global Situation & Control Strategies
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presented a talk as an invited speaker at the International Symposium on Poultry Health Challenges in Pakistan. Organized by the World Veterinary Poultry Association (WVPA-Pakistan Branch) at Serena Hotel Faisalabad, Pakistan. Poultry production continues to face several challenges caused by avian influenza, including: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. From these challenges, the topic of discussion and research drives optimal vaccination strategies to improve: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effectiveness: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, (6) DIVA: to allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Implementing new emerging vaccine approaches can: (1) enhance the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduce production losses, (3) improve cost-effectiveness, (4) improve productivity and economy, (5) improve animal welfare, and (6) reduce prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Avian flu: our food chain is in crisis.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	The New paper "Telegraph" correspondent Sarah Newey (GLOBAL HEALTH SECURITY CORRESPONDENT) Interviewed Professor munir Iqbal regarding the impacts and threats of current wave if high pathogenicity avian influenza virus causing disease widespread losses to poultry production, mortality of wild birds and mammalian species (otters, foxes, minks sealions), The discussion focus on the impacts of avian influenza infections on the livelihood of farming comunities and threat of zoonotic infection to wider public.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023
URL	https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/what-bird-flu-pandemic-killedmillions-...


Description	Avian influenza viruses can combine two techniques to evade vaccine immunity
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	A study by researchers at The Pirbright Institute reveals more clues about how avian influenza viruses can evade vaccine immunity, aiding their spread in the field. The findings are published in Emerging Microbes and Infections. Influenza viruses are able to mutate, which can enable them to evade immunity generated by natural infection or vaccination. Influenza viruses have four main ways of duping the immune system so that they can continue to infect and spread between birds. Pirbright scientists investigated two of these to further understand how the H9N2 avian influenza virus can change its genetic makeup to overcome poultry vaccines. One of the methods the virus can use is to alter one of its surface proteins, haemagglutinin (HA), which enables the virus to enter the cell and replicate. HA is also a common target for the immune system's antibodies, which block the virus from binding to cell receptors. By changing just one or two protein components, HA can latch on far more tightly to the cell, preventing antibodies from stopping the virus. However, this can come at a cost, as particularly strong binding can prevent effective replication. The other method scientists investigated is how H9N2 viruses disguise themselves by adding sugar chains to the surface of their HA proteins. This can block antibodies from binding, but also has varying fitness outcomes for the influenza virus. The researchers found that the location of the sugar chain on HA could determine how effectively the virus replicated. They also demonstrated that the two evasive techniques could either compliment or act against each other - if an influenza virus had gained mutations that enable it to bind more strongly to cells, a sugar chain in the right position could restore its ability to replicate effectively. In contrast, weakly binding influenza viruses do not benefit from HA sugar additions, which instead reduce the virus's ability to replicate. Professor Munir Iqbal, head of the Avian Influenza Group at Pirbright said, "We can use this knowledge to develop new vaccines that will help antibodies to recognise how the flu virus can change. This will provide protection to birds even as the virus evolves. We can also use this information to understand how viruses survive in poultry despite vaccination and monitor new adaptions that may appear in the field." This research was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the British Council with support from the Newton Fund. Article: Sealy, J. E., Peacock, T. P., Sadeyen, J. R., Chang, P., Everest, H. J., Bhat, S., Iqbal, M. (2020). Adsorptive mutation and N-linked glycosylation modulate influenza virus antigenicity and fitness. Emerging Microbes & Infections, advance online publication, 12 November 2020, doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1850180 [SOURCE: The Pirbright Institute]
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020
URL	https://www.star-idaz.net/2020/12/avian-influenza-viruses-can-combine-two-techniques-to-evade-vaccin...


Description	Avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka: investigating genotype to phenotype (antigenicity, virulence, host-range). Webinar on 28th March 2021.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presented talk by Munir iqbal describing ongoing research outcomes. We identified genetic determined that modules avian influenza H5 and H9 antigenicity virulence and transmission fitness in different host species. The role of identified markers that change the virus binding to host cells and impact on virus-host interaction leading to mild or severe disease manifestation in chickens and mammalian species (humans).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Avian influenza: tackling large numbers of outbreaks this winter in the UK
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Nearly two years on, the COVID-19 pandemic is still dominating the news and continues to cause concern for populations across the globe. However, UK poultry and wild bird populations are currently facing their own health threat. We are not the only ones that have faced lockdowns because of spreading viruses, UK poultry and captive birds have also faced a similar situation to protect them from avian influenza. Scientists at The Pirbright Institute are working to increase understanding of how genetic changes in influenza A viruses can impact disease spread, host responses to infection and the pathology associated with the disease. What is the avian influenza virus? Avian influenza viruses are Influenza A viruses that circulate and transmit amongst birds. The disease is what we commonly know as 'bird flu'. Influenza A viruses can infect a range of hosts, including humans and two subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 circulate as seasonal flu each winter in the UK. Avian influenza viruses are different to those that can infect humans in that they cannot easily infect humans and must change and adapt to do so. Aquatic birds are a natural reservoir for avian influenza viruses, these birds typically experience fewer clinical symptoms but can spread disease to domestic birds, particularly in the migratory season, between October and March. Avian influenza viruses are categorised as either highly pathogenic (HPAI) or low pathogenic (LPAI) and this categorisation is linked to the severity of disease in chickens. HPAI has a high mortality rate which can be up to 100%, other symptoms can include swelling of the head, death of cells in the comb and wattle, red discolouration of legs and feet and diarrhoea. HPAI causes disease in more organs than just those in the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts like LPAI, which mostly presents as respiratory symptoms such as a snick (like a sneeze), a rattle in the chest (known as rales) and discharge from the eyes and nose. What is causing bird flu outbreaks in domestic birds now? We are currently in the normal migratory season of wild birds. In the spring and summer months, these birds spend their time breeding and raising their young in North-eastern Asia where they mix with other bird species which enables virus transmission and mutation. Then, when they migrate for the autumn and winter months, they shed virus in their faeces along the way. One of the migratory paths is across Northern Europe and this includes the UK. This year, in the UK, the first avian influenza outbreak was on 15 October and was discovered in captive aquatic birds. To date (17 December 2021) there have been 50 outbreaks in England, 1 in Wales and 2 in Scotland, this has resulted in over half a million birds being destroyed to control the spread of disease. Are there more outbreaks this year compared to other years? The number of outbreaks this year has been the most extensive ever. There have been over 50 outbreaks in the UK, compared to 26 outbreaks last year. Although it is hard to pin down the reason for this high number, we know it is not linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. The UK's response to the spread of avian influenza has been rapid, and from 29 November birds were required to be housed inside with additional biosecurity measures put in place such as foot dips and disinfecting clothing. Testing and surveillance of wild birds have shown that there is a high prevalence of the virus in these birds currently, and this is contributing to the spread of disease to farm and domestic bird populations. A more detailed look at the genetic make-up of these viruses shows that they are different to those from previous years. This is predicted to be as a result of the virus infecting multiple birds across a range of species, and this provides the perfect opportunity for the virus to evolve. Analysis of these genetic changes does not raise any alarm bells for increased transmission to humans, but they are likely impacting the spread and severity of disease in birds. What should we do if we find a dead bird or are concerned about bird health? If the public finds dead waterfowl birds they are encouraged not to touch them but to report them to Defra using the appropriate phone number that can be found on the website, also any other wild birds found dead in numbers of five or greater should be reported. What is Pirbright doing to tackle this virus? Researchers at Pirbright are attempting to enhance the control and detection of avian influenza in poultry populations as well as extend our basic knowledge about the virus in avian and mammalian hosts. The research groups led by Professor Munir Iqbal and Dr Holy Shelton are investigating how avian influenza virus strains originated from wild birds can rapidly adapt to cause disease outbreaks in poultry and gain the potential to infect humans. In addition, Professor Munir Iqbal is developing improved poultry vaccines that prevent virus replication and spread. These vaccines are particularly useful in countries where avian influenza is regularly found in the domestic poultry and the control and prevention of spread isn't easy, such as in the UK.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/news/2021/12/avian-influenza-tackling-large-numbers-outbreaks-winter-uk


Description	BBSRC Partnering Seminar, University of Liverpool, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Science University
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Talk presented entitled " Molecular determinants of antigenicity of H7 and H9 avian Influenza viruses". The research data shared with the colleagues working to reduce the impact of avian infectious diseases on poultry production. The discussion led to more collaboration and work together, acquiring reagents and protocols for further research and development activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	BSI antibody meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presented work on how we have developed methods to study cattle B cells and antibody responses.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	BSI congress 2021
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Chaired a session on coinfection sponsored by the BBSRC. Took part in a debate on the future of veterinary immunology
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	BSI report on the future of veterinary immunology and vaccinology
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Organised and published a joint IVVN/BSI report to raise awareness of the UK's research status in veterinary vaccinology and immunology and the importance of maintaining this for the R&D landscape 'Securing Our Future: the value of veterinary vaccines'. This was aimed at influencing policymakers to support and commit to maintaining the UK's leading position.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	BSI webinar
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	I presented a webinar hosted by the British Society for Immunology entitled "BSI Coronavirus webinar: What can we learn from the animal coronaviruses?", which sparked questions and discussions afterwards. I have since been contacted to establish new collaborations with people in the audience.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Big Band Science Event- AH, ER, LVC, MdP
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Big Bang Fair
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	This is a South of England Showground in which students from schools and their parents participated which lead to discussion and interest in both school children and their parents.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://nearme.thebigbangfair.co.uk/view/?eve_id=1956


Description	Big Bang Fair
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	The Big Bang Near Me is a programme of regional and local Big Bang Fairs that take place all across the UK. Together with The Big Bang UK Young Scientists & Engineers Fair and The Big Bang Competition, it forms part of the wider Big Bang programme, bringing science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) to life for young people
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://nearme.thebigbangfair.co.uk/about/


Description	Big Bang SE
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Bird flu study from Pirbright Institute sheds light on mutations and health impacts
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Bird flu study from Pirbright Institute sheds light on mutations and health impacts. Emerging research from the Pirbright Institute shows that avian influenza mutations could increase disease threat to poultry, but make it less infectious for humans. Mutations in the H7N9 bird flu virus increase its replication rate and stability in avian cells, but reduce its preference for infecting human cells, a study from The Pirbright Institute has found. The results show that outbreaks in birds caused by strains with these mutations could pose a lower risk to human health, while remaining a significant threat to the poultry industry. H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus usually infects birds, but in 2013 the first human case was recorded in China. Since then, there have been over 1,500 confirmed human infections with about 40 percent of cases resulting in fatalities. Further evolution of the H7N9 virus gave rise to a high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) strain that could cause 100 percent mortality in chickens. In 2017 the Chinese Government initiated a wide scale vaccination programme in chickens which drove down cases of both low and high pathogenicity strains. Previous Pirbright research identified three mutations in avian influenza H7N9 viruses that enabled them to overcome immunity generated by vaccines. The mutations altered a protein on the outside of the virus called haemagglutinin (HA), which binds to host cell receptors and allows the virus to enter and cause infection. In the latest study, published in the Journal of Virology, the team discovered the same mutations occurred in H7N9 viruses isolated from the field in 2019, which most likely emerged in birds that had either been immunised or naturally infected. Analysis of the viruses demonstrated that strains with these mutations have significantly increased replication rates in both chicken cell cultures and chick embryos as well as displaying greater acid and thermal stability, which could improve transmission ability. The mutations also influenced which animal cells the strain could enter - their HA proteins could still bind to the receptors of bird cells, but they lost their affinity for human cell receptors. These findings show that in evolving to escape the chicken immune system, the mutated H7N9 viruses have reduced their risk to human health whilst increasing the threat they pose to poultry, although further studies in birds are needed to confirm the impact this could have on infection and disease spread. Professor Munir Iqbal, head of the Avian Influenza Group at Pirbright, said: "Our approach has allowed us to accurately predict avian influenza mutations that appear in the field, and assess how these mutations could affect the risk they pose to both human and avian populations. This information can be used to inform surveillance efforts and provide early warnings of potentially dangerous emerging strains."
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020
URL	https://www.thepoultrysite.com/news/2020/07/bird-flu-study-from-pirbright-institute-sheds-light-on-m...


Description	Bird flu: What is it and what's behind the outbreak? ( BBC New)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Discussion with BBC News Editors (Helen Briggs & Jeremy Howell). As the The world is going through its worst-ever outbreak of bird flu which led the deaths of hundreds of thousands of wild birds and millions of domestic ones. It is also being found in mammals, so what are the threats from this virus to economy, food security, animal welfare and public health.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023
URL	https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-63464065


Description	Bishop David Brown careers fair, AH, AI, AA, ER
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Stimulated interest in science careers and the diversity of opportunties and the people that follow these paths
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Blenheim High School Fair - DB
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Team members attended sessions at a local high school with secondary school children and those in the 6th form to talk about paths into scientific careers, sharing their experiences of working at The Pirbright Institute. Approximately 300 students attended and it stimulated increased interest in science and research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Bluetongue in wildlife workshop - presentation on "Bluetongue virus in deer (and other wildlife) - pathogenesis and immune responses" July 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	This workshop brought together policy makers, veterinary advisers and scientist to share information and discuss the role of wildlife for important Culicoides-borne viruses of ruminants. Gave 15 minutes presentation on "Bluetongue virus in deer (and other wildlife) - pathogenesis and immune responses"
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Broadcast on African swine fever on BBC wolrd service "The Food Chain"
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview with BBC World Service "The Food Chain" on African swine fever virus.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05xhflj


Description	Brownies-AH
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Talking to the Brownies about science and their careers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	CABI_Research activity of Avian Immunology Group at The Pirbright Institute
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Release of research activity within Avian Immunology group at The Pirbright Institute
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Centre of excellence for research on avian diseases (CERAD)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	I was invited to present my work at the UK-China Centre of excellence for research on avian diseases (CERAD) meeting attended by researchers from UK, China and Thailand. There was lots of discussion about the research and future directions, including potential collaborations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Chair of organising Committee for Wellcome Trust-Animal Genetics and Diseases 2017
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	This meeting brought together specialists working on the interface between genomics, genetic engineering and infectious disease with the aims of improving animal and human health and welfare. Scientific sessions included: Genetics of immune responses and disease resistance Genetically engineered livestock (including genome editing) Quantitative genetics and epigenetics applied to disease Epidemiology and pathogen evolution Bioinformatics, comparative and functional genomics Precision medicine of animal companions
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	https://coursesandconferences.wellcomegenomecampus.org/events/item.aspx?e=635&dm_i=2SUU,HOGH,4R4AW1,...


Description	Chaired the Poultry Disease group meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Poultry Disease group is a forum of veterinary practitioners to discuss the advances in poultry diseases that could be translated from research labs to the farms
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Challenges and Innovations in Avian Influenza Vaccines
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal presented Avian Pathology Lecture at the 6th WVPA Asia Meeting, 17-18 October 2024, Manila, Philippines.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Cheltenham Science Festival
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Cheltenham Science Festival
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Institute stand at the festival covering the Institute science in general, and transmission and gene editing to control disease, in particular.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Cheltenham Science Festival 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Attended the Cheltenham Science Festival and presented "Pandemic Live" an interactive debate on the spread of viruses in livestock. The audience were guided through the decision making processes that accompany an outbreak of an exotic livestock disease outbreak.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Cheltenham Science Festival 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Kate Dulwich participated in an outreach activity at the Cheltenham Science Festival from 07-09 Jun 2019
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Cheltenham Science Festival- AH, ER, JC
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Present at the Pirbright stand to discuss science with the public
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Cheltenham Science festival - LB
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	National science festival which Team members attended to demonstrate to the public how scientists at The Pirbright Institute can work to contain and control viral outbreaks. Over 500 people accessed the information and this stimulated increased interest in science and research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Combating avian influenza through systematic analysis of antigenic drift, genetic variation, and development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines. Presented at as PI of the ZELS project at ZELS grant holders and Stakeholders meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam 23th-24th January 2017.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Engagement and dissemination of research outcome to representatives of research funding bodies such as Department for International Development (DFID), Medical Research Council (MRC) and the researchers working on different research projects funded by BBSRC under Zoonoses and Emerging Livestock Systems (ZELS).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Conor Haydon participated in the STEM Day - Speed interviews and Careers Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	STEM day engagement and careers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Coronavirus lecture MSc students (Surrey)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	A lecture was presented on the replication, cellular interactions and pathogenesis of coronaviruses to 15-20 MSc students from University of Surrey. The students were engaged and interested, answering and asking questions during the session.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016,2018


Description	Could Bird Flu become a pandemic? (Aljazeera TV)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	The discussion ( Inside Story) has been impacts of high pathogenicity avian influenza on poultry and whether bird flu become a pandemic?. The inside story was presented by Al Jazeera English corresponded "Mohammed Jamjoom" the discussion focus remains as the world is experiencing its largest recorded outbreak of bird flu, populations of poultry and wild birds are becoming infected. So what are threats of these viruses on food supplies, economy and public health.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023
URL	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spp2Cg-jqoc


Description	Cross-scale dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus: from within hosts to between farms
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited mini-symposium presentation on "Cross-scale dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus: from within hosts to between farms" at Society for Mathematical Biology 2023, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 17-21 July 2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	DB Winston Churchill School Careers event
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	School careers event for a Secondary School - 1500 children ages 11 to 16 years
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Deimante Lukosaityte: Microbiology Society conference 2019. Poster presentation: Chicken protection against H9N2 virus by passive immunization
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Described techniques for development of next generation of vaccines against viral diseases affecting animals and humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Delivered a lead talk and chaired a session at VIROCON international conference, New Delhi on Early events on PPRV pathogenesis- February 18-20, 2020
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Delivered a lead talk at VIROCON international conference, New Delhi on Early events on PPRV pathogenesis- February 18-20, 2020. This parks questions and discussions after the talk. The scientists working on other morbilliviruses, example on Measles were keen to know the new fact I delivered that PPRV primarily infect immune cells in pharyngeal tonsil, but not in the epithelium of respiratory tract as believed.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Demonstrating Mathematics (Angita Shrestha)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Angita Shrestha (PhD student within Avian Influenza group) provided help in a Maths session to the new Oxford Doctoral Training Porgramme (DTP) cohort.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Determinants of antigenicity of H9 Avian Influenza Viruses. UK-China Swine and Poultry Workshop.17-18 June 2019, The Pirbright Institute, UK.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion on the improvement of disease control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) to prevent avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Developing Novel Multivalent Vaccines for Poultry Viral Diseases
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal present talk Presented at the Oxford University Human and Veterinary Vaccinology Course on 30th October 2024, Pirbright, UK.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Developing novel multivalent vaccines for poultry viral diseases
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	A talk entitled "Developing novel multivalent vaccines for poultry viral diseases" was presented to post-graduate students from Univerity of Oxford.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Diamond Light Source Open Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Public engagement at Diamond Light Source emphasizing our collaborations with Diamond.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Diamond Light Source Open day - HJM
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	A public open day for Diamond Light Source, which Pirbright attended as a user of the facility to showcase research being performed at Pirbgith in collaboration with Diamond. There was a lot of interest in the fundamental research and sicussion about future plans and how it fit with the facility at Diamond.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Diamond open day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Over 300 people visited our stand at the open day, in which we described the importance of our work for food security and public health. Children from all ages were involved and learned about viruses and played with the huge virus particle that we had produced. One of the major impact was that we described to several people why we work on some viruses that we do not have them in the UK, and the importance of the work for the UK and UK economy and public health was explained.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.diamond.ac.uk/Public/VisitUs.html


Description	Discussion with DEFRA around genome editing of animals February 2022
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	I am a member of the Farm Animal Innovation Network providing advice to DEFRA on genome editing of animals. It is a mix of industry and academia. Outputs are from the group not the individual.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Discussion with DEFRA around genome editing of animals November 2021
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	I am a member of the Farm Animal Innovation Network providing advice to DEFRA on genome editing of animals. It is a mix of industry and academia. Outputs are from the group not the individual.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Early Career Forum meeting (ECF WG) - Mathilde Laureti
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Working group to discuss how we can promote and improve the career of early career scientist at the institute. Still ongoing.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Emergence and Fitness of H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses Currently Infecting Poultry, Wild Birds, Mammals, and Humans
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal presented a talk at the International Pandemic Sciences Conference, 1-2 July 2024, Oxford, UK.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Emerging Threats: The Evolution and Persistence of Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presented a talk as an Invited speaker at the 2023 International Symposium on Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Yangzhou University, China. Poultry production continues to face several challenges caused by avian influenza, including: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. From these challenges, the topic of discussion and research drives optimal vaccination strategies to improve: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effectiveness: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, (6) DIVA: to allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Implementing new emerging vaccine approaches can: (1) enhance the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduce production losses, (3) improve cost-effectiveness, (4) improve productivity and economy, (5) improve animal welfare, and (6) reduce prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Encouraging women into science and engineering STEM.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	MH Visited Warwick School, Redhill to talk to secondary students about careers in STEM. A very positive outcome and well received.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Engagement with poultry stakeholders (farmers and veterinarians at "Morocco Poultry Day").
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Talk was presented to poultry stakeholders including farmers describing the new emerging technologies that increase the efficacy of poultry vaccines, in particular vaccines against Avian influenzas and Newcastel disease virus,.The meetings was attended over 80 participates.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Enhancing the Potency of Poultry Vaccines by Selectively Targeting Antigens to Chicken Antigen-Presenting Cells
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presented a talk as an invited speaker at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Poultry production continues to face several challenges caused by avian influenza, including: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. Our research on our newly developed targeted-delivery vaccine platform addresses these challenges by improving: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effectiveness: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, and (6) overcome maternally derived antibodies. This platform therefore (1) enhances the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduces production losses, (3) improves cost-effectiveness, (4) improves productivity and economy, (5) improves animal welfare, and (6) reduces prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis). Additionally, collaborations with industrial partners can integrate this research to adapt to new antigenic variants and/or hosts.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Epizone, Berlin - invited speaker
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Invited speaker on "Orbiviruses on the move" at the EPIZONE conference in Berlin 2019, audience mixture of veterinary virologists, early career researchers and veterinary policy makers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Established a Twitter account for the Orbivirus research group
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Established group Twitter account in August 2019 to advocate our work and wider scientific themes of interest, continuous increase of followers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus under immune pressure. Presented at 10th International Symposium on Avian Influenza, 15th - 18th April 2018, The Grand Hotel, Brighton, UK.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The primary aim of the workshop was to forge long-term research partnerships between early-career researchers, livestock industry and national disease control authorities in the UK and the Philippines. In addition, the activity hopes provide information about the emerging and next generation diagnostic and vaccine strategies and their utilization to reduce the impact of viral diseases on livestock and poultry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.slideshare.net/zerep_cire/2019-newton-agham-researcher-links-workshop-vaccines-and-diagn...


Description	Evolutionary Dynamics of Avian Influenza (H5/H7/H9) in Asia and Its Risks
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal presented a talk at the 6th WVPA Asia Meeting, 17-18 October 2024, Manila, Philippines.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024
URL	https://wvpa-asia2024.com/


Description	Expert group meeting for PPR eradication at head quarters of WHO, Vienna, Austria, 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	In the FAO/PPR eradication meeting satya has presented work on PPR epidemiology and diagnosis. The talk was designed for the stakeholders and policy make to make aware on important points that are required for eradication of PPR
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	FLI - presentation
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Presentation of current research to the FLI - Germany to build collaborations 19/20 November 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Farnborough College of Technology Career day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	The aim of this event was to give Y13 students direct access to local potential employers who are prepared to invest in training and developing their employees via recognised apprenticeships, formal additional qualifications or in-house training, together with information on when and how they can apply. Additionally the exhibition was open for all the 3,700 college students to attend throughout the day with their families. Giulia was in charge of The Pirbright Institute stand with various activities for visitors to take part in and she was explaining our science to the students and the general public, career opportunities and training options. During the day working on the stand Giulia could speak with many children and adults about her work at Pirbright and what The Pirbright Institute is, stimulating public interest in research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Farnborough futures careers event - HJM
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	The careers event aimed to introduce the range of careers available at Pirbright. In addition I discussed my own career progression and highlighted the range of possible careers that I could have entered. Finally, I discussed some details of the research with interested students. The students had a wide range of backgrounds and career aims but were interested to hear about the Institute and the sort of work opportunities available. Several of them planned to follow up by investigating future job opportunities at Pirbright.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Fellowship Review for Roslin Institute
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Invitation to review and provide expertise for fellowship applications under the Roslin Fellowship Scheme.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Festival of Genomics
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	I participated as an expert on a panel to discuss the new and emerging technologies in high throughput sequencing, the cost implications and how these will impact upon the market/science. GF
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023
URL	http://www.FLAV.org.uk


Description	Genetic engineering speeds up poultry vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Researchers report the rapid generation of a bivalent vaccine against Marek's disease and avian influenza Scientists at The Pirbright Institute have used genetic engineering to develop a vaccine that protects birds against both Marek's disease and avian influenza. They say the process is faster and more efficient compared to previous methods, which will allow poultry vaccine producers to rapidly update vaccine strains in order to keep up with virus evolution. In a study published in the journal Vaccines, the team used the gene editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 to insert an avian influenza gene into the turkey herpesvirus (HVT) that is used in Marek's disease vaccines. The gene codes for haemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein that is key for virus entry into host cells and is therefore an important target of the host immune response to block infection. "HVT is already widely used in vaccines against Marek's disease and can be administered to eggs, enabling automated delivery and providing birds with protection from the day they hatch. The additional HA gene we have incorporated will be expressed by HVT when it replicates in host cells, meaning that a single dose of vaccine induces immunity against both viruses", explained Professor Munir Iqbal, Head of the Avian Influenza group at Pirbright. "The genetic engineering process we have developed using CRISPR/Cas9 is far quicker and more efficient than previous technologies, as well as being very consistent and accurate. These attributes are essential for providing fast and reliable vaccine production to protect poultry", Prof Iqbal added. Mutations can occur with high frequency in HA proteins, enabling influenza viruses to evade immunity generated by vaccines. Using CRISPR/Cas9 to create new vaccines will help tackle evolving viruses by reducing the time it takes manufacturing companies to adapt their vaccine strains to match these mutations, allowing faster responses to outbreaks and providing better protection. Although this gene editing method is very reliable, a small number of HVT viruses fail to incorporate the HA gene into their own genome effectively. To ensure HA is being expressed in the vaccine, the team exploited the HA protein's ability to bind to molecules on the surface of red blood cells. Chicken cells infected with the successfully modified HVT virus express HA on their surface which red blood cells attach to, forming a clump that can be visualised using microscopy. This simple test improves the speed at which suitable vaccine candidates can be identified and has a much broader application as it can also be used for other viruses that incorporate proteins which interact with red blood cells. "Improving how we make vaccines is critical for preventing avian influenza outbreaks. Our work could help reduce the spread of disease between birds and reduce the risk of infection for people who work closely with poultry", Prof Iqbal said. "Now that we have developed a rapid method for generating this modified vaccine, our next steps will be to study the vaccine's effectiveness in field trials."
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020
URL	https://www.cabi.org/vetmedresource/news/66612


Description	Global epidemic trend of avian influenza virus and its harm to public health
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Talk as an invited speaker at The 2023 China-ASEAN Seminar on Prevention and Control of Cross-border Animal Diseases, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China. The persistence of avian influenza viruses in bird populations increases zoonotic and pandemic risks. Research focuses on reducing prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis). To address this, topics discussed included research focuses in: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. From these challenges, the topic of discussion and research drives optimal vaccination strategies to improve: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effectiveness: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, (6) DIVA: to allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Implementing new emerging vaccine approaches can: (1) enhance the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduce production losses, (3) improve cost-effectiveness, (4) improve productivity and economy, (5) improve animal welfare, and (6) reduce prevalence of viruses and protect public health.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Gordon's schools careers Fair-AH
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Provoking interest in a range of science career paths
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Guidance document on genome editing to DEFRA
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	I am a member of the Farm Animal Innovation Network (FAIN) providing advice to DEFRA on genome editing of animals. It is a mix of industry and academia. Outputs are from the group and not the individual.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	H5Nx Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza Viruses: An Increasing Risk for Global Poultry, Livestock, and Humans
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal presented a talk at the WVPA Regional Conference for Africa and the Middle East 3-6 September 2024, Cairo, Egypt.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	H9N2 avian influenza viruses: impact of evolutionary changes on virus antigenicity, receptor binding and zoonotic potential. Presented at "Conference on Animal Infectious Diseases and Human Health" held at The Veterinary Biotechnology Branch of Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine & the Veterinary Immunology Branch of Chinese Society for Immunology. August 7th-10th, 2018 Harbin, China.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Dissemination of research outcomes to prevent and control of infectious diseases of animals and humans. - Avian influenza virus evolution and efficacy. -
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	H9N2 avian influenza viruses: impact of evolutionary changes on virus antigenicity, receptor binding and zoonotic potential. Presented at "Conference on Animal Infectious Diseases and Human Health" held at The Veterinary Biotechnology Branch of Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine & the Veterinary Immunology Branch of Chinese Society for Immunology. August 7th-10th, 2018 Harbin, China.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Focus of the conference was to improve control against infectious diseases affecting poultry and livestock.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	HPAI Update: Global and Asian Situation and Control.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal Presented talk et "Let's Speak Poultry" (ASKAN), on 16 October 2024 in Manila, Philippines.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	High pathogenicity avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 in Europe -Epidemiology and Surveillance. Presented via Webinar, organized by Boehringer Ingelheim, 3rd July 2020.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Talk entitled; High pathogenicity avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 in Europe -Epidemiology and Surveillance. talk was organized by Boehringer Ingelheim, 3rd July 2020 and presented via Webinar.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Holt School Surrey. Bee meadow & A-level outreach Talk.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	I discussed the importance of pollinators for biodiversity and food security with the younger students. I also discussed careers in science with A-Level students. There was good interaction and many questions surrounding both topics.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	How virus tracking can help us prevent future pandemics
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	UAR interviewed Professor Munir Iqbal, head of the Avian Influenza group at The Pirbright Institute, https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/users/prof-munir-iqbal. The Pirbright Institute specialises in the research and diagnosis of livestock viral diseases and viruses that spread from animals to humans. The Institute is part of an international network that tracks viruses and formulates ways to control and prevent outbreaks, such as creating new vaccines and better diagnostics. While the Covid-19 pandemic grabs the headlines there are other, potentially more deadly viruses, spreading through the animal kingdom, which may have the capacity to infect humans. Perhaps the most well-known pandemic agent - before Covid-19 - was the flu virus. The 1918 influenza pandemic, caused by an H1N1 virus of avian origin, was the most severe pandemic in recent history, infecting one-third of the world's population and killing at least 50 million worldwide. These viruses evolve, so every year the world is at risk of a new strain of flu. One related virus that caused the 2009 swine flu pandemic killed over 200,000 people worldwide. Professor Munir Iqbal heads up the Avian Influenza Virus group at The Pirbright Institute. This group is imitating natural selection and evolution of influenza viruses in the lab. They hope to identify how viruses might change - potentially to be more dangerous. By identifying those changes they can make informed decisions about how to create vaccines against these potential new strains. A new strain, H7N9, emerged in China in February 2013, infecting both poultry and humans. Since then, there have been over 1500 confirmed human infections from this strain with an estimated 40% fatality rate. By 2017 the Chinese government had, very rapidly for a new vaccine, implemented a mass vaccination programme against H7N9 in poultry. This was accompanied by a striking reduction in human infection from this virus. At first this seemed to be good news, but it turns out that suboptimal vaccine practices were creating an evolutionary pressure for the virus to change - to escape the effects of vaccination. As the virus evolved it didn't infect human populations so well, but it became more aggressive in the poultry, even if they had been vaccinated. Iqbal explains, "At The Pirbright Institute, we study how these viruses evolve to persist in poultry and overcome vaccines, and how mutations impact virus virulence, transmission and, pathogenicity. Ultimately this will give us information on bird-to-human transmission and help develop diagnostic tools and vaccines to better fight the virus." Disease transmission has to be studied in chickens but disease virulence can be quantified using chicken eggs. 14 day-old fertilised eggs are infected with the virus which then replicate. The faster the virus replicates in the embryo, the more virulent the strain. "The quantity of virus being produced often equates to the aggressiveness of the disease. Very often viral infection depends on the amount of virus that you come in contact with. One particle might not infect animals or humans, but thousands could. In the same way, a smaller amount of virus might be needed to infect poultry compared to humans. We live alongside loads of virus without getting sick until we come across an amount large enough to cause an infection," explains Iqbal. By imitating the natural selection process in the lab, the researchers identified the specific mutation that allowed the Chinese H7N9 virus to escape vaccine-induced immunity. They were also able to predict the evolution of influenza viruses. Three mutations that were observed in the lab have since been found in the field in 2019. "These changes can have a huge impact in terms of virus transmission, virus virulence and virus transfusion across species from avian-to-human, avian-to-avian, or even to different mammalian species," adds Iqbal. Fortunately for us, these three mutations prevent H7N9 viruses from binding to human cells, but increase their binding, replication and stability in chicken cells and embryos. This means that the strains that had evolved around the vaccination posed a lower threat to humans, but an increased risk to poultry. Mass vaccination of poultry against H7N9 strains in China might have been beneficial to humans, driving virus evolution away from a human pandemic, but it also meant that the evolved viruses posed an even greater threat to poultry. However, this might not be the case for all strains warns Iqbal. Not all mutations that arise due to vaccine induced evolution, push viral strains away from human infection. In the future, other mutations may have human pandemic potential or be even more deadly to poultry. Influenza viruses are a particular risk, as they infect a huge range of animals and mutate rapidly, which gives them the capacity to jump species and evade the immune system. They are particularly a cause for concern, because they circulate in livestock such as pigs and poultry which regularly come into close contact with humans. Using a method that can predict how vaccination may change influenza virus characteristics is potentially valuable for making new vaccines against these fast evolving viruses. These predictions could also provide advanced warning of mutations that could increase likelihood of human infection. Looking out for these viral mutations in the global health surveillance programme can help in the monitoring for potential threats. This might allow us to get ahead of them, by developing and using new vaccines, before new viral variants have a chance to spread and spiral out of control in a new pandemic.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020
URL	https://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/research-medical-benefits/how-virus-tracking-can...


Description	Human Infection Challenge Models Network
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	HIC-Vac is an international network of researchers who are developing human infection challenge (HIC) studies to accelerate the development of vaccines against pathogens of high global impact. The goal is to foster an engaged and interactive community of international researchers to promote open sharing of knowledge and expertise, generate new ideas, support and share best practice, and form new cross-discipline collaborations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Identification of antigenic epitopes to broaden and enhance the efficacy of avian influenza vaccines. Presented at 6th Animal Vaccines and immune Adjuvant Technologies Salon & Advanced seminar, Shandong-Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, China, 18-20 October 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion was the best practices to improve control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) for prevention of avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Illumina EMIDA seminar series - Graham Freimanis
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Applying High-Throughput Sequencing to Animal Health Research. Illumina internal staff seminar series.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Imagineering Fair
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Talked to the general public about Pirbright science and Beekeeping
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Immuno-pathobiology of H9N2 avian influenza viruses: looking at how the viruses evolve and persist in poultry. Presented at "Techniques for Healthy Farming and Diseases Prevention & Control of Livestock and Poultry. Beijing, August 13th-15th, 2018.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Dissemination of research outputs. Improvement of vaccines and diagnostics.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Improving Breadth and Duration of Immunity of Poultry Vaccines: Targeted Delivery of Antigens to Chicken Antigen Presenting Cells.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Talk entitled "Improving Breadth and Duration of Immunity of Poultry Vaccines: Targeted Delivery of Antigens to Chicken Antigen Presenting Cells" presented by Professor Iqbal at 2022 Yangzhou International Conference on Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety - Germplasm Innovation and Agri-Product Safety on 30th November 2022.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Improving Detection Sensitivity of Lateral Flow-Based Rapid Diagnosis of Emerging Avian Influenza H5Nx Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Munir Iqbal presented a talk at the International Pandemic Sciences Conference, 1-2 July 2024, Oxford, UK.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Improving Potency of Poultry Vaccines
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	A talk entitled "Improving Potency of Poultry Vaccines" presented by Munir Iqbal to post graduate students at meeting "The 2022 International Animal Husbandry High-Quality Development Conference" on On 19th November 2022 hosted by Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College. More than 300 post graduate and university staff from Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College attended the meeting and discussed the advanced in the strategies to reduce the impacts of avian influenza viruses.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Improving vaccines and diagnostics for Avian influenza viruses affecting poultry. Presented at the International Poultry Expo "Poultry Science Conference", Lahore, Pakistan, 13-15 September 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion was the best practices to improve control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) for prevention of avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Inauguration of the UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases (CERAD) and Symposium on Recent Advances in Avian Disease Research
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Inauguration of the UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases (CERAD) and Symposium on Recent Advances in Avian Disease Research. This was held in Binzhou, Shandong province in China in 2015
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2015


Description	Influenza update meeting (Pengxiang Chang)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	presented work entitled: Antigenic characterization of avian influenza H7N9 virus by in vitro immune escape mutant selection method.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Initiation of a mass vaccination campain ( 2018) in TamilNadu, India
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Scientists from The Pirbright Institute's Vaccine Differentiation group have recently returned from Chennai in India, where they conducted a mass peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccination campaign and awareness programme. They joined scientists from four specialist organisations; Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB) and National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI). Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as goat plague, is highly contagious and infects small ruminants such as sheep and goats, causing up to 90% mortality. The disease is prevalent across large parts of Africa, the Middle East, India and China and is estimated to cost between US$1.4 billion and US$2.1 billion globally each year. In 2017, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) introduced a global eradication programme to reduce the devastating impact PPR has on the economy and food security of affected countries. "Over 40 vets joined our vaccination campaign in the Tanir Kulum village of Tiruvallur District, TaminNadu (close to Chennai), where we administered vaccines to over 400 sheep and goats in a single day. We also ran an awareness camp where we provided farmers and vets alike with expert guidance on diagnosing clinical signs of PPR and what measures they could take to reduce its spread", said Professor Satya Parida from Pirbright, who led the collaborative effort with Dr Dhinakar Raj from TANUVAS.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/news/2018/09/pirbright-scientists-run-vaccination-campaign-eradicate-pes...


Description	Innovate Guildford (Angita Shrestha):
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	GENERAL SCIENCE
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Innovate Guildford - DB & KC
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Public science event where team members participated on a Pirbright Institute stand which contained activities to help the public understand how scientists can help to contain and control viral outbreaks. Over 500 members of the general public attended which stimulated increased interest in science and research and led to requests for more information.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Innovate Guildford Outreach (12th March)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	With amazing exhibits, activities, workshops, talks and competitions, it's FREE to attend. Explore the four zones: Engineering, One Health, Digital Media and Future Living, experience interactive performances, hear inspiring speakers (including leading gaming pioneer Peter Molyneux and animal health pioneer Professor Nick Bacon) and take in an amazing atmosphere. Theatre, music and comedy will feature through the day, with everything from how technology might have affected Shakespeare's plays to risky recycling and photographic secrets.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	https://www.guildford.gov.uk/innovateguildford


Description	Innovate Guilford-AH, AA, ER, EL
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	General science festival engaging the public in the research undertaken at Pirbright
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Inreview with Daily Telegraph about African swine fever
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview with reporter from Daily Telegraph about African swine fever virus and risks to UK farmers
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/12/uk-farmers-warned-alert-african-swine-fever-virus-hits-e...


Description	Inspire Guildford County School Careers Fair
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Giulia and Isobel represented The Pirbright Institute at the career fair at the Guildford College in a context of many other businesses and University representatives. The aim was to show the range of careers that are possible within a range of industries. For this event Giulia was in charge of the Institute stand and could speak about careers in science and the research carried out at The Pirbright Institute. Students were engaging in our activities for promoting interaction and showed a high level of interest for science and research careers requesting more information.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Institute stand at Surrey Vet School open day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	International Avian Respiratory Disease Conference
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Michael presented his research at the 2018 International Avian Respiratory Disease Conference in the US to an audience of avian researchers and representatives form the poultry veterinary vaccine industry. This sparked discussion and potential future collaborations
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	International Conference
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Global Alliance for Research on Avian Diseases conference health in Hanoi 17-19 January 2018. Purpose of the conference was to establish global partnerships and links between academic researchers and the poultry industry to improve joined up work in regards to preventing, controlling and combating avian diseases. The conferences provided a forum for discussion and exchange of ideas around the single theme of exploiting available opportunities to deal with emerging and existing infectious avian diseases in poultry production systems and to safeguard food supplies and human health. Conference speakers discuused basic, applied and commercial aspects of research on avian diseases including: • Evolution and Epidemiology of Avian Pathogens • Host-Pathogen Interactions - Virulence and Pathogenicity • Pathogen Mechanisms of Immune Evasion • Next Generation Disease Control Strategies • Vaccines • Immunity • Diagnostics • Zoonoses and Socio-economic impacts of avian diseases • Global Research Opportunities and Threats
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	http://www.theeventsportal.com/GARAD-2018/3/Home


Description	International Day of Women and Girls in Science
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	I gave a quote as a STEM ambassador about why I think it is important to make sure women and girls have the same opportunities in STEM. This was shared on social media to celebrate International Day of Women and Girls in Science, a UN-led initiative.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	International Women's Day video for social media
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Three team members were interviewed about their careers in science for International Women's Day. The videos were posted on Pirbright's website, Facebook and Twitter to celebrate what we love about working in science.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Interview for national newspaper
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Interview with a journalist from The Telegraph about coronavirus replication and transmission.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Interview with Associated Press
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Interview with a journalist from Associated Press about coronavirus research at The Pirbright Institute.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Interview with Associated Press on ASFV vaccines
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview with Associated Press
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://apnews.com/32f84f66ce77415b96c4e90915cce6ee


Description	Interview with Australian Broadcasting Corporation on African swine fever virus impact and vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview with Australian Broadcasting Corporation about ASFV impact and vaccines
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2019-11-01/african-swine-fever-vaccine-development/11645366


Description	Interview with BBC Radio Surrey
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Interview with journalists from BBC Radio Surrey on the breakfast show about coronavirus research at The Pirbright Institute.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Interview with BuzzFeed News
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Interview with a journalist from BuzzFeed News about coronavirus research at The Pirbright Institute.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Interview with CNN on African swine fever virus
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview with Nina Avramova from CNN International about African swine fever virus generally including transmission mechanisms and control strategies
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/02/health/african-swine-fever-europe-china-spread-intl/index.html


Description	Interview with Dominique Patton, Beijing, Reuters article Jan 2021
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Interview with Dominique Patton (Reuters - Beijing) about outbreaks of HPAI in wild birds. Quoted in https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-birdflu-asia/reeling-from-coronavirus-asias-poultry-farmers-battle-bird-flu-outbreak-idUSKBN29J00D?edition-redirect=uk which was picked up by multiple media outlets.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-birdflu-asia/reeling-from-coronavirus-asias-poultry-farmer...


Description	Interview with Farmers Weekly
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Interview with journalist from Farmers Weekly on African swine fever virus vaccine development
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Interview with German Radio on African swine fever virus risks and vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Radio broadcast on German Radio
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Interview with Health for Animals about African swine fever vrius vaccine development and current situation
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Interview with journalists from Health for Animals about African swine fever vaccine research published in a newsletter sent to 200 people.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://healthforanimals.org/resources-and-events/newsletter-repository/17-disease-outbreaks.html?q=...


Description	Interview with IEG Policay about ASFV vaccines
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Interview with Peter Rixon of IEG policy about the prospects for development of vaccines for African swine fever vrius
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://iegvu.agribusinessintelligence.informa.com/CO221819/ASF-outbreak-in-Belgium-highlights-lack-...


Description	Interview with Journalist from Science Journal News Section
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Interview with Science Journal journalist resulted in publication in news section http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/12/african-swine-fever-outbreak-alarms-wildlife-biologists-and-veterinarians
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/12/african-swine-fever-outbreak-alarms-wildlife-biologists-and-v...


Description	Interview with Journalist with The Scientist Magazine concerning ASFV vaccines and our research
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview with Katya Zimmer Science Journalist with The Scientist Magazine published in July. This lead to follow up interviews for an in depth article on ASFV vaccines for the Scientist Magazine. In addition The Scientist published 4 Infographics images associated with the article
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.the-scientist.com/features/can-a-vaccine-save-the-worlds-pigs-from-african-swine-fever


Description	Interview with New Scientist Magazine about African swine fever virus spread and vaccines
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview for an article in New Scientist about impact of African swine fever in Asia
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.newscientist.com/article/2222501-a-quarter-of-all-pigs-have-died-this-year-due-to-africa...


Description	Interview with United Press about ASFV vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview with United Press International on Development of ASFV vaccines
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2019/07/12/World-races-to-develop-African-swine-fever-vaccine/671156...


Description	Interview with journalist and provided input to article on African swine fever vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interviews with Katya Zimmer journalist with the Scientist Magazine and help with preparation of figures
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.the-scientist.com/features/can-a-vaccine-save-the-worlds-pigs-from-african-swine-fever--...


Description	Invitation to give keynote talk on 'Control of avian diseases: Challenges and opportunities'
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Gave the Keynote talk on 'Control of avian diseases: Challenges and opportunities' at this International Symposium organized with an aim to gather international virology experts from both human and veterinary fields to share research experience, update findings and contribute their expertise through presentation and interactive discussion. The topics will cover a wide range of virology research common in both human and animal aspects. In addition, technological platforms such as vaccine development, and novel assays will be emphasized and addressed.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	http://www.biotec.or.th/virus-symposium2018/index.php


Description	Invitation to talk at the Vaccine Symposium "Vaccines at different levels of complexity from subunit to whole cell formulations" jointly organised by the Centre of Genomic Regulation (CRG), Radboud UMC and MSD Animal Health, with the support from the MycoSynVac project
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Gave a talk and participated in the discussion on the challenges and research opportunities for innovation in poultry disease control
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.crg.eu/


Description	Invited Keynote Presentation on African swine fever and vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited Keynote presentation at China Animal Breeding and Genetics conference December Guangzhou, attended by more than 2000 delegate.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Invited Keynote Speaker International Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Ecology, China Mai Thailand
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Keynote talk on progress towards African swin efever virus vaccine development at ISVEE meeting Thailand
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Invited Presentation to Pig Veterinary Society Birmingham UK October 2022
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Invited Seminar China Agricultural University Beijing September 2023
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Seminar at China Agricultural University Veterinary Faculty on "African swine fever virus evasion of host defences and vaccine development". Discussion with faculty and postgraduate students.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Invited oral presentation at 18th National Conference for Pig Disease Prevention and Eradication, Wuhan, China
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited oral presentation: 'Trying to hit a moving target: Novel approaches to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine development', 18th National Conference for Pig Disease Prevention and Eradication, Wuhan, China
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Invited seminar at INRAE, France
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited seminar to present our recent and ongoing PRRSV research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Invited speaker British Society of Veterinary Pathology Annual Meeting 2018, Applied Ruminant Pathology
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited speaker on "Bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus - recognising the continued threat of Culicoides-borne viruses of ruminants" British Society of Veterinary Pathology Annual Meeting 2018, Applied Ruminant Pathology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, 29th of September 2018,
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.bsvp.org/event/applied-ruminant-pathology-disease-investigation-diagnosis-and-surveillan...


Description	Invited speaker VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES (VBD) IN THE UK - BIENNIAL MEETING 2018 John Innes Centre Norwich
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited speaker on "The Host-vector-pathogen Interface of Culicoides-borne Bluetongue Virus" at the VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES (VBD) IN THE UK - BIENNIAL MEETING 2018 John Innes Centre Norwich 4th-5th December 2018
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Invited speaker at Imperial College
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Gave a talk on our recent research in swine influenza. Discussions with PIs at Imperial after the talk. Established collaborations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Invited speaker at the British VeterinaryPoultry Association 2018 meeting at Boehringer Ingelheim
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	I was invited to present my research findings at the British Veterinary Poultry Association 2018 meeting, held at Boehringer Ingelheim.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Invited speaker, Merseyside BSI Affinity group
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	I described the methods we used to identifyTissue resident memory cells in pigs, which sparked a lively discussion and interest in the technique. As a result I have established two collaborations with colleagues from Liverpool.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Invited speaker, Surrey University
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Under- and postgraduate students attended a talk I gave at the Department of Biological Sciences in Surrey. There was a lively discussion afterwards and as a result I have established a new collaboration.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Invited speaker, Vienna Veterinary School
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Gave a guest lecture at the Veterinary school in Vienna. There were a lot of questions and discussion after the talk. As a result established collaboration with Gerner Wilhelm's group.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/de/graduate-school-pig-and-poultry-medicine/


Description	Invited talk at Agricultural Science congress at New Delhi, India, February-2019- Use of reverse genetics to study the early pathogenesis and to develop marker vaccines for PPR
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	1. In a DBT-BBSRC FADH grant, The Pirbright Institute in collaboration with four Indian partners (TANUVAS, IVRI, NIAB and NIVEDI) has developed a PPR vaccine, which will be the first to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), for which a patent application has been filed. Scientists have manipulated in the genome of PPR full length cDNA and rescued the DIVA vaccine virus using reverse genetic technique. Further this vaccine has been tested in goats providing full safety and potency upon virulent virus challenge. In contrast to current vaccine, this new DIVA vaccine can differentiate between naturally infected and vaccinated animals, therefore will help in meaningful assessment of vaccine coverage and epidemiological surveillance based on serology, in turn increasing the efficiency of control programmes. 2. Little is known about the early events in the development of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus (PPRV) infection. The current dogma is that similar to RPV, PPRV replicates primarily in the epithelium of the respiratory tract before disseminating throughout the host. However, our investigations, using intranasal inoculation of PPRV containing GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) to mimic natural infection, indicate this is not the case and that immune cells in the pharyngeal tonsil is the primary target. This is a ground breaking discovery which changes the PPR pathogenesis. This infectious GFP virus is made from a synthetic cDNA of field virus (PPRV/Mor-08) using reverse genetics technique under FADH grant. The presentation sparked questions and discussions after the talk. Two PPR DIVA vaccines developed and the mechanism of PPR virus pathogenesis explained.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Invited talk at the National Institute for Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad on 3rd Jan 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Participants were engaged in the recent advances in biotechnology, challenges and opportunities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Invited talk on 28th September 2020 on ''Challenges and opportunities for control of infectious animal diseases including zoonosis'
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	International Webinar of 'Epistemological approaches to animal disease control programmes with special reference to rabies'
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Invited to attend and present at the RSPCA Lay members Forum, Royal Society London 10th of December 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Third sector organisations
Results and Impact	Invited to attend to the RSPCA Lay members Forum, Royal Society London 10th of December 2018 and present on the ethical review process of animal research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/researchanimals/ethicalreview/differentsystems/uk/events


Description	Invited to give a seminar at the Clinical and Molecular Virology Institute, Erlangen
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	I was invited by Professor Tenbusch to give a talk on our work on porcine tissue resident memory cells. We have established a very productive collaboration, applied for and were awarded joint funding and his PhD student has come to a working visit to our Institute.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Invited to give an online seminar for the Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited by the Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan to give the external seminar. The title of the presentation was Of creatures big and very, very small - the continuous threat of bluetongue virus to ruminants, which was attended by over 50 staff members and students
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Invited to talk at the International Conference on Building Human and Animal Health Capacities organised by the Jordan University of Science and Technology
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Participated in the discussion and talked on 'The recent advances in vaccination-based control of poultry diseases'. The need for increased awareness of the pathogen diversity in the design of vaccines and the opportunities from advances in vaccine technologies were discussed
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.just.edu.jo/conferences/bhahc/Pages/default.aspx


Description	Keynote Presentation China Swine Society Conference 2019 Qingdao China
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited Keynote presentation at China Swine Society Conference 2019 Qingdao attended by ~1300 scientist and practitioners
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Keynote Presentation European Society for Veterinary Virology Ghent Belgium Sep 2022
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	More than 500 people attended an International Conference on Veterinary Virology
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://esvv2022.ugent.be/


Description	Keynote Presentations at International Workshop on African swine fever virus Beijing September 2023
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The International Workshop on African swine fever virus was organised by the US/China Animal health Network and attended by ~50 people comprising leading International experts, policy makers, postgraduate students and experts from industry. The aim was to review current knowledge on ASFV and identify areas for future research. A report on the meeting and outcomes was published in Viruses. It is expected that future meetings will be organised.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Keynote presentation at the Swedish Virology Society Annual Meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	About 100 people from Swedish Society of Virology attended my keynote talk at their annual meeting
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Keynote talk at the World Veterinary Poultry Association meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited to give the keynote talk on 'Avian tumour viruses: their contribution to our understanding of cancer' at the World Veterinary Poultry Association XXth Congress in Edinburgh
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.wvpac2017.com/


Description	Kingdown School Warminster Wiltshire talk to 6th form students about career in science.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	I presented my career path to the students to engage them on STEM careers. I had a good level of discussion and many questions.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	LEAF Open Farm Sunday
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Public engagement at a local farm to describe our research and relevance to the public.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	LEAF open farm Sunday- JH, GM, WM, AH, KR, JS
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	The annual open farm day attended by businesses in the working in the farming industry in the Guilford area
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Laboratory Science Animal association (LASA) meeting in Birmingham, Invited speaker
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Gave a presentation on the tools we have developed to study swine influenza
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	http://www.lasa.co.uk/meetings/


Description	Latest Pirbright collaboration uncovers genetic markers that could guide avian influenza surveillance
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Research outputs were mass comminated for the general public via a news story. This was published online at the Pirbright Institute webpage and One Health Poultry Health webpage and distributed wildly on social media including Facebook, Twitter, In Share. Researchers at The Pirbright Institute have identified the genetic markers on avian influenza ('bird flu') viruses that could help the viruses to jump the species barrier and cause disease in people, in collaboration with other members of the One Health Poultry Hub. Co-investigators Professor Munir Iqbal and Dr Joshua Sealy worked with scientists at Imperial College London, the University of Glasgow and The Francis Crick Institute, to show how the genetic traits of avian influenza H9N2 viruses influence their preference for infecting bird or human cells. The paper detailing their findings, 'Genetic determinants of receptor-binding preference and zoonotic potential of H9N2 avian influenza viruses' is published in the Journal of Virology. The research identifies genetic traits that alter a key H9N2 viral protein, called haemagglutinin, that makes it easier for the virus to recognise and bind to different cell receptors. This is the first step of viral infection, and the general inability of avian influenza viruses to effectively bind to human receptors is a major reason why they do not, in general, jump the species barrier to people. However, given that human infections with H9N2 have been detected on an almost monthly basis since 2015, there may be a capacity for these viruses to evolve and gain the ability to efficiently target cellular receptors in people. This latest discovery reveals which haemagglutinin properties of existing H9N2 strains allow them to bind to human receptors more effectively. These included small genetic differences as well as the overall structure and charge of the haemagglutinin protein. These findings will help guide future avian influenza surveillance by providing the genetic markers that signify the emergence of viruses with the potential to transmit to people. There have been more than 60 cases recorded of people infected with H9N2 influenza viruses to date in 2020, all in countries where the virus is endemic. However, these viruses have not adapted to spread efficiently from person to person, a key element of a virus that has the potential to cause a pandemic. Professor Iqbal and his team at Pirbright have previously described H9N2 viruses which showed a preference for human-like receptors. Professor Iqbal said: "Understanding more about which traits increase the likelihood of H9N2 viruses jumping into humans help to identify viruses that could pose a future threat. Keeping an eye on viruses with these traits can help us to be prepared in the event that one of them evolves to pass between people rather than only from birds to humans." This research was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) the Medical Research Council (MRC) both part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/news/2021/01/latest-pirbright-collaboration-uncovers-genetic-markers-cou...


Description	Lecture on entereic coronaviruses to MSc Students (Surrey)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	A lecture was presented on the pathology, diagnosis and detection of enteric coronaviruses, including virus replication and interaction with the host. The students were engaged and asked/answered question throughout the session. We were invited to repeat the lecture for the subsequent student intakes.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2015,2016,2018


Description	Lecture to MSc studnets University of Surrey
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Lecture on African swine fever virus to MSc students University of Surrey Veterinary faculty
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Linking within-host dynamics and between-host transmission for viral diseases of livestock
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited presentation on "Linking within-host dynamics and between-host transmission for viral diseases of livestock" for a workshop on "The scales of epidemic modelling" held Institut des Systèmes Complexes, Paris, France on 26 September 2023
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Lorin Adams (Gordon's School Careers Fair)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Describe the research that lead to improve control systems against infectious viral diseases of animals and from animals to humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	MBPAV -presentation
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of avian viruses conference - Oxford 3-4th September 2018. Oral presentation given on drug resistant influenza viruses to approximately 50 scientist. Increased collaborative approaches following presentation.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://microbiologysociety.org/event/society-events-and-meetings/focused-meeting-2018-molecular-bio...


Description	MDV conference Tours 2016
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	During the 11th International Symposium on Marek's Disease and Avian Herpesviruses, which took place from 6 to 9 July 2016, Paolo Ribeca gave a talk on "Attenuation of MDV: an RNA-seq based perspective".
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016


Description	MF AIRG
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Avina immunology research group meeting in Canada
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2014


Description	MF PAG
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The Plant and Animal Genome XXIV Conference (PAG) is designed to provide a forum on recent developments and future plans for plant and animal genome projects. Consisting of technical presentations, poster sessions, exhibits and workshops, the conference is an excellent opportunity to exchange ideas and applications on this internationally important project.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2014,2016


Description	MF STEM3
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Students from Years 5-6 i. Gave a talk on the Ebola virus outbreak in west Africa. Porvided virus and DNA models, careers hand-outs.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016


Description	MSc student visit
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	I hosted several MSc students from University of Surrey, discussed avian research with them and demonstrated some laboratory techniques. The students gained an understanding of academic research and laboratory work.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018,2019


Description	Mapping antigenic determinants of H9N2 avian influenza viruses and improving vaccines and diagnostics" presented at Foreign Talent Lecture: New strategies and new techniques for the prevention and control of major avian diseases. Shandong Binzhou Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China. 6th August 2018.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The focus of the meeting was to improve the control systems against poultry diseases including development of improved vaccines and diagnostics
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Member of BBSRC sLoLa grants committee
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Member of sLoLa Committee to shortlist outline applications and review/assess application at the full stage of submission.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Member of a BBSRC expert group on the use of animal models in research
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Reviewed the key findings of the survey and identify key trends and emerging opportunities. Reviewed the proposed recommendations, discuss the challenges and barriers surrounding the use of models, and suggest how UKRI-BBSRC can help overcome these. Identified key stakeholders that UKRI-BBSRC could partner with to act on recommendations and how the report should be disseminated.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Microbiology Society Annual conference (UK)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Poster or oral presentation at Microbiology Society annual conference, a major international event. The participants included researchers from many different areas of science. This provides a platform to promote research to a wider audience as well as discuss the key findings with experts in my own field.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019


Description	Microbiology Society Annual conferences- invited speaker
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Scientific talk on successful cross-species transmission of vector-borne viruses
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Microbiology Society Avian Focus Meeting (UK)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	I gave a 15 minute oral presentation to an audience of around 80 people in 2016 and 2018. The audience consisted of researchers from many different scientific institutions from different areas of avian research. This was a great opportunity to present to experts in this field and gain novel insights into the project and the possible applications of my work.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016,2018


Description	Microbiology Society conference 2022 - Mathilde Laureti
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Large Microbiology Conference
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Mock Interview Programme Cove School- Ai, AA
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Molecular Determinants for Antigenicity and Vaccine Efficacy of H9 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses. Newton Agham Researcher Links Workshop: Novel vaccines and diagnostics technologies against Emerging and re-emerging veterinary Pathogens. 4-7 February 2019 at Rizal Pak Hotel, Manila, Philippines.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion on the improvement of disease control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) to prevent avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Molecular Risk Assessment of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx Avian Influenza Viruses
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	UK-China Avian Flu Control Workshop and Flu-Trail Map Workshop on 11 and 12 November 2024 at The Pirbright Institute, UK.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	Molecular determinants modulating avian influenza H7N9 virus antigenicity. Presented at The Microbiology Society Annual Conference 2019, 8-11 April ICC Belfast, UK.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion on the improvement of disease control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) to prevent avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Molecular determinants of antigenicity of H7 and H9 avian Influenza viruses. Presented as invited speaker at BBSRC UK-India Partnering Award seminar: University of Liverpool. 2 May 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion on the improvement of disease control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) to prevent avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Multiple talks at XXIInd World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress - WVPAC 2023, Verona, Italy
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	three independent talks titled: (1) Selectively targeting antigens to chicken immune cells induces faster and very strong immunity in chicks with high levels of maternally derived antibodies, (2) The impact of avian influenza vaccination on zoonotic infections: lessons learned from the H7N9 avian influenza control, (3) Investigating molecular markers influences the haemagglutination activity of the H9N2 avian influenza viruses. Poultry production continues to face several challenges caused by avian influenza, including: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. From these challenges, the topic of discussion and research drives optimal vaccination strategies to improve: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effective: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, (6) DIVA: to allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Implementing new emerging vaccine approaches can: (1) enhance the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduce production losses, (3) improve cost-effectiveness, (4) improve productivity and economy, (5) improve animal welfare, and (6) reduce prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Munir Iqbal: Cheltenham Science Festival
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Describe the research that lead to improve control systems against infectious viral diseases of animals and from animals to humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	NL Animal Health Research Club
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	ARC will hold up to two dissemination events per annum. The aim of these events is to facilitate the dissemination of the research findings from the grants awarded through ARC to the Industry Members of the Club and other researchers. The dissemination events also provide an excellent opportunity for networking and we encourage delegates to make the most of the time made available for this purpose in the programme. BBSRC staff and the ARC coordinators will be available throughout the day should you have any questions regarding the Club. Presentations: The presentations are the main opportunity for ARC research groups to present research findings and future plans and for Industrial Members to find out about ARC funded projects and provide feedback. Featured projects have been allocated presentation time as described in the programme and should include at least 5 minutes for questions. Presenters are asked to keep to time and presentations should demonstrate the relevance of the work to animal health and the livestock industry. Posters: Research groups funded through ARC have been offered the opportunity to provide posters of work which is of relevance to the Industry Members of the Club. This will provide an opportunity to have informal discussions about current progress during networking activities and provide additional project information of relevance to ARC.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2015,2016


Description	Networking presentation-INRA, Paris, France
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	A presentation at INRA describing the role of the SH protein of BRSV in modulating immune responses in calves. This presentation resulted in a heated debate on the role of viral proteins in immune evasion and their activities in attenuated vaccines.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	New rapid protection bird flu vaccine
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Article published in the magazine "Poultry World) by Freelance journalist Natalie Berkhout describing the development of a new methods have been developed to enhance the immune response that vaccines produce and reduce the amount of virus that birds shed into the environment. One technique involves tagging flu virus proteins with a marker that makes them easier for antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to capture. These immune cells can efficiently process the tagged proteins, resulting in a robust and long-lasting antiviral response in chickens.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://www.poultryworld.net/health-nutrition/health/new-rapid-protection-bird-flu-vaccine/


Description	New rapid protection bird flu vaccine
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Research outputs were mass comminated for the general public via a news story. This was published online on Poultry world (Poultry World edition 10 of 2021 now online) entitled. New rapid protection bird flu vaccine. Professor Munir Iqbal, head of the Avian Influenza Virus group at Pirbright Institute, speaks to Poultry World about the potential of an improved poultry influenza vaccine that triggers a rapid immune response that protects chickens against signs of disease and reduces the amount of virus that they could pass on.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://content.yudu.com/web/1r3p1/0A1zifp/PoultryWorld2021-10/html/index.html?origin=reader&page=30


Description	Newton Agham Researcher Links Workshop on "Novel Vaccines and Diagnostic Technologies Against Emerging and Re-emerging Veterinary Pathogens, Rizal Park Hotel, Manila, Philippines 4-7 February 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The primary aim of this workshop was to forge long-term research partnerships between early-career researchers, livestock industry and national disease control authorities in the UK and the Philippines. The workshop provided information on emerging and next generation diagnostic and vaccine strategies and their utilization to reduce the impact of viral diseases on livestock and poultry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.slideshare.net/zerep_cire/2019-newton-agham-researcher-links-workshop-vaccines-and-diagn...


Description	Nidovirus symposium
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	I presented my work at the Nidovirus Symposium, which is held every three years and brings together researchers from industry and academia from many different countries. I had some interesting discussions with other researchers and built my network.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	One Health: Zoonosis and Their Control Through the Use of Vaccines
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presented a talk as an invited speaker at the conference entitled "National Dialogue on Agricultural Research" at the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan. The persistence of avian influenza viruses in bird populations increases zoonotic and pandemic risks. Research focuses on reducing prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis). To address this, topics discussed included research focuses in: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. From these challenges, the topic of discussion and research drives optimal vaccination strategies to improve: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effectiveness: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, (6) DIVA: to allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Implementing new emerging vaccine approaches can: (1) enhance the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduce production losses, (3) improve cost-effectiveness, (4) improve productivity and economy, (5) improve animal welfare, and (6) reduce prevalence of viruses and protect public health.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Opening of The Biggs Avian Research Facility
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	We presented our research and spoke to guests attending the opening of the Biggs Avian Research Facility at Pirbright. Guests who attended included politicians and members of the public from the local area, eminent researchers from other institutions, and members of BBSRC. Guests reported that they felt much more informed about the work going on at Pirbright and were impressed by our facilities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Oral and poster presentation at European Society of veterinary Virology and EPIZONE (ESVV/EPIZONE) at Vienna, Austria 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Presentation has been made on early events of PPR virus pathogenesis. The presentation reveled that PPR virus first taken up by the immune cells to the Pharyngeal tonsil and then to other lymph nodes before generalisation of the disease. Secondary replication happens in epithelial cells. This alters the existing believe that virus primarily replicate in the epithelial cells. Similarly a poster presentation has been done to show the detection of nucleic acid of PPR virus during PPR eradication programme, nasal sample has been shown as the best sample for viral genome detection.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Oral and poster presentations at 13th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation of 3 research projects on available tools for antibody discovery in livestock species, on FMDV cross-specific epitopes discovery, and analysis of B cell transcriptomics. Each of the presentations sparked, questions and interest on protocols, methodologies, tools and reagents. These discussions have already driven knowledge and reagents transfer to LMIC, and have initiated collaborative work with international research institutes.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Oral presentation at 13th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Project results presented to a highly interested and engaging audience of more than 200 scientists and students.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Oral presentation at the Global Alliance for Research on Avian Disease meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam 15th -19th Jan 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	A talk was given on the PB1-F2 function in avian influenza infection of avian hosts at the GARAD meeting. This meeting was attended by approximately 120 researchers and poultry industry members from a wide international geographic region.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Oral presentation to Large Animal Research Network 24th May 2017
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Talk about work understanding PB1-F2 function in avian hosts highlighting how the animal work carried out was undertaken and monitored. this was delivered to an audience of researchers, funders and industry interested in animal model systems for research and the 3Rs commitment surrounding this work. Discussions with interested parties about our chicken work at the Institute and the diverse way that the birds are entertained whilst being housed (e.g. live food, vegetables, perches, dust baths etc).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Organisation of Influenza meeting at Roslin Institute 21st-22nd November 2017
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Along with Paul Digard (Edinburgh) and Edward Hutchinson (Glasgow) I helped to organize, plan and run a Influenza update meeting which ran for 2 days at The Roslin Institute in November 2017. The symposium was attended by approximately 60 influenza researchers from the UK. Talks were given by a range of people with student talks and posters being awarded prizes. This was supported by Medimmune and the Microbiology Society.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Organisation of UK-India Bioinformatics Workshop
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The meeting discussed the challenges and opportunities and have decided to come up with a strategy document on working together between UK and India on data-driven biology
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Organisation of joint B cell meetings between the Pirbright Institute and Oxford University
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Organisation of bi-annual meetings between The Pirbright Institute and Oxford University. In average, about 75 scientists attended each meeting. Sponsors from Industry enable funding of meetings, and enhance technical discussions. These meetings drive engaging discussions across multi-disciplinary research groups.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022,2023,2024


Description	Organised IVVN/BSI meting on T cell biology
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Organised virtual T cell meeting: invited 8 speakers, opened the meeting, chaired session and closed the meeting. Highly successful meeting with 170 delegates from 28 countries and excellent feedback on scientific content, engagement and organisation. Brought together immunologists from the mouse, human and veterinary filed, facilitate exchange of ideas and new collaborations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	http://www.immunology.org/frontiers-in-comparative-immunology-series-t-cell-biology-virtual-conferen...


Description	Organised the 3rd UK-China CERAD meeting in Guildford, UK in July 2017
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The 3rd UK-China CERAD meeting helped to bring together professional from both countries to identify challenges and exploit the opportunities for improved control of poultry diseases and increasing food security.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.uk-china-cerad.org/


Description	Organiser of the Animal Genetics and Diseases conference 08 - 10 May 2019 Wellcome Genome Campus, UK. Highlighting recent advances in animal genetics and genomic technologies.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	I am on the organising committee for this conference. The second conference in this series will highlight recent advances in animal genetics and genomic technologies. It will bring together specialists working on the interface of genomics, genetic engineering and infectious disease with the aims of improving animal and human health and welfare. Novel genomic technologies, mathematical modelling and quantitative genetics approaches, applied to host animals, as well as their pathogens, have transformed the understanding of animal diseases, host-pathogen interactions and epidemiology and their effects on productivity of farmed animal species and food supply chains. This year's conference will not only put the spotlight on the immune response of host animals and epidemiology but also cover the genetics and genomics of pathogens and the impact of animal-human relationships. We encourage registrations from researchers, breeders and technical specialists interested in learning and disseminating the latest cutting-edge techniques and methodologies across model species, wildlife, farmed animals and companion animals.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://coursesandconferences.wellcomegenomecampus.org/our-events/animal-genetics-diseases-2019/?dm_...


Description	Organising and giving Keynote talk at the GARAD meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Global Alliance of Poultry industry professional and academia to discuss about the advances in control strategies of diseases
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	http://Garad.org


Description	PB Lumpy Skin Disease OIE and FAO Regional Meeting for Asia and the Pacific
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation at Lumpy Skin Disease OIE and FAO Regional Meeting for Asia and the Pacific
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	PPR eradication meeting organised by FAO and OIE at Rome and talk has been delived on Development of DIVA vaccines
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Satya Parida is working as an expert to PPR eradication and he is being invited for few of FAO/OIE meetings. The meetings discussed about roadmap, vaccine production capacity and eradication policy. Satya also presented work on PPR DIVA vaccine and DIVA tests developments and their evaluation in goats.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	PacBio Leiden
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Presented data to academics and industry experts on the methods we have developed to enrich and sequence targeted areas of genomes
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Paolo's talk on FMDV vaccine matching
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Paolo Ribeca gave a talk at the 2018 Open Session of EuFMD (European commission for the control of foot-and-mouth disease ) on "Effective in-silico sequence-based prediction of FMDV vaccine matching" on behalf of Yasaman Kalantar-Motamedi, Mana Mahapatra, Luca Ferretti, Sophie Mahendran, Satya Parida, and himself.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Participation in Understanding Animal Research Video
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Interviewed and filmed by Understanding Animal Research as part of their 360 degree tour of UK animal facilities (http://www.labanimaltour.org/)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	http://www.labanimaltour.org/


Description	Pengxiang Chang: Talk presentation:The application of CRISPR/Cas9 system in the generation of viral vectored avian influenza vaccines at Microbiology Society conference, UK.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion on the improvement of vaccines to prevent avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://microbiologysociety.org/event/annual-conference/annual-conference.html


Description	Pengxiang Chang: UK-China Newton Fund (Poultry and swine) workshop at The Pirbright Institute.Oral presentation:Avian Influenza H7N9 Antigenic markers
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion on the improvement of disease control systems (vaccines) to prevent avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Pengxiang Chang:Influenza update meeting. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the development of vaccines against avian influenza virus
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Described techniques to improve and produce new effective vaccines against viral diseases of animals and humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Pig and Poultry Fair 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Discussed Institute research with pig and poultry farmers, related industry and the general public. Received requests for more information related to research, business and studentships.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.pigandpoultry.org.uk/


Description	Pirbright Dragon Fair - MZ
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Team members attended the locally held Dragon fair where the Pirbright Institute had a stand explaining the types of research that are conducted at the Institute, making our high containment science activities transparent to the local community. Approximately 60 people engaged with the stall to learn about the science happening on their doorstep. This stimulated interest in science and research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Pirbright Institute research teams studying characteristics of influenza virus that may alter disease outcomes in poultry.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Avian influenza, commonly known as "bird flu," is a disease caused by multiple strains of influenza virus. The viruses can infect a wide range of animals, including people and pigs, but the natural reservoir lies in populations of wild aquatic birds such as ducks and gulls, according to an announcement from The Pirbright Institute in the U.K., which is conducting research to better understand avian influenza viruses to help prevent the disease in poultry. Flu virus strains are categorized by the combination of the two proteins found on the outside of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) -- for example, H5N6 or H9N2. The H protein binds to cell receptors in order to initiate infection, while the N protein helps release new viruses from an infected cell, the institute explained. Strains are also classified by severity. Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses cause clinical signs such as mild breathing problems, decreased egg production and growth. Some birds, particularly ducks and geese, do not display any signs of LPAI infection and are still able to spread the disease, Pirbright said. When LPAI viruses circulate in high-density poultry areas, the viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic strains. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have severe and often fatal effects on some species of birds such as chickens, Pirbright noted, but some HPAI strains cause mild or no clinical signs of disease in wild birds and domestic waterfowl. These strains are notifiable, meaning government control measures must be put in place. Avian influenza can be carried vast distances by wild migratory birds and can infect domesticated poultry through direct contact or through contaminated droppings and bodily fluids, Pirbright said. Because of this, there is a year-round risk of avian influenza, which can increase depending on the disease status in a region and the migration season of wild aquatic birds. According to Pirbright, good biosecurity is essential in preventing poultry from being exposed to the disease and can be practiced on a commercial farm, with game birds or even with just a few backyard hens. Why is influenza so difficult to prevent? The institute explained that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and when they replicate, small errors called mutations are copied into their genome. Some of these will alter the virus's proteins, allowing the virus to escape detection by the immune system. All flu viruses also have the potential to undergo a process called reassortment, where two or more strains of influenza infect the same animal, allowing them to swap parts of their genome, Pirbright said. The resulting viruses can potentially have different characteristics than the original strains, such as the ability to replicate in different species, including people, the institute added. Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 or H7N9 have infected people, predominantly in Southeast Asia, but in these cases, the virus has been transmitted directly from infected birds to people, with no onward spread. There is some evidence that avian influenza can be passed from person to person, and while there are no records of efficient or sustained human transmission, there is a constant risk that one of the new strains may spread easily among people, which could result in a new influenza virus pandemic, Pirbright said. Changes in the virus genetics from mutation or reassortment make it very difficult to anticipate how influenza viruses will spread through a population and whether current vaccines will be suitable for the strains that are circulating, Pirbright announced. The influenza research programs at Pirbright are progressing understanding of the virus and finding better ways to prevent its spread. Pirbright Institute group leaders Dr. Holly Shelton and professor Munir Iqbal are researching how the characteristics of influenza viruses can change the outcomes of disease. Studying flu at the molecular level allows them to find out how the virus evolves to overcome avian immunity and how changes in their genome can alter disease severity and their ability to affect different species, the announcement said. Shelton's and Iqbal's teams are working on identifying genetic markers for specific disease traits that can be used in surveillance systems to provide forewarning of strains that could cause pandemics. For example, Shelton's Influenza Viruses group is looking at which characteristics allow the viruses to become resistant to antiviral drugs that are currently used to treat human infections of influenza, allowing surveillance to provide an early warning of viruses that could cross into humans and be difficult to control, Pirbright said. The team is also investigating how long it takes for avian influenza viruses to adapt to new mammalian species. According to the institute, establishing which strains can rapidly adapt and identifying the genetic changes made to enable infection of mammalian cells will help with surveillance efforts and potentially lead to the development of techniques that will help prevent these mutations occurring. Vaccination and rapid diagnosis are very important for influenza prevention and control, but it is still not currently possible to protect against all influenza strains, Pirbright said, noting that Iqbal's Avian Influenza group is exploring which sites on the virus trigger the chicken immune system to respond quickly and fight off infection. This will better inform scientists' ability to match vaccines to strains in the field and could help to develop vaccines that are more effective. Iqbal's group is also developing multivalent vaccines that protect chickens and ducks from several avian influenza subtypes at once as well as test kits for rapid diagnosis of different subtypes at the flock-side, the announcement said. Visit Pirbright's Influenza Viruses and the Avian Influenza group pages to find out more about their research. Source: The Pirbright Institute, which is solely responsible for the information provided and is wholly owned by the source. Informa Business Media and all its subsidiaries are not responsible for any of the content contained in this information asset.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.feedstuffs.com/nutrition-health/protecting-poultry-avian-influenza


Description	Plenary talk at 7th European Vet workshop
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited to give a plenary talk on mucosal immunity at the 7th European Vet workshop. This updated the audience on the latest developments in targeting immunization to different regions and assessing immune responses. Several colleagues contacted me to conduce join stuies and established further collaborations
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Positive Strand Viruses Conference
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	This was a poster presentation. There were several different poster sessions at the conference allowing a large selection of people to view each poster. The audience included world leaders in my research field and important names from groups all over the world. This gave me the opportunity to discuss my work with other scientists on a one to one basis, leading to generation of new ideas for future experiments and collaborations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2010,2013,2016,2019


Description	Postdocteral scientist - oral presentation at the 12th Annual meeting of Epizone (joint with 11th International Congress for Veterinary Virology, ESVV 2018)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Postdoctoral scientists abstract submission was selected for oral presentation. Project results obtained at the time were presented to a highly interested and engaging audience of more than 250 scientists, veterinarians, students and policymakers.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.epizone-eu.net/en/Home/News/show/Abstract-book-EPIZONEESVV-meeting-now-online-.htm


Description	Poster Presentation at the 2020 British Society for Immunology Virtual meeting: "Connecting Immunology in the time of COVID-19"
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Andrew Broadbent presented a digital poster at the British Society for Immunology 2020 online meeting entitled "Connecting Immunology in the time of COVID-19".
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020
URL	https://www.immunology.org/events/bsi-congress


Description	Poster by Nick on the sequencing of Zimbabwe FMDV
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Nick Knowles presented a poster at the 2018 Europic (the meeting of the European Study Group on the Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses) on "Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of Over 140 Foot-and-mouth Disease Viruses Isolated From Free-living African Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer) in Zimbabwe" on behalf of Jemma Wadsworth, Bruce Bolt, Luca Ferretti, Euan C. Anderson, Ashley Gray, Paolo Ribeca, and himself. The sequencing was funded by the Transboundary Pathogens portal project awarded to Pirbright.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Poster presentation by PhD student and seior postdoc at SGM meeting and Negative Strand Virus (NSV) meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	The work on early events on Pathogenesis of PPR virus has been presented that showed PPR virus primarily replicates in Tonsils, not in the mucosal epithelium as thought till date.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Poster presentation: European Veterinary Immunology Workshop, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Luke Johnson (PhD student) gave a poster presentation on his studies on the interaction of macrophages and dendritic cells with PRRSV of differing virulence.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Poster presentation: International Pig Veterinary Symposium and International PRRS Symposium, Chongqing, PR China
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Luke Johnson (PhD student) gave a poster presentation on his studies on the interaction of macrophages and dendritic cells with PRRSV of differing virulence.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Poultry Health course
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Poultry Health Course is run as a residential and online course to transfer recent advances in avian disease research from the laboratory to the field.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	Pre-2006
URL	http://www.poultryhealthcourse.com/


Description	Poultry Stakeholders meeting hosted by Al Dousari Veterinary Services and Agriculture Co (Qatar ) in Qatar, 15 October 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The focus of talk was best practices for prevention and control of Avian influenza disease outbreaks in poultry Vaccines and diagnostics for the control of avian influenza in poultry
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Poultry Stakeholders meeting hosted by Almarai, 15 October 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Engagement with Almarai Poultry. The focus of the meeting with Almarai Poultry disease control team was to share knowledge on improved vaccination and diagnostic techniques against avian influenza viruses affecting poultry production.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Poultry Stakeholders meeting in Kuwait city 16 October 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Prevention and control of avian influenza outbreaks in poultry. Described new vaccination and diagnostic technologies that provide more robust cross-protective immunity in emerging antigenic divergent strains of avian influenza viruses.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Presentation at American Society for Virology conference
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Invited to give a keynote talk on "Rational vaccine design for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus" at the ASV Satellite Symposium: Viral Pathogenesis and Prevention in Animals, discussed research and future plans with other researches in the field.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Presentation at Global Alliance for Research on Avian Diseases Conference
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Presentation of my research at the Global Alliance for Research on Avian Diseases Conference in Vietnam to approximately 80 conference participants resulted in discussions about future research directions.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Presentation at Microbiology Society Early Career Microbiologist Forum
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	We presented a talk on "Examination of in vitro cell lines and ex vivo tracheal organ cultures for the study of porcine respiratory coronavirus" at the Early Career Microbiologist Forum organised by the Microbiology Society. This was a great opportunity for early career scientists to network with others and gain experience in presenting their research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Presentation at Microbiology Society Meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Two presentations at Microbiology Society UK Annual Meeting Belfast April 2022
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Presentation at Microbiology Society annual conference in Belfast
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation of "The canonical stem loop RNA structure of the s2m genetic element is not required for avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus replication in vitro however deletion of the s2m sequence results in a 36-nucleotide insertion" and "Characterising the ion channel inactivating mutations in the E protein of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)" during the virology workshops to other research scientists and students. We also presented a poster on "Examination of in vitro cell lines and ex vivo tracheal organ cultures for the study of porcine respiratory coronavirus". Good feedback was received and ideas generated for further research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Presentation at Nidovirus symposium
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation given on "The canonical stem loop RNA structure of the s2m genetic element in the avian coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus is not required for viral replication in vitro but may play a role during in vivo infection" at the poster session of the The XVth International Nidovirus Symposium. Discussions with other researchers in the coronavirus field resulted in new ideas to take the research forwards.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Presentation at RIVR meetings
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Presentation of my research at Recently Independent Virology Researchers (RIVR) meetings in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. I discussed my work and future collaborations with other virology researchers working in the UK.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016,2017,2018,2019,2020


Description	Presentation at Transboundary disease course
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Discussion of BTV transmission, pathology and clinical disease to international participants of the Transboundary disease course
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Presentation at the EU BTV reference laboratory meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Presentation of BTV pathogenesis and effects of Culicoides saliva to representatives from all European reference laboratories plus some additional participants from the EU and industry
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Presentation by Dr Ana Reis 16th Applied Biosafety Meeting, Swiss Biosafety Network Geneva 25th to 26th August 2022
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Talk on Reserach on African swine fever
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Presentation by Dr Anusyah Rathakrishnan at European Society for Veterinary Virology Conference Ghent Sep 2022
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Research presentation on development of live attenuated ASFV vaccine
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Presentation of project results at the 13th International dsRNA Virus Symposium 24th-28th of September 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Poster and Oral presentations included key results of the studentship project
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Presentation to BBSRC Executive Board
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	I presented our research to the BBSRC Executive Board when they visited The Pirbright Institute in September 2018 and discussed the impacts of our work..
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Presentation to UKRI chair and Trustee Board
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Presentation of latest research in livestock immunogenetic diversity to UKRI chair and Trustee Board members.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Presentation: BSI AGM: Immune regulation by the SH protein of BRSV
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation at the BSI's AGM to describe the data generated regarding the role of the SH protein of BRSV in regulating immune responses after natural infections. Initiated a debate about the role of the SH protein of human RSV in immune regulation.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Presentations at Avian Research Symposium
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	We have presented our research at the Avian Research Symposium organised by the National Avian Resource Facility at the Roslin Institute in 2021 (Rational vaccine design for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus) and 2023 (Disruption of the s2m RNA structure in the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus results in reduced clinical disease during in vivo infection). We have engaged with other researchers to expand our network and discussed future research activities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021,2023


Description	Presentations at Microbiology Society focused conference on Avian Infectious Diseases
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The Microbiology Society supported a focused meeting on avian infectious disease research, bringing together scientists from all over the world to discuss their research. We gave presentations on "Characterisation of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus E Protein for Rational Vaccine Design" and "Rational vaccine design for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus", received good feedback on our work and ideas for future research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Presentations at the UK International Coronavirus Network (UK-ICN) AGM
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	We presented research "The Genetic Stability, Replication Kinetics and Cytopathogenicity of Recombinant Avian Coronaviruses with a T16A or an A26F Mutation within the E Protein Is Cell-Type Dependent" and "A temperature sensitive recombinant of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus provides complete protection against homologous challenge" and a poster on "A novel in-cell micro neutralisation assay for the human coronavirus OC-43: Allowing rapid and automated quantification of neutralising effect of antibodies and antiviral compounds" at the annual general meeting of the UK-ICN in Cambridge. We networked with other researchers working in the coronavirus field and discussed future research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Presentations to Veterinary Staff Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentations to Northern Ireland Veterinary Staff on African swine fever to explain risks, transmission routes diagnosis and vaccine development.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Preventing a future pandemic by imitating natural selection
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	By Munir Iqbal A new type of avian influenza that can infect poultry and humans, called H7N9, emerged in China in February 2013. Since then, there have been over 1500 confirmed human infections with an estimated 40% case fatality rate. In the wake of COVID-19, these numbers may seem to be relatively small. But these statistics provide an example of the issues we face in controlling influenza viruses in animals and how understanding more about these viruses can help us to predict, prevent and control outbreaks, protecting both poultry and human health. Influenza viruses infect a huge range of animals, but the strains that are of greatest concern to us are those that circulate in livestock such as pigs and poultry, where people in farming industries have close contact with the animals. Influenza viruses can rapidly mutate, allowing them to escape the immune responses of the animals they infect and even jump to new species. There have been five major epidemic waves of H7N9 in China. The final wave in 2016-2017 saw the originally mild disease of poultry mutate to cause higher levels of mortality in chickens and spread almost everywhere in China. The severity of H7N9 AIV situation prompted the Chinese government to implement a mass vaccination programme against H7N9 in poultry in 2017. Since its use, the number of poultry outbreaks along with human infections has dropped dramatically, with only three human infection cases reported during 2017 to 2018 and one human infection case reported during 2018 to 2019. This may sound like vaccination has solved the problem and the virus will now be eradicated. Unfortunately, this is not the case - despite the reduction in disease outbreaks due to vaccination, these viruses have not been eradicated. This is partly because of influenza's high mutation rate - vaccination can inadvertently encourage the evolution of viruses with mutations that allow them to escape vaccine-induced immunity. Once a virus escapes, it can spread rapidly, thereby making the vaccine ineffective and a new one must be designed. This is where our research comes in. Our aim is to understand how H7N9 viruses could potentially mutate in the field in response to vaccination, and how these genetic changes could alter how the virus acts (for example, by making it more dangerous to poultry or by helping it to infect humans more effectively). By imitating the natural selection process in the lab, we found several mutations and identified that one specific mutation allows the virus to escape from vaccine-induced immunity. Importantly, three other mutations that we observed in our lab studies had been found in the field in 2019 indicating that our method can predict the evolution of influenza viruses. These three mutations prevent H7N9 viruses from binding to human cells, but increase their binding, replication and stability in chicken cells and embryos. This could mean that the strains which have these mutations pose a lower threat to human health, but increase the risk to poultry. This shows that mass vaccination of poultry against H7N9 strains in China drives virus evolution away from human pandemic. But viruses with 'escape mutations' remain a significant risk to poultry due to their ability to escape vaccine-induced immunity and persist in poultry. Our studies may also help to explain the Chinese government's successful control of H7N9 infection in humans by mass poultry vaccination. On one hand, the mass poultry vaccination protects the poultry from H7N9 infection and greatly reduces the risk of human infections as the majority of human H7N9 cases are linked to exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments. On the other hand, even when some viruses escape the vaccine-induced immunity, they pose reduced risk to humans due to the lost human receptor binding. However, this may not be the case for all strains. Other mutations may arise in the future that have human pandemic potential or are even more deadly to poultry. Using a method that can predict how vaccination may change influenza virus characteristics is hugely valuable as it can provide advanced warning of mutations that could increase likelihood of human infection. Incorporating these mutations into global health surveillance efforts can help relevant authorities to monitor potential threats and get ahead of them before they have a chance to spiral out of control. Professor Munir Iqbal is head of the Avian Influenza Group at The Pirbright Institute.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020
URL	https://www.newton-gcrf.org/impact/data-insights-blog/preventing-a-future-pandemic-by-imitating-natu...


Description	Preventing and controlling avian influenza infections in poultry and humans
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Poultry production continues to face several challenges caused by avian influenza, including: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. From these challenges, the topic of discussion and research drives optimal vaccination strategies to improve: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effectiveness: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, (6) DIVA: to allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Implementing new emerging vaccine approaches can: (1) enhance the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduce production losses, (3) improve cost-effectiveness, (4) improve productivity and economy, (5) improve animal welfare, and (6) reduce prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Project close meeting at TANUVAS, Chennai July 2018- Delivering talk on outcome of the project
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The project team held their final workshop at TANUVAS, which concluded a four year Farmed Animal Disease and Health (FADH) grant joint funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Indian Government's Department of Biotechnology (DBT). "This grant has enabled us to collaborate with four organisations across India, and ensured that our research can be applied in the field to aid the campaign for PPR global eradication", said Professor Parida.The project covered many areas of research which are essential for understanding PPR and creating tools to help control and prevent the disease. The team have now filed a patent application for their newly developed PPR vaccine, which is the first to differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA) - a quality that enables livestock owners to protect their animals whilst continuing to trade. The team have also investigated how the PPR virus (PPRV) infects sheep and goats and how their immune systems respond. By inserting green fluorescent protein into virulent PPRV and administering the modified virus to goats, they demonstrated that PPRV primarily infects the tonsils, challenging the earlier belief that the virus first replicates in the respiratory tract epithelial cells. The collaborative project has also generated better diagnostic tests for use in the field and laboratory, and preliminary research has identified why some Indian breeds of goats and sheep are resistant to the disease, which could help scientists to create PPRV resistant breeds in the future. Project partners, scientists from the University and 40 field veterinarians have joined the meeting. An awareness training has been conducted on PPR disease and eradication for these field veterinarians.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/news/2018/09/pirbright-scientists-run-vaccination-campaign-eradicate-pes...


Description	Protecting poultry from avian influenza
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Avian influenza, commonly known as "bird flu," is a disease caused by multiple strains of influenza virus. The viruses can infect a wide range of animals, including people and pigs, but the natural reservoir lies in populations of wild aquatic birds such as ducks and gulls, according to an announcement from The Pirbright Institute in the U.K., which is conducting research to better understand avian influenza viruses to help prevent the disease in poultry. Flu virus strains are categorized by the combination of the two proteins found on the outside of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) -- for example, H5N6 or H9N2. The H protein binds to cell receptors in order to initiate infection, while the N protein helps release new viruses from an infected cell, the institute explained. Strains are also classified by severity. Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses cause clinical signs such as mild breathing problems, decreased egg production and growth. Some birds, particularly ducks and geese, do not display any signs of LPAI infection and are still able to spread the disease, Pirbright said. When LPAI viruses circulate in high-density poultry areas, the viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic strains. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have severe and often fatal effects on some species of birds such as chickens, Pirbright noted, but some HPAI strains cause mild or no clinical signs of disease in wild birds and domestic waterfowl. These strains are notifiable, meaning government control measures must be put in place. Avian influenza can be carried vast distances by wild migratory birds and can infect domesticated poultry through direct contact or through contaminated droppings and bodily fluids, Pirbright said. Because of this, there is a year-round risk of avian influenza, which can increase depending on the disease status in a region and the migration season of wild aquatic birds. According to Pirbright, good biosecurity is essential in preventing poultry from being exposed to the disease and can be practiced on a commercial farm, with game birds or even with just a few backyard hens. Why is influenza so difficult to prevent? The institute explained that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and when they replicate, small errors called mutations are copied into their genome. Some of these will alter the virus's proteins, allowing the virus to escape detection by the immune system. All flu viruses also have the potential to undergo a process called reassortment, where two or more strains of influenza infect the same animal, allowing them to swap parts of their genome, Pirbright said. The resulting viruses can potentially have different characteristics than the original strains, such as the ability to replicate in different species, including people, the institute added. Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 or H7N9 have infected people, predominantly in Southeast Asia, but in these cases, the virus has been transmitted directly from infected birds to people, with no onward spread. There is some evidence that avian influenza can be passed from person to person, and while there are no records of efficient or sustained human transmission, there is a constant risk that one of the new strains may spread easily among people, which could result in a new influenza virus pandemic, Pirbright said. Changes in the virus genetics from mutation or reassortment make it very difficult to anticipate how influenza viruses will spread through a population and whether current vaccines will be suitable for the strains that are circulating, Pirbright announced. The influenza research programs at Pirbright are progressing understanding of the virus and finding better ways to prevent its spread. Pirbright Institute group leaders Dr. Holly Shelton and professor Munir Iqbal are researching how the characteristics of influenza viruses can change the outcomes of disease. Studying flu at the molecular level allows them to find out how the virus evolves to overcome avian immunity and how changes in their genome can alter disease severity and their ability to affect different species, the announcement said. Shelton's and Iqbal's teams are working on identifying genetic markers for specific disease traits that can be used in surveillance systems to provide forewarning of strains that could cause pandemics. For example, Shelton's Influenza Viruses group is looking at which characteristics allow the viruses to become resistant to antiviral drugs that are currently used to treat human infections of influenza, allowing surveillance to provide an early warning of viruses that could cross into humans and be difficult to control, Pirbright said. The team is also investigating how long it takes for avian influenza viruses to adapt to new mammalian species. According to the institute, establishing which strains can rapidly adapt and identifying the genetic changes made to enable infection of mammalian cells will help with surveillance efforts and potentially lead to the development of techniques that will help prevent these mutations occurring. Vaccination and rapid diagnosis are very important for influenza prevention and control, but it is still not currently possible to protect against all influenza strains, Pirbright said, noting that Iqbal's Avian Influenza group is exploring which sites on the virus trigger the chicken immune system to respond quickly and fight off infection. This will better inform scientists' ability to match vaccines to strains in the field and could help to develop vaccines that are more effective. Iqbal's group is also developing multivalent vaccines that protect chickens and ducks from several avian influenza subtypes at once as well as test kits for rapid diagnosis of different subtypes at the flock-side, the announcement said. Visit Pirbright's Influenza Viruses and the Avian Influenza group pages to find out more about their research. Source: The Pirbright Institute, which is solely responsible for the information provided and is wholly owned by the source. Informa Business Media and all its subsidiaries are not responsible for any of the content contained in this information asset.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.feedstuffs.com/nutrition-health/protecting-poultry-avian-influenza


Description	Protecting poultry from avian influenza through passive immunisation. Presented at Foreign Experts Seminar "New strategies and new tools for the prevention and control of major poultry diseases. Shandong-Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, China, 20-22 September 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion was the best practices to improve control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) for prevention of avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Provided information to Podcast This week in Virology about African swine fever virus spread in wild boar
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	E-mail correspondence providing advice to presenters of TWIV This week in Virology Podcast.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-532/


Description	Q&A statement on coronaviruses provided to Science Media Centre - HJM
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	A Q&A statement on coronaviruses was provided to the science media centre, who distributed it to media outlets. Excerpt have been used in 1420 articles incuding the Daily Mail and syndicate articles. The Q&A was also used in a Pirbright Institute media statment.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Rebecca Daines: Cheltenham Science Festival
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Described the research undertaken at the Pirbright Institute that lead to improve control systems against infectious viral diseases of animals and from animals to humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Recombinant single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody protects chickens from avian influenza. Presented at Systems Immunology Workshop: Adaptive immune repertoires and beyond. 16th-17th January 2020. University of Surrey, UK
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	A talk entitled "Recombinant single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody protects chickens from avian influenza" was presented at the workshop exploring new technical advances for analysis and production of antibodies for prophylaxes and treatment of animal and humans diseases. Both academics and staff linked with animal and public health industry attended this workshop.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Recombinant vaccines against avian viral diseases affecting poultry
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Poultry production continues to face several challenges caused by avian influenza, including: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. From these challenges, the topic of discussion and research drives optimal vaccination strategies to improve: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effective: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, (6) DIVA: to allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Implementing new emerging vaccine approaches can: (1) enhance the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduce production losses, (3) improve cost-effectiveness, (4) improve productivity and economy, (5) improve animal welfare, and (6) reduce prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Represented The Pirbright Institute at the British Pig and Poultry Fair, 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Dr Andrew Broadbent represented The Pirbright Institute at the British Pig and Poultry Fair, 2019 that was well attended by members of the General Public, poultry industry representatives and veterinary practitioners.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.pigandpoultry.org.uk/


Description	Research Presentation Veterinary Research Club UK "An African Swine Fever vaccine candidate based on multiple targeted gene deletions and mutagenesis"
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Talk on African swine fever virus vaccine development
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Researchers at Pirbright investigate the emergence of new bird flu viruses with the potential to infect people
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Following the news brief of our research outcomes for the general public and media was published on The Pirbright Institute and widely distributed through social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin. Pirbright scientists have discovered that infection with two strains of avian flu can lead to the emergence of a new virus strain with the potential to jump from birds to humans. Human cases of avian influenza are extremely rare but can occur if a person comes into very close contact with an infected or dead bird. The study shows that avian influenza virus strains H9N2 and H7N9 can share genetic information to create an H9N9 strain with the potential to cause more severe disease in poultry and pose a threat to human health. Avian influenza, also known as 'bird flu', is a type of influenza that spreads among birds. The UK faces a seasonal increase in the risk of avian influenza outbreaks which are associated with the migration patterns of wild birds. Avian influenza is found across the globe, and in countries where multiple strains circulate it is important to monitor the emergence of new strains. Low virulence H9N2 and H7N9 circulate in poultry in Asia but do not cause severe disease. However, they are known to swap genetic information which can result in the emergence of an H9N9 strain, which can cause severe disease. In collaboration with the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), researchers at Pirbright discovered that the H9N9 strain was able to multiply significantly better in poultry cells, indicating the potential to cause more severe disease. They also discovered that it had a higher replication rate in human cells and could bind to these cells better than H9N2. The H9N9 strain can infect and transmit between ferrets highlighting the potential to cause disease in humans. The study, published in the Journal of Virology, shows that strains already circulating in poultry populations can exchange genetic material, leading to the creation of new strains. This increases the risk of the virus jumping from avian hosts to humans and other mammals. The study concludes that H7N9 and H9N2 viruses circulating in the same regions pose a pandemic threat, which demonstrates the need for constant monitoring for the emergence of new virus strains. Professor Munir Iqbal, Head of the Avian Influenza Group at Pirbright said: "This is the first study to show that infection with circulating H9N2 and H7N9 influenza viruses could create new virus strains such as H9N9 that cause more disease in poultry and pose a greater risk to human health. If a host is infected with two different strains, there is always a chance that they will swap genetic material to create a new strain. When this happens, it could lead to many outcomes, for example, the virus becoming more or less able to cause disease in a host, or a virus acquiring the ability to jump between hosts. This leads to viruses that primarily cause disease in animals having the ability to infect humans, which is what we have observed in this study. More research is needed to determine which avian flu viruses could combine and pose a threat to poultry and human health." This study was supported by grants funded by the UK Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council under Newton Fund UK-China-Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative and Zoonoses and Emerging Livestock Systems (ZELS) with grants from FCDO and Dstl. The work was also funded by the GCRF One Health Poultry Hub and Defra (UK, including the Devolved Administrations of Scotland and Wales).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/news/2022/01/researchers-pirbright-investigate-emergence-new-bird-flu-vi...


Description	Reverse genetics seminar (University of Surrey)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	A seminar was given based upon the reverse genetics system of infectious bronchitis virus. The audience was a group of 10 -15 MSc students from University of Surrey. The students were engaged, asked questions about the research and careers in science. We were asked to repeat the seminar for the next year's intake of students.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018


Description	Reverse genetics seminar to MSc students
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	A seminar was presented describing reverse genetics of viruses, including infectious bronchitis virus and the application of reverse genetics in research. The students were interested and engaged, participating in activities and asking questions. We were invited to present the seminar in subsequent years for new student intakes.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2013,2014,2015,2016,2018,2019


Description	Royal Society Summer Fair - HJM
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	HJM attended the Pirbright stand at the Royal Society Summer Fair and presented the exhibit to visiting school children and members of the general public. The exhibit called "Disease detectives" helped visitors understand processes in identifying viruses causing disease, symptoms of infection, routes and rates of infection as well as control measures currently available and in development. The event allowed discussion of work on going in HJMs projects.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition 2022 - Trevor Sweeney
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Pirbright's exhibit titled 'Disease Detectives' explained what scientists and detectives have in common and why scientists are key in preventing pandemics. The stand also featured Bug Busters, a way to demonstrate how genetic engineering can be used to prevent the spread of vector-borne diseases including Dengue and Zika.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/press-releases/2022/07/pirbright-institute-makes-buzz-royal-society-summ


Description	STEAMfest
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	STEAMfest - HJM
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	A large open day event at hosted at University of Surrey for students from a number of schools in the region to explore different scientific questions and areas of work.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	STEAMfest - HS
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Team members attended the event where a flu fighters stand was displayed demonstrating how scientists are working to rapidly detect and control avian influenza in the filed to protect food security, animal welfare and human health. Approximately 200 secondary school students engaged with the stall and this stimulated increased interest in science and research,
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	STEM Outreach Event (Farnborough, 9th November)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	See web link
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016


Description	School Governor Science-Link
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	School governor with specific responsibility for health and safety and science
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016,2017,2018,2019,2020


Description	School Visit (Woking)
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Amin Asfor engaged with Six-form students and parents at a Careers day. He showcased The Pirbright Institute and a Science career, discussed the use of animals in research and the need to do research aimed at reducing their use and replacing them with alternative methods.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	School careers-Big Interview MdP
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Stimulating interest in science and research to secondary school students
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Science Update to BBSRC executives
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Visit from the BBSRC to discuss science highlights
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Science update to BBSRC executives
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Presentation of our latest research in livestock immunogenetic diversity to visiting BBSRC executives at The Pirbright Institute.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Second Symposium of the UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases held in March 2016 in Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The second international meeting of the UK-China CERAD was attended by a number of delegates from both UK and China and reviewed the progress. Plans were drawn of further activities and plans for securing additional grants.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016


Description	Seminar given at The Roslin Institute - 19th October 2017
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Invited to give a Seminar on PB1-F2 programme of work at The Roslin Institute in Edinburgh to researchers.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Seminar on African swine fever virus
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Presentation on African swine fever virus vaccine development to Yebio Bioengineering and China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, PR China
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Seminar on African swine fever virus
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Seminar at Beijing Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 12 Zhongguanchan South Stree, Haifing District Beijing
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Seminar on African swine fever virus
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Seminar on African swine fever virus host interactions and vaccine development. Yangzhou University Veterinary Faculty PR China
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Seminar on African swine fever virus virus host interaction and vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Seminar Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Seminar on African swine fever virus virus host interaction and vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Seminar on African swine fever virus evasion of host defences and vaccine development Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UCL London
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Seminar on prospects for African swine fever virus vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Seminar at Harbin Institute for Veterinary Research, PR China
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Seminar on virus host interactions and prospects for African swine fever virus vaccine development
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Seminar on African swine fever virus host interactions and vaccine development
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Sir John Kingman (UKRI) visit
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Visit to highlight Pirbright science to UKRI
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Sue Baigent participated in the Teen Tech event on 22nd Jan 2019 on General Science engagement
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	A General Science event
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Sue Baigent participated in the Winston Churchill Careers Fair on 7th Nov 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Careers fair
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Surrey County Show
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	The Surrey County Show is an agricultural show in Guildford that is visited by the general public. The Pirbright Institute had a stand with various activities for visitors to take part in and explain our science to a wide audience. Giulia spent a day working on the stand and spoke with many children and adults about her work at Pirbright to change public attitudes and stimulate increased interest in research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Surrey Open day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Undergraduate students
Results and Impact	Described the research activity of the Pirbright Institute for students from school, graduate and postgraduate students, and provided information on research facilities in the institute.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017
URL	https://www.surrey.ac.uk/opendays/vet


Description	Surrey Veterinary School Open Day- AA, WM
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Stimulating interest in different science career paths
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Surrey vet school open day - MJB
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	The event was an open day for prospective students for the University of Surrey vet school. The course includes a research placement, which can be conducted at Pirbright. Therefore there was a stand from Pirbright to describe the research we perform generally as well as a discussion of our specific research. The audience were generally interested and the information helped inform them when selecting a university course.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Sushant Bhat:Pirbright Dragon Fair
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Described the research undertaken at the Pirbright Institute that lead to improve control systems against infectious viral diseases of animals and from animals to humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Sustainable poultry (meat and eggs) production in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Discussion on sustainable poultry (meat and eggs) production in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities. Presented at UKRI-GCRF "Food Security, Agriculture, and Nutrition" workshop, Marriott Hotel, Islamabad, Pakistan. 9th- 10th March 2020. organised by UKRI GCRF team. The outcomes include the establishment of collaborative links with key stakeholders including policymakers and disease control officials. Closer links were established with official responsible for animal health and food security officials including Minister for Science and Technology of Pakistan, High commissioner of UK High Commission in Pakitan. Discussion agenda and key outcomes were also communicated to the President of Pakistan, Chairman of Higher Education Commission Pakitan and representatives from FAO and UKRI GCRF team.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020
URL	https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/626768-upsign-network-ukri-to-organise-global-development-workshops


Description	TV Interview Deutsche Welt
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	Interview and filming at Pirbright for a programme on African swine fever virus broadcast on Deutsche Welt German TV Channel
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	TW ARC
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	ARC will hold up to two dissemination events per annum. The aim of these events is to facilitate the dissemination of the research findings from the grants awarded through ARC to the Industry Members of the Club and other researchers. The dissemination events also provide an excellent opportunity for networking and we encourage delegates to make the most of the time made available for this purpose in the programme. BBSRC staff and the ARC coordinators will be available throughout the day should you have any questions regarding the Club. Presentations: The presentations are the main opportunity for ARC research groups to present research findings and future plans and for Industrial Members to find out about ARC funded projects and provide feedback. Featured projects have been allocated presentation time as described in the programme and should include at least 5 minutes for questions. Presenters are asked to keep to time and presentations should demonstrate the relevance of the work to animal health and the livestock industry. Posters: Research groups funded through ARC have been offered the opportunity to provide posters of work which is of relevance to the Industry Members of the Club. This will provide an opportunity to have informal discussions about current progress during networking activities and provide additional project information of relevance to ARC.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2015,2016


Description	Taiwan -UK Partnering Award: Surveillance of influenza viruses
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Attended the International Flu Virus Symposium for Celebrating IPM 47th Anniversary" in Tri-Service General Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. Tri-Service General Hospital address: No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Invited speaker for medical staff and research scientists.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.cdc.gov.tw/rwd/english


Description	Talk Presented at 2nd International Congress of Veterinary Microbiology, 16th -19th October 2018. Sherwood Breezes Resort-Lara, Antalya, Turkey.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Conference discussed improving prevention and control of viral diseases of poultry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Talk as part of the University of Veterinary Medicine (Vienna) doctoral school "Infectious Diseases of Pig and Poultry"
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Talked about the Pirbright Institute's work on African swine fever virus to researches in Veterinary Medicine (Virology and Immunology) in Vienna.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Talk at Large animal research network (LARN)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Gave a talk on the tools we have developed to target different parts of the respiratory tract and how to analyse local immune responses.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Talk at Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Services University
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Undergraduate students
Results and Impact	Participated in an online webinar organised by the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Services University in Chennai India as part of their Transboundary Animal Diseases - Emerging Threats to India seminar series. I talked to around 60 participants about African swine fever and African swine fever vaccine research. There were questions on vaccine development and also control of African swine fever in India.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Talk by Nick on the sequencing of Zimbabwe FMDV
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Nick Knowles gave a talk at the 2018 Open Session of EuFMD (European commission for the control of foot-and-mouth disease ) on "Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of Over 140 Foot-and-mouth Disease Viruses Isolated From Free-living African Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer) in Zimbabwe" on behalf of Jemma Wadsworth, Bruce Bolt, Luca Ferretti, Euan C. Anderson, Ashley Gray, Paolo Ribeca, and himself. The sequencing was funded by the Transboundary Pathogens portal project awarded to Pirbright.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Talk on "Emerging Diseases" at BBSRC Cross-Institute workshop, Roslin Institute
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	Talk on Emerging Diseases in the context of a workshop on Future of Livestock in Food Production
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019
URL	https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news/future-of-livestock-production-in-the-spotlight


Description	Talk on "From within hosts to between farms: modelling the dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus across scales"
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation at European Conference on Mathematical and Theoretical Biology
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://ecmtb2022.org/


Description	Talk on Asfarvaridae at Virologie Fondamentale MSc course
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Talk on African swine fever virus family at the fundamental virology course at the Institut Pasteur
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Talk on Asfarvaridae at Virologie Fondamentale MSc course at Institute Pasteur
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	Presented African swine fever virus to the Virologie Fondamentale MSc course at Institute Pasteur. This was the first time African swine fever had been included in the curriculum for this course.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Targeted Antigen Delivery Vaccines: Next Generation Vaccines for Poultry
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact	A talk entitled "Targeted Antigen Delivery Vaccines: Next Generation Vaccines for Poultry" presented to the Executive Chair of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. The discussion aim was the advances approaches that can increases the strength and breath of vaccine immunity in animals and humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Teaching- lecturing, small group classroom teaching and laboratory practical teaching
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	I have been actively engaged with teaching activities at the University of Surrey, giving lectures, small group classes and laboratory practical classes to vet students and MSc students.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2015,2016,2017


Description	Team member presented poster 14th Annual meeting Epizone, Barcelona May 2022
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Team member presented poster on "Novel antibody signatures in Bluetongue virus-infected ruminants improve predictions of infectious timelines". at the international 14th Annual Epizone meeting in Barcelona May 2022
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022


Description	Teentech
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	The annual Teentech student science event in Guildford aims to encourage teenagers to consider science subjects and science careers. Our stand had considerable interest from the schoolchildren who were very enthusiastic. The event stimulated an increased interest in science and research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016,2019


Description	The Hurst careers event - HJM
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	The Hurst school held a careers event for GCSE students to attend throughout the day. The Pirbright stand contained a variety of engagement activities to demonstrate the research we perform and to stimulate discussion. The students seemed interested in the activities and those more interested in a science career asked a variety of questions about the research and entry into scientific research as a career.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	The Pirbright Village Duck Fair held on 16 June 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Local Village Fair, interaction with local residence to expanse research aims and activities of The Pirbright Institute and benefits to UK and around the globe to prevent and control infectious diseases of animals and humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	The co-Circulation of Low and High-path-AIV in the same country with sub-optimal bio-security: Virus evolution and impact on vaccine efficacy. Presented at the 11th Scientific conference of Egyptian Veterinary Poultry Association, Conference "Towards a National strategy to control poultry industry problems in Egypt". 20-23 April 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion on the improvement of disease control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) to prevent avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	The global Situation and pathobiology of Avian Influenza in different Avian Species. Presented at the 11th Scientific conference of Egyptian Veterinary Poultry Association, Conference "Towards a National strategy to control poultry industry problems in Egypt". 20-23 April 2019..
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	The talk and the discussion on the improvement of disease control systems (vaccines and diagnostics) to prevent avian influenza viruses infection in poultry and zoonotic infections in humans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Tillingborne Science Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Tillingbourne bug hunt. New Rd, Chilworth, Guildford GU4 8NB
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research. Good interest and engagement.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Time for rethink on farming poultry as experts warn bird flu has slipped 'through our fingers (Sky News)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	Discussion with Sky New UK corresponded Tom Clarke (Science and technology editor @aTomClarke) on continued avian influenza viruses are becoming endemic in bird populations in Europe and North America with some areas seeing a 600% increase in infection over the past few months in September -November 2022. In the UK, every day now, two or three new premises have been testing positive for bird flu. If they do, their flocks are culled and over 50 million birds culled in Europe this year and a similar number in North America. There is a need for an improved disease control strategies against these viruses. just culling of infected and at risk will not reduce viruses prevalence and spread, because virus in circulating in wild birds.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2022
URL	https://news.sky.com/story/time-for-rethink-on-farming-poultry-as-experts-warn-bird-flu-has-slipped-...


Description	Tour of Pirbright Research facilities for CLA group
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	The CLA is the membership organisation for owners of land, property and businesses in rural England and Wales. The CLA came for a tour of the Jenner building facilities at The Pirbright Institute. I led a tour of our building for the group and described the work undertaken by the avian research programme here.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Travel to ANSES
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	a group of 12 group leaders and facility heads traveled to France, and visited the ANSES ploufragan institute to discuss possible collaborations, compare state of the heart discoveries and facilities.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2024


Description	U3A talk
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Presentation on influenza virus research at The Pirbright Institute for the local University of the Third Age group, approx. 50 people aged 65 years + all with an interest in science.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://cu3asandt.wordpress.com/2018/09/23/meeting-2nd-october/


Description	UK-China Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative project kick-off workshop" at China Agriculture University, Beijing, 26th-28th September 2018.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Emerging new approaches were discussed for prevention and control of infectious diseases affecting swines and poultry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	UK-India bioinformatics workshop
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Postgraduate students
Results and Impact	On February 9 2018 Pirbright organised a "UK-India bioinformatics workshop" in order to foster ties between Indian and UK bioinformaticians working in the field of livestock and crop research. Paolo Ribeca gave a talk on "Bioinformatics and sequencing at Pirbright".
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Understanding Antigenic Diversity, Zoonotic potential and immunological prevention of avian influenza viruses affecting poultry. Presented at "UK-China Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative project kick-off workshop" at China Agriculture University, Beijing, 26th-28th September 2018.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Meeting focus was to share research plans funded under "UK-China-Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative". Research projects investigate pathogens, zoonotic pathogens or "commensals" associated with food safety issues affecting poultry and swine.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://bbsrc.ukri.org/funding/filter/joint-swine-poultry-initiative/


Description	Understanding Evolution and Impacts of Avian Influenza Viruses
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Internal seminar presented at The Pirbright Institute, sharing the achievements and current ongoing research being performed within the Avian Influenza Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus Group to other colleagues throughout the site. Poultry production continues to face several challenges caused by avian influenza, including: (1) virus evolution & antigenic diversity, (2) emergence of new virus variants, (3) co-circulation of multiple variants of same pathogen, (4) mixed infection of different viruses (immunosuppression), (5) maternally derived antibody interference, and (6) poor quality vaccines and sub-optimal vaccination practices. From these challenges, the topic of discussion and research drives optimal vaccination strategies to improve: (1) potency: a single dose to induce faster, stronger and durable immunity against multiple pathogens, (2) effectiveness: protect from clinical disease, reduced shedding and transmission, (3) affordability: cheap to produce and easy to deliver, (4) safety: no adverse impact to host or environment, (5) stability: retain efficacy for at least 1 year at indicated temperature, (6) DIVA: to allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Implementing new emerging vaccine approaches can: (1) enhance the efficacy, duration, and breadth of immunity, (2) reduce production losses, (3) improve cost-effectiveness, (4) improve productivity and economy, (5) improve animal welfare, and (6) reduce prevalence of viruses and protect public health (reduced virus prevalence = reduced zoonosis).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023


Description	Understanding antigenic diversity, zoonotic potential and immunological prevention of avian influenza viruses affecting poultry. Presented at UK-China-Philippines-Thailand Swine and Poultry Research Initiative: Interim Project Workshop 13th-15th January 2020 Hilton Hotel, Bracknell, UK
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Outcomes of the research project entitled "Understanding antigenic diversity, zoonotic potential and immunological prevention of avian influenza viruses affecting poultry" were presented to colleagues working on prevention and control of infectious diseases affecting animals and humans. the work led to incite further research collaborations with different groups from UK, China, Thailand and Philippine.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Understanding avian influenza virus evolution and development of next generation vaccines. Presented at 459th Scientific Meeting of The Veterinary Research Club at The Farmers Club, 3 Whitehall Court London Friday 14th February 2020.
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	A talk presented entitled"Understanding avian influenza virus evolution and development of next generation vaccines". The discussion with senior staff from DEFRA and UKRI- BBSRC, researchers and veterinary professional like with control and prevention of animal diseases in United kingdom
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2020


Description	Understanding avian influenza virus evolution, antigenic diversity and vaccine failure. Presented at the 2019 Symposium on techniques for healthy breading and disease prevention & control of livestock and poultry, Golden Harbor Hotel, Beijing, 21-23 August 2019.
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Talk and discussion on the control of infectious animal diseases including avian influenza.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine Open Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Presentation of work conducted at The Pirbright Institute
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2016,2017


Description	University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine Open Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Presented research activity from the Pirbright Institute
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine Open Day- Dec 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	engaged with parents and 6th form students about a career as a Veterinarian and specifically a career in Veterinary Research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine Open Day- Jul 2019
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	engaged with parents and 6th form students about a career as a Veterinarian and specifically a career in Veterinary Research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine Virtual Careers day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Undergraduate students
Results and Impact	Virtual participation in both networking sessions as well as the "research and government veterinary career " panel to discuss options of a career in science and research with undergraduate Veterinary Medicine students
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://www.surrey.ac.uk/school-veterinary-medicine/events/vet-school-careers-fair-2021


Description	University of Surrey Vet School Careers Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Undergraduate students
Results and Impact	Careers day for veterinary students to inform about the work at The Pirbright Institute to interest future veterinarians in a research career
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	University of Surrey Vet School Open Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Institute stand at Surrey Vet School - introducing the institute to prospective vet students
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	V Nair invited to talk on 'Cell type- and disease stage-specific interactions of Marek's disease virus & the host' at the International Symposium on Marek's disease and avain herpesiviruses at Yangzhou, China during 29th July to 2nd Aug 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Most recent updates in the field of avian herpesvirus research was discussed and active engagements for future collaborations discussed
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	V Nair was invited to talk a the Poultry Health Workshop and Conference on 19th-20th Nov, 2018 in Kathmandu, Nepal
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	more than 100 stakeholders from different sectors of the Poultry industry and academia attended the meeting. There was engagement from the different sectors for initiating a combined approach for finding solutions
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	http://www.cmdn.org.


Description	VN International Webinar on Genomics & Gene Technology at Kerala University 24 March 2021
Form Of Engagement Activity	A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	VN International Webinar on Genomics & Gene Technology at Kerala University
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	Vet School Open Day
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine Open Day - introduced The Pirbright Institute and the research we conduct to prospective students and parents.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Vet Times
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Information on research activity of Avian Immunology group at the Pirbright Institute
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Veterinary Research Club
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Regional
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Presentation of the data generated and its importance in understanding immune responses to vaccination and natural infections. About 50 veterinarians and researchers working in veterinary sciences attended the one-day meeting, which initiated discussions about the possibility of generating new vaccines against BRSV.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Video on African swine fever clinical signs for APHA
Form Of Engagement Activity	A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	Video prepared to inform farmers and vets about African swine fever virus clinical signs
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018
URL	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4kSR-wMO4M&feature=youtu.be


Description	Virtual video tour of the animal facilities in Pirbright
Form Of Engagement Activity	Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	Contributed to public understanding of animal research by being interviewed on the virtual video tour of the animal facilities in Pirbright - one of only four such initiatives in the UK.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2017


Description	Visit to Cairo Poultry Company (CPC)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Discussion and talk on prevention and control of poultry diseases (avian influenza and Newcastle Disease) and molecular factors affecting vaccine efficacy. The discussion and talk to present data, describing factors the directly influence protective efficacy of in use vaccines, and how they evaluate/ test vaccine failure.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Visit to Dakahlia Poultry Egypt
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Industry/Business
Results and Impact	Discussion and talk presented at Dakahlia Poultry Egypt head office to workers involved in poultry production. The talk amis were to provide update on the impact of evolutionary genetic changes in the avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses on the efficacy of vaccines and diagnostics. The molecular changes in virus genetic makeup allow virus to escape from vaccine induced immunity results vaccine and diagnostics failure. Consequently the avian influenza viruses continue to circulates in vaccinated flocks.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	Why vaccines matter in the fight against zoonotic diseases
Form Of Engagement Activity	A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Public/other audiences
Results and Impact	A news story was published to increase the awareness of Zoonotic diseases and their impact on public health, food security, the economy and the environment. This was publicised at The Pirbright Institute webpage and One Health Poultry Health webpage and distributed wildly on social media including Facebook, Twitter, In Share. On World Zoonoses Day, Pirbright's Professor Munir Iqbal and Dr Joshua Sealy consider 600 years of developing technology to fight infectious diseases: The history of human and animal immunisation against infectious disease begins with the Chinese practice of variolation in the fifteenth century. Here, infectious material was taken from one patient and inoculated into a non-infected patient to initiate a mild but protective infection. Roughly 200 years later, Edward Jenner transformed the field of immunology by developing the world's first vaccine which involved immunising patients against smallpox using the closely related cowpox. Fast-forward another 200 years and the application of vaccines had transformed. On 6 July 1885, now celebrated as World Zoonoses Day, Louis Pasteur successfully administered the first vaccine against rabies - and within decades myriad other diseases had also been tackled effectively, including diphtheria, tetanus, anthrax, cholera, plague, typhoid, tuberculosis, measles, mumps, rubella, and polio. Many of these pathogens had been infecting humans for years, and continue to do so where vaccines are not deployed. Now, in the 21st century, vaccine research is undergoing another seismic shift. In 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19), emerged in humans which is believed to have originated in animals (known as zoonoses). It has since developed into the devastating COVID-19 pandemic and in doing so it triggered an urgent need to develop vaccines to control a virus that represents a growing problem at the human-animal interface. Pathogen evolution: Broadly speaking, humans have a naïve immune system to the many pathogens that exclusively circulate within animal reservoirs, including livestock. Most pathogens have evolved to infect specific animal species, which means that a significant barrier exists that prevents animal pathogens from causing disease in humans. However, a portion of these pathogens, including influenza viruses and coronaviruses, have the capacity to evolve such that they can overcome these barriers and be successful, especially as there is no prior immunity in the human population. This extraordinary ability to evolve also means that these pathogens have the potential to overcome vaccines. The application of vaccines and vaccine technology must progress to meet the challenge of zoonotic viruses. Vaccine variety: An impressive diversity of vaccine technologies is currently employed or in development to combat pathogens circulating in humans and animals. A vaccine needs to be effective at eliminating or reducing disease, but the diversity of pathogens means vaccines sometimes need to be equally diverse and must cater to specific challenges. Traditional inactivated pathogen vaccines are generated by 'killing' a pathogen so that it can be safely administered for immunisation. Subunit vaccines are vaccines that comprise only a fragment of the target pathogen which can be administered to generate an immune response exclusively to that fragment. Both technologies elicit protective antibody responses and have been successful for an exceptionally long time against a variety of pathogens. However, an antibody response does not provide sufficient protection against all pathogens that continually change their shapes to evade vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines typically use infectious pathogens that are modified to prevent them from causing disease but can still trigger an immune response similar to their naturally occurring counterparts. These vaccines are useful because as well as an antibody response, they can induce a cellular immune response, which targets conserved parts of the pathogens that remain the same across different strains. This means live attenuated vaccines are more effective at protecting against mutations that could allow the pathogen to escape vaccine immunity and they provide better protection against multiple pathogen strains. New vaccine technology: Viral vector vaccines are vaccines that comprise the 'backbone' of a virus that doesn't cause disease in the host animal, which expresses a piece of the target pathogen that induces an immune response. Most licensed viral vector vaccines are in use in animals, with only a single vectored vaccine (against the Ebola virus) being licensed for humans prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Viral vector vaccines evoke a strong immune response that is specific to the pathogen, making it effective and long-lasting. DNA/RNA vaccines contain genetic material that codes for a piece of a pathogen, which the host cells process to elicit an immune response. Several mRNA vaccines are in use against SARS-CoV-2 and they are cost-effective, safe, and produced using chemicals synthetically and not from cell culture systems. As such, we now have the capacity to carefully select the target of our vaccines and the nature of the desired immune response. The importance of vaccines was brought into focus once again with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic - and, going forward, the need for our growing arsenal of vaccines will only increase with the needs of humanity. Nutrition: As the human population increases so do its need for nutrition. A major source of human nutrition is animal-derived; thus, the population of farmed animals increases. Wild habitats are encroached upon to provide for the increasing population of farmed animals, and this facilitates interaction between farmed and wild animals. Consequently, we develop a tractable route for zoonotic diseases to enter the human population. Finally, the need for human nutrition is also met through the acquisition of wild animals. There is evidence to suggest that the West African Ebola virus epidemic was preceded by the capture of wild animals for human consumption. Likewise, SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have originated in wild animals. Zoonotic diseases clearly have far-reaching impacts. Humans and animals directly suffer pathogen-related sickness and death, and global economies incur significant losses. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a clear example of this - while avian influenza and several other emerging and re-emerging viruses carrying zoonotic infection potential circulating in farmed and wild birds are a constant reminder that the next pandemic could be around the corner. Written by Professor Munir Iqbal and Dr Joshua Sealy, members of the Avian Influenza Virus group at Pirbright.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021
URL	https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/news/2021/07/why-vaccines-matter-fight-against-zoonotic-diseases


Description	Why wet markets will never close - despite the global threat to human health (The Telegraph)
Form Of Engagement Activity	A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact	This discussion was due to current enormous global spread of bird flu and widespread poultry outbreak has generated unprecedented opportunities for the virus to jump to humans and potentially even mutate to better spread between people. Since the Live bird markets have been identified as key factors in the spread, persistence and evolution of avian influenza viruses,. Therefore, there is an increased risk to public at the live birds markets and how these risks can be reduced to increase food safety, security and public health.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2023
URL	https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/why-wet-markets-will-never-close-despi...


Description	Winston Churchill Careers Fair. Winston Churchill School, Hermitage Road, St Johns, Woking, Surrey, GU21 8TL
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	AS attended and presented at this event to stimulate increased interest in science and research.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2018


Description	Woking School Careers
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Stimulating increased interest in science and research
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2019


Description	YS Winston Churchill School Careers event
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	Local
Primary Audience	Schools
Results and Impact	Winston Churchill School Careers event - Pirbright was able to present information on some areas of its science work at a careers fair for a secondary school, which generated lots of interest and students indicated that they were considering studying science.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2021


Description	a talk at the Recently Independent Virology Investigators meeting
Form Of Engagement Activity	A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	National
Primary Audience	Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact	I gave a talks outlining my current research and future plans.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2015,2016,2017


Description	organised workshops at Microbiology Society annual conferences 2014 - 2018
Form Of Engagement Activity	Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme?	No
Geographic Reach	International
Primary Audience	Other audiences
Results and Impact	I co-organised virology division workshops on viral evolution and diversity and RNA viruses with colleagues from the virology division. The workshops were held at the annual Microbiology Society conferences in spring each year. Organisation involved selecting abstracts for oral or poster presentation, ordering the presentations and chairing the sessions.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity	2015,2016,2017,2018