Characterisation of electron transport in bacterial nano-wire proteins through high performance computing and experimentation
Lead Research Organisation:
University College London
Department Name: Physics and Astronomy
Abstract
Day to day life is increasingly reliant on electricity to support transport and communications in addition to the storage and preparation of food. This situation reflects rapid scientific developments since Alessandro Volta built the first battery just over 200 years ago. However electricity has been essential to humans, and indeed all forms of cellular life, ever since they have existed. This electricity arises from the electron transport chains underpinning the storage of solar energy in sugars during photosynthesis and the harnessing of the energy in sugars for cellular function, reproduction and motility during respiration. Specially designed proteins support electron transport during photosynthesis and respiration. Many of these proteins contain metal ions positioned at regular intervals within a polymer made of amino acids and we can immediately see parallels to the structures of the much larger cables and wires that move electrons in our mobile phones, toasters etc. The properties determining the flow of electrons through cables and wires are well established. However, the means by which a particular amino acid structure defines the rate of electron transfer within and between such proteins when dissolved in water is less well understood. Here we propose to provide insight into these mechanisms through a combination of computational and experimental methods. The subject of our study is an iron-containing protein, whose three-dimensional structure has been solved only a few months ago. This protein is a representative of a large family of structurally related, but functionally distinct, proteins that has been recognised only recently. These proteins allow microbes to colonise diverse and apparently inhospitable environments. They contribute to the operation of some microbial fuel-cells and to the virulence of numerous microbes capable of infecting humans and animals. By resolving the molecular details underpinning electron transport through these proteins we will provide fundamental insight into a wide-spread and important mechanism of biological electron transport. Some of the computational methods are already available and some of them need to be developed during the research programme. The new methodologies will be made available to other scientists for studying other proteins of interest. The knowledge gained will also provide the framework for developing proteins with bespoke electrical properties for use as molecular nano-wires in bioelectronic engineering.
Planned Impact
The results of the research proposed will reach out to a diverse range of people and communities including
-academics interested in fundamental and applied studies of biological electron transport as detailed in the nature of the 'Academic
Beneficiaries'.
-those in the alternative energy sector with interests in exploiting multi-heme cytochromes as molecular 'wires' in mediatorless
biofuel cells.
-those in the industrial and public sector working in waste water purification and clean-up of radioactively contaminated water and soil
-those in the bionanotechnological industry aiming to develop novel bio-electronic communication tools between cells and inorganic materials and/or implantable bioelectronic devices
-industrial and academic users of the Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics software package (currently more than 6000 world-wide), benefitting from the code extensions proposed in the computational programme
These beneficiaries will be alerted to our findings by their timely presentation at conferences, in publications and through press-releases timed to coincide with the publication of our research in leading journals. They will also gain from access to the computational and biological resources generated during the project. We anticipate that this impact will begin to be realised from month 18 of the proposed programme of research through the activities of all of the research team. To highlight our research and its potential impact to these groups we will invite representatives to an international workshop on this topic in the second half of the grant period. This conference will bring together eminent speakers from academia and industry selected for their leading, international reputation in the area.
The work proposed will also shape the personal development of the two PDRAs. They will gain skills in either advancing computational methods and electronic structure theory or methods for characterisation of metalloproteins under the guidance of the PIs, Co-Is and collaborators. In addition, the synergistic nature of the research programme and regular meetings of the research team will ensure that the PDRAs gain an understanding of the complementary approaches being used to elucidate electron transfer kinetics. This, together with the multi-site nature of the project will ensure the PDRAs improve their skills in working collaboratively, and communicating effectively within and across sites. They will gain experience of project management under the guidance of the PIs who will also mentor their skills in oral, written and web-based communication of their findings. These impacts will begin at the outset of the project and continue to its completion.
-academics interested in fundamental and applied studies of biological electron transport as detailed in the nature of the 'Academic
Beneficiaries'.
-those in the alternative energy sector with interests in exploiting multi-heme cytochromes as molecular 'wires' in mediatorless
biofuel cells.
-those in the industrial and public sector working in waste water purification and clean-up of radioactively contaminated water and soil
-those in the bionanotechnological industry aiming to develop novel bio-electronic communication tools between cells and inorganic materials and/or implantable bioelectronic devices
-industrial and academic users of the Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics software package (currently more than 6000 world-wide), benefitting from the code extensions proposed in the computational programme
These beneficiaries will be alerted to our findings by their timely presentation at conferences, in publications and through press-releases timed to coincide with the publication of our research in leading journals. They will also gain from access to the computational and biological resources generated during the project. We anticipate that this impact will begin to be realised from month 18 of the proposed programme of research through the activities of all of the research team. To highlight our research and its potential impact to these groups we will invite representatives to an international workshop on this topic in the second half of the grant period. This conference will bring together eminent speakers from academia and industry selected for their leading, international reputation in the area.
The work proposed will also shape the personal development of the two PDRAs. They will gain skills in either advancing computational methods and electronic structure theory or methods for characterisation of metalloproteins under the guidance of the PIs, Co-Is and collaborators. In addition, the synergistic nature of the research programme and regular meetings of the research team will ensure that the PDRAs gain an understanding of the complementary approaches being used to elucidate electron transfer kinetics. This, together with the multi-site nature of the project will ensure the PDRAs improve their skills in working collaboratively, and communicating effectively within and across sites. They will gain experience of project management under the guidance of the PIs who will also mentor their skills in oral, written and web-based communication of their findings. These impacts will begin at the outset of the project and continue to its completion.
People |
ORCID iD |
Jochen Blumberger (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Blumberger J
(2015)
Recent Advances in the Theory and Molecular Simulation of Biological Electron Transfer Reactions.
in Chemical reviews
Blumberger J
(2018)
Electron transfer and transport through multi-heme proteins: recent progress and future directions.
in Current opinion in chemical biology
Breuer M
(2015)
Flavin Binding to the Deca-heme Cytochrome MtrC: Insights from Computational Molecular Simulation.
in Biophysical journal
Breuer M
(2015)
Multi-haem cytochromes in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: structures, functions and opportunities.
in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
Futera Z
(2017)
Electronic Couplings for Charge Transfer across Molecule/Metal and Molecule/Semiconductor Interfaces: Performance of the Projector Operator-Based Diabatization Approach
in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
Futera Z
(2020)
Coherent Electron Transport across a 3 nm Bioelectronic Junction Made of Multi-Heme Proteins.
in The journal of physical chemistry letters
Futera Z
(2019)
Adsorption of Amino Acids on Gold: Assessing the Accuracy of the GolP-CHARMM Force Field and Parametrization of Au-S Bonds.
in Journal of chemical theory and computation
Futera Z
(2023)
Tunneling-to-Hopping Transition in Multiheme Cytochrome Bioelectronic Junctions.
in The journal of physical chemistry letters
Garg K
(2018)
Direct evidence for heme-assisted solid-state electronic conduction in multi-heme c-type cytochromes.
in Chemical science
Giannini S
(2018)
Crossover from Hopping to Band-Like Charge Transport in an Organic Semiconductor Model: Atomistic Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics Simulation
in The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
Description | Objective I: 1. We have computed the free energy profile (redox potential, reorganization free energy) as well as electronic coupling matrix elements for electron transfer in native multiheme proteins STC, NrfB and MtrC. From this we computed electron transfer rates and fluxes through the proteins. We found that cysteine linkages inserted in the space between hemes significantly enhance electronic coupling and hence the rate for heme-to-heme ET. This effect has not been reported before. The work was published in Jiang et al, J Am Chem Soc 2017 (STC) and in Jiang et al PNAS 2019 (MtrC, MtrF). 2. The experimental partner (Butt, UEA) has successfully docked a Ru(bpy)3 chromophore to the tetra-heme protein STC and carried out pump-probe experiments for photo initiated electron injection in STC. Our group has modelled the spectroscopic (UV/VIS) time traces by investigating a large number of kinetic ET models. We found evidence for electron injection in heme 4 of STC and recombination and that electron injection happens from at least three different conformers of the chromophore as confirmed by docking and MD simulations. A manuscript on these findings was published in van Wonderen et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2019. Objective II: 3. A method for the calculation of electronic coupling matrix elements for electron transfer between a molecule/protein and a metal electrode has been implemented in the CP2k programme package and successfully benchmarked against high-level ab-initio data (Futera et al J. Phys. Chem. C 2017) 4. We have tested and improved a force field for the interaction of amino acids with Au-surfaces, published in Futera et al JCTC 2018). This sets the basis for currently ongoing work modelling the interaction of STC with gold electrodes. Objective III: 5. Our experimental collaborator (D Cahen, Weizmann Institute, Israel) measured I-V curves for STC and MtrF. Our modelling work revealed that the experimental data fit well a coherent elastic tunneling model, but not an electron hopping model. This work has been published in one of the top Chemistry journals, Garg et al. Chem. Sci. 2018. We have now also succeeded in computing I-V curves for STC tetraheme protein sandwiched between two gold electrodes using all-QM DFT calculations, a first in the field. Agreement with exeriment is excellent, and we obtained deep insight in the conduction mechnanism (off-resonant coherent tunneling) and the amino acide residues that contribute to the current, Futera et al, J Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020. |
Exploitation Route | Based on our successful work we will initiate a new collaboration with I Diez-Perez who has the expertise to measure I-V curves of multi-heme proteins with electrochemical STM in order to characterize and control their conductivity in their natural environment - aqueous solution - with a view on applications in bioelectronics and biosensor technology. An application to the EPSRC for further funding is currently in preparation. |
Sectors | Electronics,Energy,Environment |
Description | A key methodological advance during the grant period was the implementation of the projector operator-based diabatization method in the CP2k programme package enabling the calculation of electronic coupling matrix elements between molecules (as large as proteins) and solid electrode materials (metals or semiconductors). The CP2k code is freely available and one of the most used codes on the UK High Performance Computing facility ARCHER. We expect that several users in academia as well as industry will use this feature in future. The project has resulted in 13 peer-reviewed publications, 5 of which in high impact journals (JACS 2017 & 2019, PNAS 2019 & 2021, Chem Sci 2018). We have also written two major reviews on the subject (Chem. Rev. 2015, J R Soc Interface 2016) and one Perspective Article (Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2018) and present the results as keynote speakers at various prestigious gatherings. The grant facilitated a new collaboration with the highly esteemed experimental research group of Prof Cahen, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, and made our activities visible to UK and overseas researchers. The project has contributed to the personal development of 3 PDRAs that were employed for various durations on the grant: E Ali was offered a group leader position at an Indian research institute, A Carof was offered a Postdoc position at the prestigious ENS Paris and Z Futera a group leader position at University of South Bohemia, in his home country. This grant has also helped to disseminate and advertise the research of my group to a wider audience. |
Sector | Chemicals,Energy,Environment |
Impact Types | Cultural |
Title | Nanosecond heme-to-heme electron transfer rates in a multiheme cytochrome nanowire reported by a spectrally unique His/Met-ligated heme using pump-probe spectroscopy. |
Description | Data from spectroscopic, electrochemical, voltammetric and computational studies as presented in van Wonderen et al 'Nanosecond heme-to-heme electron transfer rates in a multiheme cytochrome nanowire reported by a spectrally unique His/Met-ligated heme'. Data presented in the Main and Supporting Information Appendix are included. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/van_Wonderen_et_al_PNAS_2021_Data_Sets_xlsx/16621714 |
Title | Nanosecond heme-to-heme electron transfer rates in a multiheme cytochrome nanowire reported by a spectrally unique His/Met-ligated heme using pump-probe spectroscopy. van Wonderen et al |
Description | Spectroscopic, electrochemical and voltammetric data desribing properties of photosensitized MtrC proteins. The data are presented as figures in van Wonderen et al 'Nanosecond heme-to-heme electron transfer rates in a spectrally unique His/Met-ligated heme', the manuscript and supporting information appendix. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Nanosecond_heme-to-heme_electron_transfer_rates_in_a_multiheme... |
Description | Current-voltage measurement of multi-heme proteins and their interpretation |
Organisation | Weizmann Institute of Science |
Country | Israel |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Theoretical interpretation and computational modelling of measured I-V curves for multi-heme proteins. |
Collaborator Contribution | Measurement of I-V curves for multi-heme proteins. |
Impact | 2 Publications Chem Sci 2018: doi 10.1039/C8SC01716F JPCL 2020: doi 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02686 multi-disciplinary: Chemical Biology (protein mutation), Experimental Condensed Matter Physics (eletronic characterization of protein junction), Theory (modelling and interpretation of I-V curve) |
Start Year | 2017 |
Title | Implementation of new routines in the CP2k programme package |
Description | The new routines enable the calculation of electronic coupling matrix elements between molecules and solid materials including metals and semiconductors |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
Impact | Applications of this technique has led to a number of papers in high profile and technical journals, Jiang et al JACS 2017, PNAS 2019, JPCL 2020, Van Wonderen et al JACS 2019 and PNAS 2021 Elsner et al JPCL 2021 Ziogos JCP 2021a, Ziogos JCP 2021b |
Description | 31st Winter School on Computational Biochemistry |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | A 1-hour tutorial was given on ``Recent Advances in the Theory and Molecular Simulation of Biological Electron Transfer Reactions". |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
Description | Workshop for PhD students |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Two tutorial-style talks were given on Computational Methods for Functional Materials. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |