Combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) Monte Carlo free energy simulations: a feasibility study
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bristol
Department Name: Chemistry
Abstract
Despite the advances of science, millions of people still die every year from incurable diseases. Unfortunately, the costs of drug development are so high that the focus of medicinal research is into profitable Western diseases. To reduce the costs of developing new medicinal drugs, we would like to be able to use computers to model how a potential drug works within the body, and to use this knowledge to design new and better drugs. Building computational models like this is challenging, requiring a delicate balance between putting enough detail into the model to get realistic behaviour, and making the model as simple as possible so that it doesn't take too long to run the calculations. Until now, the majority of models used have been very simple, modelling the atoms of a drug as balls on springs. By treating the atoms as solid balls, the models neglect the atom's most chemically important part, namely the electrons. This is a severe oversight, as it is the interactions of electrons that determine whether the drug could dissolve in your blood, work its way into your cells, and bind to, and thus neutralize, the proteins of any attacking bacteria or virus. It is possible to model electrons in molecules using quantum mechanics. However, to model the entire protein/drug system using quantum mechanics would be too computationally expensive. We propose to research the use of quantum mechanics to model just the electrons that are part of, and near to, the drug molecule. The rest of the protein can still be treated by simple ball and springs models to make the calculations possible. The new methods we will develop add important extra detail, making them more realistic and better able to model how drugs interact. At the same time, this combined approach should mean that the calculations are practical to do. What makes our planned work different is that it will involve the development of a mixed model specifically tailored for medicinal drug design. Creating a mixed model for this use will require that significant challenges are overcome, and that new ways are developed to handle the interactions between the quantum mechanics part of the model with the ball on springs part.
Organisations
Publications
Mulholland A
(2016)
Dispelling the effects of a sorceress in enzyme catalysis
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Mulholland Adrian J.
(2009)
PHYS 47-Biomolecular simulations of enzymatic reactions
in ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
Mulholland AJ
(2008)
Computational enzymology: modelling the mechanisms of biological catalysts.
in Biochemical Society transactions
Mulholland AJ
(2023)
Science after Brexit: bright spots on the Horizon?
in EMBO reports
Mulholland AJ
(2020)
COVID19 - Computational Chemists Meet the Moment.
in Journal of chemical information and modeling
Mulholland AJ
(2007)
Chemical accuracy in QM/MM calculations on enzyme-catalysed reactions.
in Chemistry Central journal
Musgaard M
(2016)
Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulations Predict Conformational Stability of Glutamate Receptors.
in Journal of chemical information and modeling
Naafs B
(2021)
Molecular dynamics simulations support the hypothesis that the brGDGT paleothermometer is based on homeoviscous adaptation
in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Nett N
(2021)
A robust and stereocomplementary panel of ene-reductase variants for gram-scale asymmetric hydrogenation
in Molecular Catalysis
Newport TD
(2019)
The MemProtMD database: a resource for membrane-embedded protein structures and their lipid interactions.
in Nucleic acids research
Noy A
(2017)
Interference between Triplex and Protein Binding to Distal Sites on Supercoiled DNA
in Biophysical Journal
Nutho B
(2019)
QM/MM Study on Cleavage Mechanism Catalyzed by Zika Virus NS2B/NS3 Serine Protease
in Biophysical Journal
Nutho B
(2019)
The reaction mechanism of Zika virus NS2B/NS3 serine protease inhibition by dipeptidyl aldehyde: a QM/MM study.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Nutho B
(2019)
Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) Calculations Support a Concerted Reaction Mechanism for the Zika Virus NS2B/NS3 Serine Protease with Its Substrate.
in The journal of physical chemistry. B
O'Connor M
(2018)
Sampling molecular conformations and dynamics in a multiuser virtual reality framework
in Science Advances
O'Connor MB
(2019)
Interactive molecular dynamics in virtual reality from quantum chemistry to drug binding: An open-source multi-person framework.
in The Journal of chemical physics
O'Hagan M
(2019)
A Photoresponsive Stiff-Stilbene Ligand Fuels the Reversible Unfolding of G-Quadruplex DNA
in Angewandte Chemie
O'Hagan MP
(2020)
Visible-light photoswitching of ligand binding mode suggests G-quadruplex DNA as a target for photopharmacology.
in Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)
O'Hagan MP
(2020)
Enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations correctly predict the diverse activities of a series of stiff-stilbene G-quadruplex DNA ligands.
in Chemical science
O'Hagan MP
(2019)
A Photoresponsive Stiff-Stilbene Ligand Fuels the Reversible Unfolding of G-Quadruplex DNA.
in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Oliveira A
(2023)
Fluctuation Relations to Calculate Protein Redox Potentials from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
in Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
Description | EPSRC |
Amount | £188,950 (GBP) |
Funding ID | E/EP/G007705/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2013 |
End | 03/2014 |
Title | Sire 2007.1 |
Description | 2007.1 (first official) release of the Sire molecular simulation framework. This included new methods developed to calculate QM/MM free energies. |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2007 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
Impact | Sire is used in several pharmaceutical companies. This version of the code was used to run the simulations in "An efficient method for the calculation of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics free energies" Christopher J. Woods, Frederick R. Manby and Adrian J. Mulholland J. Chem. Phys. 128 014109 (2008) doi:10.1063/1.2805379 The combination of quantum mechanics (QM) with molecular mechanics (MM) offers a route to improved accuracy in the study of biological systems, and there is now significant research effort being spent to develop QM/MM methods that can be applied to the calculation of relative free energies. Currently, the computational expense of the QM part of the calculation means that there is no single method that achieves both efficiency and rigor; either the QM/MM free energy method is rigorous and computationally expensive, or the method introduces efficiency-led assumptions that can lead to errors in the result, or a lack of generality of application. In this paper we demonstrate a combined approach to form a single, efficient, and, in principle, exact QM/MM free energy method. We demonstrate the application of this method by using it to explore the difference in hydration of water and methane. We demonstrate that it is possible to calculate highly converged QM/MM relative free energies at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ/OPLS level within just two days of computation, using commodity processors, and show how the method allows consistent, high-quality sampling of complex solvent configurational change, both when perturbing hydrophilic water into hydrophobic methane, and also when moving from a MM Hamiltonian to a QM/MM Hamiltonian. The results demonstrate the validity and power of this methodology, and raise important questions regarding the compatibility of MM and QM/MM forcefields, and offer a potential route to improved compatibility. |
URL | http://www.siremol.org/Sire/Home.html |