Materials Innovation Hub: Connecting Materials Culture to Materials Science
Lead Research Organisation:
King's College London
Department Name: Engineering
Abstract
The development of the silicon chip fifty years ago was the materials science innovation that sparked the information technology revolution. Such new materials do more than transform technology, they change behaviour and shape the urban landscape, from our cities, to our hospitals, to our homes, to our art. Thus, materials are a defining characteristic of society: its history, culture and economic welfare. As a result materiality is one of the central themes of study in every university. However in contemporary universities the scientists involved in making new materials (physicists, chemists, materials scientists) very rarely get involved with those who study the cultural significance and impact of materials (humanities and social scientists), and are often further distanced from those who make things with materials (medics, engineers, architects, designers, artists). This has a serious detrimental effect on the research and teaching culture of universities, and their capacity to engage with the wider world, since many of the important issues of contemporary society, such as health, security, climate change and economic sustainability, require a multi-disciplinary approach. The aim of this research project is to build the Materials Innovation Hub within King's College London whose guiding principle will be that all materials innovation benefits from a system-wide multidisciplinary approach involving the arts, humanities, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences. The Hub will be a focal point for developing our understanding of how materials, materiality and material culture affect the human realm, be it in the form of a new type of artificial limb, or a new form of human expression. It will be a place of wonder, play and ambitious ideas - a place to initiate innovation and culture change within the university and the UK.
Planned Impact
At present there is almost no relationship between materials scientists and creative industry professionals in the UK. This status quo is not ideal for a number of reasons. Firstly, the creative industries are economically very important. In the UK these industries employ 1.3 million people, generate 112.5 billion p.a., account for 9.1% of the GDP, and are widely acknowledged as being among the most buoyant sectors in the British economy. However they are not playing their full role in determining the focus of publicly-funded materials research. Secondly, the creative industries have a long history of posing provocative problems which in turn drive forward the science agenda; for example the need for materials that transform their properties in response to digital stimuli for virtual touch: such new materials have already impacted the phone industry but could impact architecture, jewellery, and many other aspects of product design. Thirdly, materials have an immense cultural significance and the introduction of new materials by an isolated materials science community holds the prospect of further deepening the rift between scientists and society. Fourthly, the environmental impact and sustainability of materials manufacturing is dependant very much on the social and cultural use of the technology. Thus a more nuanced understanding of materials, materiality and materials culture is urgently needed in the UK. We will create a Materials Innovation Hub which will be the first UK research centre that brings together materials science and materials culture research in the same institution. As the Hub matures it will address the four issues outlined above and this will deliver the following benefits to the UK: Creative Industries - This project will create a Materials Innovation Hub which will give creative companies from across the sector a dedicated place to undertake long-term research, leverage government funding, collaborate on the development of new materials, and raise the national profile of their innovations in this area. Materials Industries - The materials industries will benefit from a steady flow of materials innovation that emerges from the Materials Innovation Hub. The materials library within the Hub will provide a place for these industries to showcase their materials, and so give them greater visibility in the creative industries. Museums - Museums and other organizations within the heritage sector operate at the intersection of materials science and materials culture on a daily basis through their work on the preservation, conservation, curation, and, increasingly, digitisation of objects within their collections. It is expected that many of the Hub's research projects will have a direct impact on these activities. Government Agencies - This project will address questions of how materials research might be applied to specific sectors, such as UK architecture, heritage, design, or craft, and how in turn such findings might be fed back into Government policy-making in these areas. We will facilitate public discussion on these issues, supply leadership, and provide evidence to the UK policy-makers on issues of materials manufacture and usage. Universities - This project will aim to raise the profile of the creative industries among the materials science research and teaching communities as a sector worthy of research and study, and so help the nation's universities compete globally in this rapidly-growing area. The long term impact of the project relies on the longevity of the project within King's and in particular in the Materials Innovation Hub being integrated within the Somerset House cultural precinct that will develop over the next ten years, in which King's is the major academic partner.
Organisations
Publications
Ardakani AG
(2014)
Quantifying the correlation between spatially defined oxygen gradients and cell fate in an engineered three-dimensional culture model.
in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
Hashimdeen S
(2016)
Fabrication of bespoke nasal septal scaffolds
in Materials & Design
Hashimdeen SH
(2014)
The design and construction of an electrohydrodynamic cartesian robot for the preparation of tissue engineering constructs.
in PloS one
Howes PD
(2014)
The perception of materials through oral sensation.
in PloS one
Jackson R
(2018)
3D printing of asphalt and its effect on mechanical properties
in Materials & Design
Kotthaus S
(2014)
Energy exchange in a dense urban environment - Part II: Impact of spatial heterogeneity of the surface
in Urban Climate
Kotthaus S
(2014)
Derivation of an urban materials spectral library through emittance and reflectance spectroscopy
in ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Kotthaus S
(2014)
Energy exchange in a dense urban environment - Part I: Temporal variability of long-term observations in central London
in Urban Climate
Laughlin Z
(2011)
The use of standard electrode potentials to predict the taste of solid metals
in Food Quality and Preference
Miodownik M
(2013)
The Institute of Making
in Materials Today
Miodownik M
(2015)
Materials for the 21st century: What will we dream up next?
in MRS Bulletin
Miodownik Mark
(2018)
Liquid: The Delightful and Dangerous Substances That Flow Through Our Lives
Piqueras-Fiszman B
(2012)
Tasting spoons: Assessing how the material of a spoon affects the taste of the food
in Food Quality and Preference
Sun T
(2019)
A Python-enhanced urban land surface model SuPy (SUEWS in Python, v2019.2): development, deployment and demonstration
in Geoscientific Model Development
Ward HC
(2015)
Effects of urban density on carbon dioxide exchanges: Observations of dense urban, suburban and woodland areas of southern England.
in Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
Wilkes S
(2016)
Design tools for interdisciplinary translation of material experiences
in Materials & Design
Wilkes SE
(2018)
Materials library collections as tools for interdisciplinary research.
in Interdisciplinary science reviews : ISR
Wongsriruksa S
(2012)
The use of physical property data to predict the touch perception of materials
in Materials & Design
Title | Chef versus Science: The Ultimate Kitchen Challenge |
Description | A 90 minute documentary film about the science and art of food. |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Impact | Viewed in 200 countries worldwide on BBC World. |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0752bbd |
Title | DVD - This Working Life:Steel |
Description | A series of films and a DVD set, at the British Film Institute, to celebrate British Steel Making |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2013 |
Impact | Events in the UK. DVD sold in the UK. |
URL | http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/bfi-news/this-working-life-steel-introduction |
Title | Deconstructing Demolition Film |
Description | Dr Hilary Powell and Prof Julian Evans received a small research grant for work on the project 'Metal Skies and Shades of Brick: Urban Print and Palette' to put the physical remnants of industrial decline to creative use. Hilary salvaged an array of materials from the demolition site and using these to create images of processes and sites of urban change. Reclaimed roofing zinc and copper were used as etching plates and heavy demolition machinery became alternative printing presses. Using specialist machinery (like vibroenergy mills) and expertise within the Chemistry department, the team developed a palette of intaglio ink pigments and washes made from ubiquitous urban materials ground to micron-size powders. London stock brick ink became the urban alternative to burnt sienna/ochre, lime mortar is used for off-white, chimney soot becomes the original lamp black and manganese-rich brick stock is used for red and purple tones. This project was documented and the film - 'Deconstructing Demolition' - can be seen on the dedicated project website: www.demolitionsite.net. |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2013 |
Impact | 'Deconstructing Demolition' was premiered as part of a series of events on the theme of demolition, put together for the UCL Urban Lab's film series in February 2014: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/urbanlab/events/deconstructing-demolition-scrap-and-salvage. On the basis of this work, Hilary Powell also has an article on technique and process in 'Printmaking Today', Spring 2014. |
URL | http://demolitionsite.net |
Title | Pop Up Pop Up Book |
Description | Dr Hilary Powell (Bartlett School of Architecture) produced a pop-up artists' book, 'Legend: An A-Z of the Lea Valley', as part of a public engagement event in an industrial building in Stratford, East London. The book was designed in collaboration with numerous practitioners, including the London Centre for Book Arts and Calverts Cooperative Press, and various 'pop-up apprentices' from departments all around UCL. |
Type Of Art | Artwork |
Year Produced | 2014 |
Impact | 'Legend' was Winner of Birgit Skiold Award as part of the London Art Book Fair 2014 at the Whitechapel Gallery (September 2014). It was also acquired by both the V&A National Art Library and the Saison Poetry Library, featuring in their New Acquisitions open day display until Sunday 16th November 2014. It will also feature in the Moveable Book Society's January 2015 newsletter. |
URL | http://www.popuppopup.net |
Title | TED-Ed Animation - Why is glass transparent |
Description | An animation which explains why glass is transparent. |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2014 |
Impact | 1,291,543 views so far |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwRLIt6jgdM |
Title | TV Series - Everyday Miracles |
Description | Two programmes that reveal the amazing stories behind everyday objects of desire and how they are miraculously transformed from raw materials into the very stuff of the modern world. |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2014 |
Impact | Broadcast on BBC4 in the UK. Viewing figures unknown. |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04fd6s9 |
Title | TV Series - How It Works |
Description | A three part TV series on materials science broadcast on BBC4. One hour programme on the Metals, one on Cermaics and one on Plastics. |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2012 |
Impact | Seen by millions it was repeated several times on UK TV, broadcast on BBC Worldwide to more than 200 countries. |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fm490/episodes/guide |
Title | TV series - Dara O'Brien's Science CLub |
Description | TV magazine show including science guests, demonstrations and reports. It ran for two series of six one hour programmes. |
Type Of Art | Artistic/Creative Exhibition |
Year Produced | 2013 |
Impact | Broadcast on BBC2 and on BBC Worldwide - audience of millions in more than 200 countries. My How-To Guides still widely downloaded. |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b037mkj3 |
Title | TV series - Genius of Invention |
Description | A four part TV series broadcast on BBC2 examining the inventions that led to the electrical, the transport and the communication revolutions that shaped the modern world. |
Type Of Art | Film/Video/Animation |
Year Produced | 2013 |
Impact | Seen by millions on BBC2 and BBC Worldwide to more than 200 countries. |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01qb0p5 |
Description | Key achievements of the project were: - Creating a physical hub (Institute of Making) to promote interdisciplinary working and encourage research activities between departments on the theme of materials and making. - Building a membership of 2616 people with the following demographic breakdown: female (910), male (1164), no gender declaration (542), undergraduates (802), postgraduates (1165), academic staff (390), professional services staff (178), physical sciences (1466), arts and humanities (550) and social sciences (205). - Curating 39 events (research workshops, masterclasses and talks) on a wide variety of themes to build multidisciplinary links between the physical sciences, social sciences and arts and humanities. - Funding 51 interdisciplinary research projects, involving 141 researchers. - Involving 23 undergraduate and postgraduate students as named contributors to those research projects, as well as countless other unnamed students involved in research/teaching crossover activities. - Instigating an annual Festival of Materials and Making and holding 8 open days to engage the public in materials and making-related activities. - Developing a distinctive method of interdisciplinary working which is beginning to serve as a model for other researchers and further afield. |
Exploitation Route | Our experience of bringing together and running a multidisciplinary hubis of interest to other researchers, as well as researchers at academic institutions further afield. Researchers are beginning to draw on our method of working in the development of future 'bridging the gaps' projects. A number of research workshops that have materials and making activities at their centre and a practical, hands-on element have also been instigated following on from this project, including the Emotions, Transformations and Restorations series and the Material Properties FIGS Forum. We have also been drawing on the experience gained through the Bridging the Gaps project to inform the work of the EU FP7 Light Touch Matters (LTM) consortium (EU FP7-NMP-2012-SME-6). The LTM project aims to bring materials researchers and designers together to develop a new generation of affordable products that use flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and piezoelectric polymer technologies in such a way that the whole product responds to touch by lighting up. In this context, designers are not just using a new material with a set of predetermined physical parameters; they have the opportunity to influence the development of these materials as they emerge. Designers increasingly have the opportunity to influence the development of materials as they emerge from the laboratory, but in order for this to be successful, designers need to be able to communicate effectively with materials scientists so that materials can be developed with desired functionalities and properties. In order for this sort of endeavour to be effective, there is a need for specialist tools for interdisciplinary translation between materials researchers and designers. We have been able to draw on our experience of running successful hands-on, material-focussed workshops to enhance the dialogue between designers and materials scientists. |
Sectors | Creative Economy Education Culture Heritage Museums and Collections |
URL | http://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk/blog/2017/06/institute-of-making-fourth-year-report |
Description | The main impacts of the Institute of Making and Materials Library have been: - Championing materials and making activities within the research community. - Promoting materials and making to the general public through extensive media coverage and popular public events. - Promoting materials, making, makespaces and materials libraries to industrial collaborators like ARUP, Atkins, AIRBUS, Selex, the Crafts Council and the Royal Academy of Engineering. - Encouraging new multidisciplinary research projects on the theme of materials and making at UCL, and supporting undergraduate student engagement with those research activities. - Encouraging an approach to interdisciplinary dialogue that acknowledges the importance of hands-on engagement with materials and making as part of a successful collaboration. The main impacts of the Institute of Making and Materials Library have been: - Championing materials and making activities within the research community. - Promoting materials and making to the general public through extensive media coverage and popular public events. - Promoting materials, making, makespaces and materials libraries to industrial collaborators like ARUP, Atkins, AIRBUS, Selex, the Crafts Council and the Royal Academy of Engineering. - Encouraging new multidisciplinary research projects on the theme of materials and making at UCL, and supporting undergraduate student engagement with those research activities. - Encouraging an approach to interdisciplinary dialogue that acknowledges the importance of hands-on engagement with materials and making as part of a successful collaboration. - The support of university spin-out ventures that may have an economic impact for the UK. |
First Year Of Impact | 2011 |
Sector | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Creative Economy,Education,Electronics,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections |
Impact Types | Cultural Societal Economic Policy & public services |
Description | Application in process: Sustainable Urban Manufacturing - Re-Distributed Manufacturing Networks Call |
Amount | £486,370 (GBP) |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2015 |
End | 01/2017 |
Description | Artist in Residence Scheme |
Amount | £15,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | The Leverhulme Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2014 |
End | 07/2015 |
Description | Balancing the impact of City Infrastructure Engineering on Natural systems using Robots |
Amount | £4,217,380 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/N010523/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2016 |
End | 02/2021 |
Description | Centre for Nature Inspired Engineering - Frontier Engineering Call |
Amount | £4,980,773 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/K038656/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2013 |
End | 11/2018 |
Description | Grand Challenges Small Grants Scheme - Sustainable Cities |
Amount | £4,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | University College London |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2014 |
End | 07/2015 |
Description | Light.Touch.Matters FP7-NMP-2012-SME-6 |
Amount | € 3,984,150 (EUR) |
Funding ID | 310311 |
Organisation | European Commission |
Department | Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 02/2013 |
End | 09/2016 |
Description | Scrambled Messages: The Telegraphic Imaginary 1857-1900 |
Amount | £731,190 (GBP) |
Funding ID | AH/J013919/1 |
Organisation | Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2013 |
End | 09/2017 |
Description | Socio-technical materials for prosthetic hands |
Amount | £230,357 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/N01006X/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2016 |
End | 06/2018 |
Description | Wearable Assistive Materials - EPSRC Engineering Research Challenges in Healthcare Call |
Amount | £994,066 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/K020323/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2013 |
End | 02/2016 |
Title | Materials Library |
Description | The Materials Library is a collection of some of the most wondrous materials on earth, gathered from sheds, labs, grottoes and repositories around the world. It is a resource, laboratory, studio, and playground for the curious and material-minded to conduct hands-on research through truly interdisciplinary inquiry and innovation. |
Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
Year Produced | 2006 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Materials Libraries have become a tool worldwide for connecting materials scientists and materials practitioners from the arts and cultural industries. |
URL | http://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk/materials-library |
Title | The Institute of Making |
Description | The Institute of Making contains a materials library and a workshop. The materials library contains more than a thousand material samples. Some are exotic, such as aerogel, uranium glass or self-healing concrete, but the vast majority are the materials used in everyday practice and in manufacturing around the world. Our Institute also contains a fully kitted-out workshop containing a laser cutter, milling machine, kiln, kitchen, 3D printer, sewing machines etc. We do not have every tool, but we but we aim to provide a representative sample of different making techniques. Our aim is to create a workshop where you use the materials discovered in the library to prototype ideas or explore how they behave when processed in different ways to better understand their affordances. Together, these two resources and the connection between them create the right environment where complex problems that sit outside the traditional boundaries of any one discipline can be addressed. The hands-on testing of existing material objects and processes, an exploration of the Materials Library and the construction of prototypes all become part of the thinking process. This is problem-solving by doing: not because theory is irrelevant to tackling complex problems, but because making stuff stimulates a different set of ideas and a creative approach. |
Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
Year Produced | 2013 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | A fundamental change in the materials research culture of the UK, and increasingly internationally, to focus as much on hands-on experimentation as a method of building interdisciplinary research teams and projects. |
URL | http://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk |
Title | Design-led Materials Research MOOC |
Description | A on-line course taking users through a case-study in design-led materials research. |
Type Of Technology | Webtool/Application |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Impact | Free - worldwide. |
URL | http://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk/research/online-course |
Description | BBC Radio 4 Start The Week: Materials Culture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | We discussed for 45 minutes the relationship between politics, art, and materials science and engineering in materials culture. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06bgbvx |
Description | BBC Radio 4 Today Prorgamme: Defending Art History A-Level |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Interviewed on the BBC Radio 4's Today Programme about the proposed closure of Art History A-Level. They were interested in the views of Engineers like me. I argued for a broad curriculum including art history as vital for modern engineering education. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07zv3gf |
Description | BBC website: how to make a perfect cup of tea |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interactive website with video content |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zsbv9qt |
Description | Cheltenham Science Festival |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk on the Science of Chips |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | GCSE Science Live Events |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talks at Oxford & London organised by GCSE Science Live |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://gcsesciencelive.net/ |
Description | GCSE Science Live Events |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Talks to school children in Bristol, Birmingham and Manchester organised by GCSE Science Live |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016,2017 |
URL | http://gcsesciencelive.net/ |
Description | Guardian and Observer Newspaper Columnist |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | I get many emails and tweets about my column, the page views are between 10,000 - 50,000 per column. It has increased the public visibility of Materials Science and Materials Engineering. They are cited by many students as part of their UCAS entry forms as reasons they became interested in these subjects. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013,2014 |
URL | http://www.theguardian.com/profile/mark-miodownik |
Description | Institute of Making - Research Workshops and Events 2013/2014 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
Results and Impact | The 2013-2014 series of research workshops (listed below) engaged researchers from multiple disciplines together for the day to explore common materials and making-related research interests. These workshops typically gather together a range of speakers on a theme that spans disciplines, giving an idea of the breadth and wealth of materials and making research. The purpose of these days is explicitly to encourage new interdisciplinary research projects that draw on the expertise we have at UCL, as well as in the Institute's wider community of researchers, makers and manufacturers. Materials at the Centre, April 2013 3D Manufacturing, October 2013 Art History Forum, October 2013 Digital Humanities Forum, November 2013 Making Repairs, February 2014 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013,2014 |
Description | Radio Programme - Science of Dr Seuss |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Contributor to radio programme - on the science of non-newtonian liquids. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Stoke Lunar Lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Public talk with MP for Stoke on Trent Tristram Hunt - for Lunar Society in preparation for City of Culture 2021 bid. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | University of Chester Christams Lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Materials Science and Engineering schools talk. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |