Structural studies of atomic interactions in membranes: bridging the gap between physics and membrane biology
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Oxford
Department Name: Biochemistry
Abstract
The focus of this work is observe the atomic and molecular interactions between molecules which comprise cell membranes. Cellular membranes are the gate-keepers of life. Life has evolved from single-celled organisms to more complex multi-cellular organisms partially because of the compartmentalization of cell membranes. In the last century one of the great challenges was to decode DNA - the molecular blueprint for life. In the next century one of the greatest challenges is to understand how membranes are formed and function; as they are not only everywhere but are also necessary to sustain life. Cell membranes control what can go into and out of the cell, the so-called 'molecular traffic' acting as gate-keepers. This role is important in controlling disease, disease and nutritional balance in different parts of the human body. This research proposes to look at the interactions between the molecules which make up biological membranes on the atomic scale, where one can see how individual atoms in different molecules interact with one another. This is important because it reveals the details of interactions and can inform us about how these interactions take place.
The techniques which will be used to see the atomic structure of membranes are neutron scattering techniques using the UK ISIS neutron facilities which are located at Rutherford Appleton Laboratories in Oxfordshire (UK) and managed by the UK government funded Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). Measurements of these molecules using neutrons shows the details of interactions between the different atoms present. Another technique which will be used is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) which allows for different atomic aspects of the membrane to be seen. Combing this with computer models, we will be able to build a structure of the membrane which is atomically accurate.
Understanding membranes is important for a variety of reasons. First they are present in all plants and animals and indeed are one of the reasons that life exists. Understanding the structure of membranes is also needed to understand the regulation of cell activity and so this research will have a major impact on our understanding of the mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane, such as drugs and nutrients. The results of the study will aid descriptions of many of the things that membranes do, such as signal transduction - which is important in passing messages between brain cells and the body via molecules called neurotransmitters, the passage of drugs into cells and the effect of external influences on cells from toxins and antimicrobial agents.
The techniques which will be used to see the atomic structure of membranes are neutron scattering techniques using the UK ISIS neutron facilities which are located at Rutherford Appleton Laboratories in Oxfordshire (UK) and managed by the UK government funded Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). Measurements of these molecules using neutrons shows the details of interactions between the different atoms present. Another technique which will be used is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) which allows for different atomic aspects of the membrane to be seen. Combing this with computer models, we will be able to build a structure of the membrane which is atomically accurate.
Understanding membranes is important for a variety of reasons. First they are present in all plants and animals and indeed are one of the reasons that life exists. Understanding the structure of membranes is also needed to understand the regulation of cell activity and so this research will have a major impact on our understanding of the mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane, such as drugs and nutrients. The results of the study will aid descriptions of many of the things that membranes do, such as signal transduction - which is important in passing messages between brain cells and the body via molecules called neurotransmitters, the passage of drugs into cells and the effect of external influences on cells from toxins and antimicrobial agents.
Planned Impact
This research, which aims to understand the physics of membranes on a molecular scale, could have several different avenues of impact. Firstly a greater understanding of cell membranes is important to drug design. There is relatively little understanding of how drugs interact in the human body on an atomic length scale, in order to design drugs that target specific cells a portion of the cell membrane, the gate-keepers for the cell, must be able to recognize the drug. Understanding the way that molecules in the membrane interact with each other and the surrounding physiological environment is a step towards understanding how a putative drug might cross the cellular membrane. This project will also look at how the molecules that make up a cell membrane interact with things like hormones and peptides cross the cell membrane. Understanding mechanisms for crossing cellular membranes can further aid in pharmaceutical drug design.
The role of hydrophobic and hydrophilic forces - that is molecules that like water (such as salt) and molecules that tend to move away from water (like oil) in membranes is not well understood, even though the play an important role in conducting traffic across the membrane. The results from this work will shed light on the complex interplay between these forces that allow membranes to function. This will aid in our fundamental understanding of not only how existing membranes function but also in how membranes are formed in the first place. Understanding these forces will also help to aid in descriptions of biological phenomena such as protein folding and aggregation of harmful peptides which are thought to cause diseases such as Alzheimer's.
The role of hydrophobic and hydrophilic forces - that is molecules that like water (such as salt) and molecules that tend to move away from water (like oil) in membranes is not well understood, even though the play an important role in conducting traffic across the membrane. The results from this work will shed light on the complex interplay between these forces that allow membranes to function. This will aid in our fundamental understanding of not only how existing membranes function but also in how membranes are formed in the first place. Understanding these forces will also help to aid in descriptions of biological phenomena such as protein folding and aggregation of harmful peptides which are thought to cause diseases such as Alzheimer's.
Organisations
- University of Oxford (Lead Research Organisation)
- UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (Collaboration)
- Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) (Collaboration)
- University of Barcelona (Collaboration)
- KING'S COLLEGE LONDON (Collaboration)
- King's College London (Project Partner)
- University of Sussex (Fellow)
People |
ORCID iD |
Sylvia McLain (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
Imberti S
(2019)
Role of Water in Sucrose, Lactose, and Sucralose Taste: The Sweeter, The Wetter?
in ACS omega
Busch S
(2013)
Water mediation is essential to nucleation of ß-turn formation in peptide folding motifs.
in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Maugeri L
(2017)
Structure-activity relationships in carbohydrates revealed by their hydration.
in Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects
Scoppola E
(2014)
Water-peptide site-specific interactions: a structural study on the hydration of glutathione.
in Biophysical journal
Daidone I
(2012)
Alteration of water structure by peptide clusters revealed by neutron scattering in the small-angle region (below 1 Å(-1)).
in Biophysical journal
Dabkowska A
(2013)
On the nature of hydrogen bonding between the phosphatidylcholine head group and water and dimethylsulfoxide
in Chemical Physics
Gillams R
(2017)
On the hydration and conformation of cocaine in solution
in Chemical Physics Letters
Smith P
(2018)
On the hydration structure of the pro-drug GPG-NH2 and its derivatives
in Chemical Physics Letters
Steinke N
(2018)
Proline and Water Stabilization of a Universal Two-Step Folding Mechanism for ß-Turn Formation in Solution.
in Journal of the American Chemical Society
Dabkowska AP
(2014)
Modulation of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine monolayers by dimethyl sulfoxide.
in Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids
Henao A
(2016)
On the positional and orientational order of water and methanol around indole: a study on the microscopic origin of solubility.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Steinke N
(2016)
Atomic scale insights into urea-peptide interactions in solution.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Silva-Santisteban A
(2017)
On the structure of prilocaine in aqueous and amphiphilic solutions.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Busch S
(2013)
On the structure of water and chloride ion interactions with a peptide backbone in solution.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Johnston AJ
(2016)
On the atomic structure of cocaine in solution.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Pardo LC
(2018)
Reply to the 'Comment on "On the positional and orientational order of water and methanol around indole: a study on the microscopic origin of solubility" Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, DOI: '.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
Sridhar A
(2016)
The solvation structure of alprazolam.
in Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
O'Dell WB
(2012)
Structural evidence for inter-residue hydrogen bonding observed for cellobiose in aqueous solution.
in PloS one
Rhys NH
(2019)
On the hydration of DOPE in solution.
in The Journal of chemical physics
Rhys NH
(2018)
On the solvation of the phosphocholine headgroup in an aqueous propylene glycol solution.
in The Journal of chemical physics
Callear SK
(2015)
Conformation and interactions of dopamine hydrochloride in solution.
in The Journal of chemical physics
Rhys NH
(2016)
On the structure of an aqueous propylene glycol solution.
in The Journal of chemical physics
Dabkowska AP
(2011)
On the solvation structure of dimethylsulfoxide/water around the phosphatidylcholine head group in solution.
in The Journal of chemical physics
Gillams RJ
(2016)
Comparative atomic-scale hydration of the ceramide and phosphocholine headgroup in solution and bilayer environments.
in The Journal of chemical physics
Bruni F
(2018)
Hydrogen Bond Length as a Key To Understanding Sweetness.
in The journal of physical chemistry letters
Soper AK
(2018)
Trehalose in Water Revisited.
in The journal of physical chemistry. B
Steinke N
(2017)
Salt Interactions in Solution Prevent Direct Association of Urea with a Peptide Backbone.
in The journal of physical chemistry. B
Busch S
(2014)
Short-range interactions of concentrated proline in aqueous solution.
in The journal of physical chemistry. B
Gillams RJ
(2015)
Solvation and hydration of the ceramide headgroup in a non-polar solution.
in The journal of physical chemistry. B
Rhys NH
(2017)
Glucose and Mannose: A Link between Hydration and Sweetness.
in The journal of physical chemistry. B
Johnston AJ
(2015)
Amphipathic solvation of indole: implications for the role of tryptophan in membrane proteins.
in The journal of physical chemistry. B
Description | Co-Chair person Scientific advisory council - European Spallation Source |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
URL | https://europeanspallationsource.se/article/instruments-scope-endorsed-sac-concern-upgrade-follow-th... |
Description | Consultant to BIS concerning spending on the European Spallation Source |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Membership of a guideline committee |
Description | Scientific Advisory committee European Spallation Source |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
URL | https://europeanspallationsource.se/science-advisory-committee |
Description | EPSRC Doctoral Prize |
Amount | £25,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | University of Oxford |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2017 |
End | 05/2018 |
Description | Wellcome Trust Vacation studentship |
Amount | £2,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 07/2012 |
End | 09/2012 |
Title | New analysis tools |
Description | We routinely use neutron diffraction and computation. We have developed a number of new analysis tools to investigate the structure of biological molecules in solution. We have done this in part through a collaboration with Dr. Luis Carlos Pardo in Barcelona |
Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | We have begun to develop these tools and they have led to new and better analysis of our structures in solution |
Description | Collaboration with Dr. Sam Callear - ISIS Facility STFC |
Organisation | Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) |
Department | ISIS Neutron and Muon Source |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Running neutron diffraction experiments, analyzing resulting data, computational inputs, etc |
Collaborator Contribution | Use of the ISIS facility - beam time award (via peer-review proposal) at a nominal value of ~ £10,000/day |
Impact | 1 publication with more on the way |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Collaboration with Prof. Phil Biggin |
Organisation | University of Oxford |
Department | Atom Probe Research Group |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | MD simulations on drug molecules - cosupervision of students - neutron diffraction/NMR and Monte Carlo computer simulations by us |
Collaborator Contribution | MD simulations in Collaboration with Prof. Biggin, which has resulted thus far in a shared MSc student as well as a research publication |
Impact | Research publication (see Publication list) |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | New Colloboration with Dr. Luis Carlos Pardo, Spain |
Organisation | University of Barcelona |
Department | Faculty of Physics |
Country | Spain |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | New Collaboration with Dr. Pardo from University of Barcelona (Physics) for understanding and visualization of the structure of liquids in solution |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr. Pardo and myself are collaborating on several reserach publications where he has contributed greatly to our data analysis techniques. |
Impact | I am placed in the Department of Biochemistry and Dr. Pardo in the Department of Physics. This collaboration, thus far, has resulted in publications with many further to come |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | New collaboration at Oxford - Prof. Christina Redfield |
Organisation | University of Oxford |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I have developed a collaboration with Prof. Christina Redfield to use solution state NMR techniques to assess the structure of biomolecules (membrane components and peptides) in solution |
Collaborator Contribution | Prof. Redfield and myself have published a paper using NMR techniques combined with neutron scattering. Prof. Redfield is an expert in NMR techniques and has contributed greatly to further reserach in my group |
Impact | Thus far this collaboration has resulted in the publication of one paper in Angewandte Chemie. |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | New collaboration with Prof. Cait MacPhee (University of Edinburgh) |
Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | A new collaboration is being developed with Prof. Cait MacPhee (Physics, Edinburgh) to investigate the role of water structure in amyloid fibril formation. A new collaboration is being developed with Prof. Cait MacPhee (Physics) at the University of Edinburgh. To this end, I have submitted to ask for further funding via the New Directions EPSRC remit, which was rejected |
Collaborator Contribution | Prof. MacPhee and myself have collected neutron scattering data on amalyoid fibrils where the analysis is still underway |
Impact | No outputs as of yet |
Start Year | 2011 |
Description | Ongoing collaboration with Dr. Christian Lorenz (King's college london) |
Organisation | King's College London |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Have collaborated with Dr. Lorenz on a wide variety of publications |
Collaborator Contribution | MD simulation expert |
Impact | 9 publications as of 2016 - with likely more to come |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | BBC local radio - ask an academic spot |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Live discussion on 'ask an academic' spot - BBC Oxford Radio. none that I am aware |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
Description | BBSRC Tools and Development Research Fund Panel |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Panel member for BBSRC tools and development panel |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Biomolecular Solutions Advanced School Seminars (IOP, Cambridge) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited lecturer at the Institute of Physics, 'Solutions in the Spring' Advanced School in Cambridge. Students were engaged and seemed to have a much greater understanding of neutron scattering |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
URL | http://softmat.net/t2t_products/advanced-school-soft-condensed-matter-solutions-spring-2014/ |
Description | Circling the Square |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Invited panel contributor at a science, politics and society conference. None |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
Description | Co-Chairperson European Spallation source |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Co Chairman of the scientific advisory panel for the European Spallation Source, where as a committee of 24 we approved instrumentation to be built at the ESS Structure of the ESS is decided by this committee - affecting all neutron science in Europe and internationally |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | https://europeanspallationsource.se/science-advisory-committee |
Description | EPSRC funding panel |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | EPSRC UKRI award panel |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Friday evening discourse, Royal Institution of Great Britain |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Friday evening discourse at the Royal Institution of Great Britain on the Group's research (subsequent video released on the web) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.rigb.org/whats-on/events-2017/february/public-water-and-proteins |
Description | Interview with Oxford Times |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Supporters |
Results and Impact | Interviewed as part of a 'meet a scientist series' in the Oxford Times Magazine. Interview by Richard O Smith appeared in the monthly August addition of the Oxford Times None |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
Description | Invited talk at University of Leeds (Physics) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Talk at University of Leeds Physics Seminar Series. None |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |
Description | Member, Scientific Advisory Committee for the European Spallation Source (Lund, SE) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | One of 20 international members to advise on instrumentation and design of the commissioned European Spallation Source in Lund, SE . Awarding Body - European Spallation Source, Name of Scheme - Scientific Advisory Council Membership Decisions were made by the panel about which instruments to be commissioned at European Spallation Source |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013,2014 |
URL | http://europeanspallationsource.se/science-advisory-committee |
Description | Merchant Taylor's School |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Invited talk about research Merchant Taylor School London |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Molecular Spectroscopy User Group Chairperson |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | I was appointed the Molecular Spectroscopy User Group Chairman for the ISIS Facility (STFC, UK) . Awarding Body - ISIS (STFC, UK), Name of Scheme - User group chairperson None |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2011,2012,2013,2014,2015 |
Description | Oxford Sci Bar (April 2015) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk sparked good discussion/etc Further invites for pub talks to the general public |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://www.oxfordscibar.com/whois-dr-sylvia-mclain.html |
Description | Panel Discussion - Does society value science? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Panel discussion on science and religion - Harwell Science Campus |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Panel on Science and Religion to 6th formers |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Panel debating the difference in science and religion at Norwich Cathedral |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Panel on Science and Society - Southbank Centre London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Panel on Science, religion and society - for the Belief and Beyond Belief Festival at the Southbank Centre in London (Feb 2 - 4) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/festivals-series/belief-and-beyond-belief |
Description | Particals and Proteins - video on research made by the Royal Institution of Great Britain |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Film created about the group's research using the ISIS facility on protein folding by the Royal Institution of Great Britain |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | https://youtu.be/uSErKi_HWg8 |
Description | Skeptics in the Pub (Ada Lovelace day) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk sparked much discussion and attention Further invitations to public speaking activities (Skeptics in the Pub series) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
Description | Skeptics in the Pub (Reading) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Much interest in the talks/many question.etc N/A |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://reading.skepticsinthepub.org/Event.aspx/5763/Science-What-does-is-really-mean-to-be-scientifi... |
Description | Soap Box Science |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Lots of interest from members of the general public to ask questions about general science. Very nice discussions and highlighting women in science without directly doing so. N?A |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://soapboxscience.org/?p=2114 |
Description | Talk about Impact (ICNS, Edinburgh) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Talk sparked much discussion N/A |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
Description | Talk at London Collegiate School for Girls |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | 60+ pupils attended a public talk |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | The Importance of water (St. Peter's College Alumni Magazine) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Article about the group's research in St. Peter's College Magazine N/A |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://issuu.com/spcoxford/docs/st_peter_s_cross_keys_2015_issuu |
Description | The physics of how drugs cross into the brain - Physics MasterClass University of Nottingham |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | Outreach activity Physics Masterclass -for teaching new techniques to post-grads |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | UKRI Physical Sciences Physics of Life funding panel |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Funding allocated for Physics of Life awards |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | What does it mean to be scientific (Oxford Skeptics in the Pub) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | interested audience/good discussion More invites for public speaking |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://xford.skepticsinthepub.org/Event.aspx/2561/-Science-What-does-is-really-mean-to-be-scientific... |
Description | Women in Science Panel |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Women in Science wikipedia Edit-a-thon discussion panel. A greater awareness of the dearth of women in STEM subjects |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012 |