City-Wide Analysis to Propel Cities towards Resource Efficiency and Better Wellbeing

Lead Research Organisation: University of Southampton
Department Name: Faculty of Engineering & the Environment

Abstract

Many cities in the world are putting in place their own robust carbon reduction strategies in response to, or in advance of, leadership from central government. As the powerhouses of economic growth, cities use vast amounts of energy and consume resources from hinterlands that stretch across international borders. However, the population density of cities can also provide opportunities for significant efficiencies in terms of the provision of building services and the mobility of people and goods. In this programme of work, we propose to centre our activities on two cities: Xi'an, China and Portsmouth, UK which are notable both for their cultural heritage and for their population density (Portsmouth has the highest population density of any city in the UK). Both cities have published ambitious plans for reducing city-wide carbon emissions but also have large stocks of ageing buildings and infrastructure. This programme of work will: (a) develop an overall understanding of current buildings, mobility and energy services in both cities; (b) identify low disruption and scaled-up retrofit methodologies taking into account the particular characteristics of the two cities; (c) carry out modelling of city-wide retrofit and systems integration, at both the neighbourhood and district scales including building refurbishment, district energy and micro generation geared to improve buildings for their users. In all our modelling and building performance evaluation, we will take into account anticipated climate change projections and the adaptation required to maintain or exceed current levels of thermal comfort. (d) Address adaptive urban logistics to meet mobility needs within the two cities while pursuing carbon reduction targets through a series of targeted workshops with practitioners in the field from both countries. (e) Through a combination of modelling and monitoring, we will identify smart solutions harnessed to inform users and reduce consumption. Crucially, the modelling will be validated by real energy consumption datasets, gathered from both secondary sources (provided by our partners and from others) and primary, from a combination of sensor deployments and surveys. The latter will take the form of monitoring of a sample of multi occupancy buildings for a range of relevant parameters including temperature, power consumption, humidity and carbon dioxide. The building performance data provided by the sensor deployment will be supported by user survey data exploring perceptions of thermal comfort, overall wellbeing (satisfaction with life, health, employment and so on) and attitudes to energy saving and the cost of energy. This will link the purely techno-economic assessment of energy saving interventions to their potential social impacts. The outcomes of this programme will take the form of validated tools and guidance distilled from the project results in order to support city planners in their decision making processes concerning building asset refurbishments and the likely impact on wellbeing resulting from such improvements. A central aspect of the programme will be to foster collaboration and knowledge transfer between both researchers and practitioners in China and the UK. There are areas, for example district heating, of which there is far more experience of in China than the UK, very relevant to densely populated UK cities like Portsmouth. In other areas such as energy efficiency standards for new buildings and building energy assessment techniques, there is potential for knowledge transfer from the UK to China. In the final year of the project a joint UK-China workshop will be held to bring together researchers and practitioners in the fields of planning, energy, building services and local government, in order to disseminate the results of the programme, to test out and receive feedback on the support tools and to foster further collaboration.

Planned Impact

The UK has a specified carbon dioxide reduction target of 80% by 2050 from 1990 levels. In relation to this, the UK has one of the oldest and most inefficient building stocks in the world which accounts for around 40% of its carbon emissions. The present financial constraints and lack of appetite for increased taxation mean that the public sector in particular will be forced to live with its current building stock for the foreseeable future. With rising fuel costs and risks of summer overheating driven by climate change projections of prolonged heat wave events, this building stock is facing a stark challenge. We need to reduce both winter space heating loads and avoid a 'one hot summer switch' to costly, inefficient split air-conditioning systems as the climate continues to warm. This project looks to address these challenges in a manner which is rapidly deployable with realistic economic terms that the public sector could buy into.

In light of the on-going economic growth of China, energy efficiency needs to be dramatically improved if carbon emissions from the built environment are to be held constant, let alone reduced. In Xi'an - one of the most ancient cities in the world - a large number of historical buildings have been maintained in order to protect cultural heritage, but these buildings are currently occupied mainly by those on the lowest incomes. This project will seek low disruption solutions to improve the energy performance of such buildings and hence the health and comfort of the inhabitants, while maintaining the cultural value of the built assets.

In the UK context, the city of Portsmouth, with its ageing housing stock, has areas of the city with the proportion of households in fuel poverty at around 25%, where many of the householders live in social housing and have complex needs affecting their wellbeing. Energy savings in the public sector follow through as a benefit to the wider public through reductions in council and general taxation. The working life of non-public sector buildings which are of low rentable value due to energy performance may be extended through low cost façade analysis approaches such as proposed here. In a wider context, between 1998 and 2008 the UK became a net importer of gas and oil. Reducing heat demand in our non-building stock, is seen as a key pathway to reduce our nationally critical security of supply exposure, along with radical changes in transportation.

The rapidly expanding market for goods and services in China has been targeted by the UK government as a key growth area for UK business. In recent years, companies from the EU have signed agreements with several rapidly growing cities in China to provide modern district energy services, including Chongqing, Tianjin and recently Beijing. Other cities like Xi'an have an existing established heat network, but the city is growing fast to encompass new areas that were previously agricultural land and addition some parts of existing networks run on steam, now considered old fashioned from efficiency and safety points of view. There is therefore also a potential market in retrofit of mature district energy systems in China and this programme will both highlight this potential and bring together district energy practitioners from the UK and China.

While not on the same scale as in China, and lagging well behind many European neighbours, district energy and combined heat and power are expanding in the UK due to twin advantages of avoided electricity import costs and lower carbon energy supply. The work carried out in this programme will strengthen the case for the expansion of modern district energy networks by quantifying their benefits on a city wide basis - which in turn could help to create jobs in the low carbon economy. The same will be true of energy efficiency services more generally, which in the UK government estimates to account for about 136000 jobs and had sales of £17.6 billion in 2010/11.

Publications

10 25 50
 
Description Over 100 households in Xi'an, China and Portsmouth UK had installed sensor kits to measure eletrical energy demand and indoor conditions in social housing blocks. The data has been collected from these households through a secure platform for over 2 years, making the datasets valuable as long-term time series. At the time of writing the data is still being analyzed.

Acheivements of the project include holding two international conferences on Energy and Cities, one held in Xi'an, China, and the second in Southampton in July 2019. These attacted over 100 delegates including from the worlds of politics and industry in addition to academic researchers.

In addition, Dr Yue Wu, one of the project researchers, has been awarded an RAEng Enterprise Fellowship and has spun out a company, Absolar Solutions, to rapidly increase low-carbon energy generation in the UK through innovative targeting of PV rooftop installations.
Exploitation Route The datasets of energy consumption and indoor conditions generated in the project are still undergoing analysis but when this is complete, the datasets will be anonymized and released as benchmarks for energy demand and indoor conditions in social housing. They will be of use to academic researchers, public sector practitioners and designers working in this area.
Sectors Communities and Social Services/Policy

Energy

Environment

 
Description The development of GIS tools for assessing rooftop PV generation as part of the work in this award led to the spinning out of a company by Dr Phil Wu, a researcher on the project (https://www.absolar.co.uk). The spin-off took on work with Portsmouth City Council to provide a portal for residents to assess the PV potential for their home and get a quote from local suppliers (https://switchedonportsmouth.co.uk/). In addition, the work contributed to new projects using GIS with Winchester City Council (https://energy.soton.ac.uk/decarbonisation-of-the-winchester-district/), a carbon tracking initiative in Southampton (https://energy.soton.ac.uk/gcc/) and a project with countryside charity CPRE looking at rooftop solar potential (https://www.centreforthesouth.co.uk/activities/rooftop-renewables).
First Year Of Impact 2019
Sector Communities and Social Services/Policy,Energy,Environment
Impact Types Economic

Policy & public services

 
Description Chief Scientific Advisor to Southampton City Council (SCC)
Geographic Reach Local/Municipal/Regional 
Policy Influence Type Membership of a guideline committee
Impact Appointment 2012 as CSA but the role is ongoing City performance and environmental aspects - including energy, infrastructure, pollution, health, fuel poverty etc. Policy implication regarding city's low carbon, city re-zoning, connectivity, economic growth and implications to fuel poverty
 
Description ECCD response to the UK PM's "Ten Point Climate Plan"
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Contribution to a national consultation/review
URL https://energy.soton.ac.uk/eccd-response-to-the-uk-pms-ten-point-climate-plan/
 
Description LATENT: RESIDENTIAL HEAT AS AN ENERGY SYSTEM SERVICE
Amount £1,314,091 (GBP)
Funding ID EP/T023074/1 
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 09/2020 
End 09/2024
 
Description Net Zero Living: Pathfinder Places Phase 2 - Pathfinders
Amount £158,555 (GBP)
Funding ID 10095228 
Organisation Innovate UK 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 02/2024 
End 09/2025
 
Description Net zero living: Pathfinder places
Amount £74,823 (GBP)
Funding ID 10061172 
Organisation Innovate UK 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2023 
End 06/2023
 
Description RAEng Enterprise Fellowship
Amount £60,000 (GBP)
Organisation Royal Academy of Engineering 
Sector Charity/Non Profit
Country United Kingdom
Start 12/2019 
End 12/2020
 
Description New Zealand Energy Hardship Evaluation Consortium 
Organisation Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA)
Country New Zealand 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Guidance on evaluation and study design; guidance on the use of smart meter data; guidance on data archiving for re-use (practicalities & ethics etc)
Collaborator Contribution Co-ordination of evaluation methods of NZ agencies interested in interventions to alleviate energy hardship
Impact social sciences, health sciences, building science & engineering
Start Year 2020
 
Description New Zealand Energy Hardship Evaluation Consortium 
Organisation Government of New Zealand
Department Statistics New Zealand
Country New Zealand 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Guidance on evaluation and study design; guidance on the use of smart meter data; guidance on data archiving for re-use (practicalities & ethics etc)
Collaborator Contribution Co-ordination of evaluation methods of NZ agencies interested in interventions to alleviate energy hardship
Impact social sciences, health sciences, building science & engineering
Start Year 2020
 
Description Portsmouth City Council 
Organisation Portsmouth City Council
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution SERG brings expertise in research methods and analyzing data sets to PCC, who often do not have the time to analyze data available to them.
Collaborator Contribution PCC join us for half-day meetings approximately quarterly, where we discuss research outcomes and developments in housing and energy. PCC have also supported numerous grant applications and supplied us with access to their datasets on households and energy. They have also supported us in recruiting participants for monitoring studies.
Impact Publications on evaluations of social housing projects carried out by PCC, including the retrofit of Wilcote House, Portsmouth; CHP systems, boiler replacement
Start Year 2010
 
Company Name Absolar 
Description Absolar develops AI and GIS technology to evaluate the solar-power generating feasibility of buildings. 
Year Established 2019 
Impact Absolar is currently carrying out a feasibility study for a major local employer
Website http://www.absolar.co.uk
 
Description Addressing Carbon Emissions through Sustainable Energy Technologies at Different Scales 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The presentation created interest among the participants which was ended up in many Q & As'.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://climatelinkup.com/launch-event/
 
Description Co-chair of the International Conference of Low Carbon City, Neighborhood, and Building (LCCNB), Xian, China, May 2017 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Co-chair of the International Conference of Low Carbon City, Neighborhood, and Building (LCCNB), and delivered the Plenary Keynote at the conference, Xian, China, May 2017.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL http://www.iaalccnb.org/
 
Description Conference Chair and Organiser - IEA Energy in Buildings and Communities symposium and expert meeting, 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The IEA Energy in Buildings and Communities symposium and expert meeting, held virtually over 4 days, with over 230 delegates from 25 countries and 82 institutions, Southampton, 20- 23 April 2020. Professor Bahaj organised and Chaired the conference. The Energy and Climate Change Division (ECCD) and the Sustainable Energy Research Group (SERG) within the School of Engineering at the University of Southampton, UK, hosted the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC) Programme Symposium and Task Group meetings addressing Occupant-Centric Building Design and Operation ('Annex 79'). Leading academics, practitioners, policy-makers, manufacturers and students from the fields of engineering, architecture, psychology, sociology and marketing came together to exchange ideas and good practice. Creating and strengthening partnerships to integrate and implement occupancy and occupant behaviour into the design process of buildings and their operation, enhancing both energy performance and occupant comfort.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020
URL https://energy.soton.ac.uk/serg-hosts-iea-energy-in-buildings-and-communities-symposium-and-expert-m...
 
Description Conference Chair and Organiser of International Conference in Energy and Cities, Southampton, 10 - 12 July 2019. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact ECCD host the International Conference on Energy and Cities (ICEC 2019). More than 90 delegates from 21 countries and 40 organisations attended the International Conference on Energy and Cities 2019 (ICEC2019) which took place from 10 to 12 July 2019 in Southampton, UK. With the occasion being the second in the series of academic fora promoted by the International Academic Alliance for Low Carbon Cities, Neighbourhoods and Buildings (IAA-LCCNB).

Members of the IAA-LCCNB, members of parliament, regional organizations, non-governmental organizations and private-sector representatives, as well as leading academics and students from the field of energy and cities came together to exchange ideas and good practice and create and strengthen partnerships to guide cities in realising sustainable futures. With the various sessions featuring presentations from leaders in academia, politics and industry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://energy.soton.ac.uk/eccd-host-the-international-conference-on-energy-and-cities-icec-2019/
 
Description Conference Chair of International Conference of Renewable Energy, UNESCO, Paris, 24 - 26 April 2019. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact International Conference of Renewable Energy, UNESCO, Paris, 24 - 26 April 2019 was chaired by Prof A S Bahaj. Around 250 attendees from 20 countries attended the conference. Members of the Energy and Climate Change Division, University of Southampton delivered nine scientific presentations in different areas of renewable energy.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://premc.org/conferences/icren2019/
 
Description Electric Vehicles a global transition: Adoption trends and barriers to implementation 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The e-mobility conference organized by Kenya Power in Nairobi was attended by international professionals and researchers, and created huge interest for future works in this area.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.kenyanews.go.ke/e-mobility-conference-to-develop-roadmap-for-electric-motorisation/
 
Description Exhibited our research areas, especially those related to energy for development at Southampton West Quay Shopping Centre, Southampton, UK 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Exhibited our research areas, especially those related to energy for development at Southampton West Quay Shopping Centre, Southampton, UK. (March 2017)
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://www.southampton.ac.uk/per/university/festival/index.page
 
Description ICE SOUTH INVITED TALK at the University of Southampton 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Regional
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact CPD talk for professionals to understand the causes of energy performance gap in buildings - predominantly homes
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.ice.org.uk/eventarchive/what-happens-insulating-a-building-southampton
 
Description Identifying suitable rooftops for PV installation in Jeddah, KSA, using satellite imagery 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This presentation had attract the attention of the participants.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ices-ksa.org/
 
Description International Conference on Renewable Energy 2018 (ICREN) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Vicky Aragon presented her work on the evaluation of the efficiency of building heat networks in social housing in the UK. The methodology introduced and the results were received with big interest from the local authorities and industry. Discussions were followed by requests for further information and plans for future collaborations.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://premc.org/conferences/icren2018/
 
Description International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICREN) 2018 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Dr Phil Yue Wu presented his work on carbon emissions reductions in cities through large scale PV development. The methodology and tool presented attracted the interest of local authorities and industry. The discussions were followed by requests for further information and feedback.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://premc.org/conferences/icren2018/
 
Description Measuring and Tracking Cities' Progress Towards Sustainable Development: Case Study Southampton City 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The example of using tools for assessing Sustainable Development Goals by cities created huge interest among the hundreds of international participants.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL http://english.cast.org.cn/art/2022/11/7/art_1695_203065.html
 
Description Organized and held 1st International Conference on Energy and Cities at University of Southampton, 10 to 12 July 2019 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The first International Conference on Energy and Cities (ICEC 2019), was held at the University of Southampton in July 2019. The conference successfully hosted around 100 international participants from 22 countries. The conference has also created a platform where international policymakers, for example, the Shadow Energy Minister of the UK and the Director of Renewable Energy in the Ministry of Energy in Kenya, are able to directly engage with academics and industrial leaders.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL http://icec2019.energyandcities.org/
 
Description PRASEG Conference 2018 - Delivering Clean Growth: Leading the Charge 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact Researchers participated in the event, exhibited work on cities and energy and disseminated information about energy saving opportunities in cities, renewable energy sources and wellbeing. There was a vivid interest on the activities showcased and publications with relevant results were disseminated to politicians.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/praseg-conference-2018-delivering-clean-growth-leading-the-charge-tic...
 
Description Participation in Sustainable City Expo 2018, Southampton UK. Exhibition stand and networking 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Researchers participated in the EXPO with a stand and disseminated information about energy saving opportunities in cities, renewable energy sources and wellbeing. There was a vivid interest on the activities showcased, publications with relevant results were disseminated to public and there were a lot of discussions about future collaborations with industry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL http://www.discoversouthampton.co.uk/visit/news/2018/07/31/sustainable-city-expo-2018
 
Description Pathways to Low Carbon Cities, Plenary Keynote at the International Conference of Low Carbon City, Neighborhood, and Building (LCCNB), Xian, China. 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Pathways to Low Carbon Cities, Plenary Keynote at the International Conference of Low Carbon City, Neighborhood, and Building (LCCNB), Xian, China, May 2017.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL http://www.iaalccnb.org/events/
 
Description Performance of flexible PV mounted on a fabric-covered vehicle shade in Jeddah, KSA 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The research paper created huge interest among the participants.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ices-ksa.org/
 
Description Presentation at the 2018 Building Performance Analysis Conference and SimBuild co-organized by ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact Presentation titled  "Unpacking Mid-Season Heating Supply Efficiency in Social Housing ".
The presentation showed the results from the analysis of characteristics of flat and building heat demand in the towers of international Way in Southampton UK, particularly load variability during mid-season months. A lot of architectural firms and engineering companies attended the conference.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.ashrae.org/conferences/conference-resources/past-ashrae-conferences
 
Description Professor AbuBakr Bahaj attended the COP 28 summit 
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact (a) Engagement with Islamic Development Bank, and ministerial officials from Uganda & Kenya to explore funding opportunities in off-grid electrification using solar mini grids.
(b) Attended different forum discussions.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://unfccc.int/cop28
 
Description Research presentation delivered by Dr Luke Blunden, entitled, 'Assessing rooftop for PV deployment using AI in Saudi Arabia' in ICEC 2023 conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The research presentation had created interest in participants, especially using AI tool to study satellite imagery in such study.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://evolvingcities.org
 
Description Research presentation delivered by Dr M Alam, entitled, 'Enhancing policy framework to support rooftop photovoltaic deployment in Saudi Arabia' in SET 2023 conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact The presentation summarised the findings of research related to residential rooftop PV policy issues and opportunities in Saudi Arabia.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://set2023.org/
 
Description Sustainable Energy across Scales, plenary lecture at the Sustainable energy Technologies Conference (SET2017), Bologna, Italy 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Sustainable Energy across Scales, plenary lecture at the Sustainable energy Technologies Conference (SET2017), Bologna, Italy
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://www.wsset.org/set-2017/
 
Description Sustainably addressing residential cooling loads in a hot arid climate: A case study in the city of Jeddah - Saudi Arabia 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact The presentation attracted huge interest among the participants.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL https://www.ices-ksa.org/
 
Description The Big Green Event Expo. Participation with stand showcasing research and projects. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Industry/Business
Results and Impact Researchers participated in the EXPO with a stand and disseminated information about energy saving opportunities in cities, renewable energy sources and wellbeing. There was a vivid interest on the activities showcased, publications with relevant results were disseminated to public and there were a lot of discussions about future collaborations with industry.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2018
URL https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/the-big-green-event-expo-2018-tickets-41993004206