Resilience of National Transport Networks to Flood-induced Bridge Failures
Lead Research Organisation:
Newcastle University
Department Name: Sch of Engineering
Abstract
Disruption to the transport network that connects the UK's urban areas - enabling the flows of good and services between them - has significant implications for people's safety and the economy. Recent extreme weather events have exposed the vulnerability of this network to flood damage and challenged emergency services during floods, leading to direct economic impacts, long-term disruption to communities, and cascading disruption to other infrastructure services that rely on the integrity of the transport network. Many of the strategic links have been built without any particular flooding protection criteria, and their frequency of use has outstripped their design specification.
A particular problem, and focus of this research, is the vulnerability of bridges. In 2009 the Cumbria region suffered £3m in repair and replacement costs due to the collapse or severe damage of 29 bridges, however the economic and societal costs were significantly larger (e.g. the increased travel time was estimated to cost businesses as much as £2m per week). Understanding the risks associated with the failure or limited serviceability of bridges is a key priority identified in the National Flood Resilience Review and in the Climate Change Risk Assessment. Whilst monitoring and structural analysis can help identify bridges that are susceptible to failure, it is also necessary to understand the implications of their failure on the wider transport network to enable risk-based decision-making and prioritisation of limited funds for maintenance and enhancing national resilience.
This fellowship proposal will address this crucial priority, through the development of a novel national, and more detailed regional, assessment model for bridge failures from high river flows. By working with key stakeholders the regional and national model will be co-designed to enable it to be used independently by these organisations to support their decision-making. The work contributes to the LWEC vision by addressing two themes: (1) UK cities system as a system of interconnected cities: (2) environmental risk to networks and understanding of the potential and implications of failure at national level. Moreover, it supports the EPSRC 'Resilient Nation' Prosperity Outcome by delve into robust functioning of complex infrastructures.
The fellowship will also provide the springboard to accelerate my academic career and develop an independent research direction. The work will be conducted at Newcastle University, where there is a diverse portfolio of RCUK funded pioneering research on infrastructure and flooding, providing the ideal research environment for this fellowship. Secondments to leading international research institutions will provide a broader perspective and build my network of collaborators.
A particular problem, and focus of this research, is the vulnerability of bridges. In 2009 the Cumbria region suffered £3m in repair and replacement costs due to the collapse or severe damage of 29 bridges, however the economic and societal costs were significantly larger (e.g. the increased travel time was estimated to cost businesses as much as £2m per week). Understanding the risks associated with the failure or limited serviceability of bridges is a key priority identified in the National Flood Resilience Review and in the Climate Change Risk Assessment. Whilst monitoring and structural analysis can help identify bridges that are susceptible to failure, it is also necessary to understand the implications of their failure on the wider transport network to enable risk-based decision-making and prioritisation of limited funds for maintenance and enhancing national resilience.
This fellowship proposal will address this crucial priority, through the development of a novel national, and more detailed regional, assessment model for bridge failures from high river flows. By working with key stakeholders the regional and national model will be co-designed to enable it to be used independently by these organisations to support their decision-making. The work contributes to the LWEC vision by addressing two themes: (1) UK cities system as a system of interconnected cities: (2) environmental risk to networks and understanding of the potential and implications of failure at national level. Moreover, it supports the EPSRC 'Resilient Nation' Prosperity Outcome by delve into robust functioning of complex infrastructures.
The fellowship will also provide the springboard to accelerate my academic career and develop an independent research direction. The work will be conducted at Newcastle University, where there is a diverse portfolio of RCUK funded pioneering research on infrastructure and flooding, providing the ideal research environment for this fellowship. Secondments to leading international research institutions will provide a broader perspective and build my network of collaborators.
Planned Impact
The UK extensively suffers from widespread disruptions and losses (£1.3bn in 2013/14 and £1.6bn in 2015/16) due to floods. Flood damages are projected to increase up to £27bn by 2080 due to the aging of assets and more severe weather events. This evidence illustrates the need to re-think infrastructure and to support the near future of our cities through resilient national measures against extreme events, including a broader range of changes and policy responses.
By developing an integrated assessment at regional and national scale of bridge vulnerabilities, this fellowship programme is central to the LWEC themes, and the innovation brought by the proposed research could not been timelier. In fact, this fellowship will (i) enable the UK to maintain its national and international leadership in infrastructure and climate resilience by providing world-leading skills to UK engineering consultancies; (ii) provide useful insights for the EPSRC 'Resilient Nation' Prosperity Outcome; and (iii) provide important contributions for the UK's Committee on Climate Change assessments.
The policy relevance and engineering legitimacy of this research is ensured by the end users, which include: (1) infrastructure operators and urban planners; (2) industries and business; (3) investors and insurers; (4) local governments. Whilst facilitating rapid uptake into engineering practise is considered a main priority, the research would ultimately inform non-specialists about societal and economic aspects. Appropriate communication and impact channels have been identified to guarantee that each audience is reached in an effective way, alongside a dedicated budget. A final showcase for all involved stakeholders, academic and authorities will present the major achievements of the 3-year research programme.
The proposed research will find its path towards impact on society through 3 Impact Priorities (IP).
IP1 targets to engender research excellence in flooding risk assessment for transport networks within the academic community, by delivering a programme that will be (i) unique in the capacity it provides for long-term quantitative appraisal of flooding infrastructure, and (ii) internationally leading in the capacity it provides for analysis of flood vulnerability, risk and resilience analysis.
IP2 targets industry and practitioners through close collaboration, to ensure impact on practise in key sectors of growth and on policy decisions on the horizon. This will accelerate the integration, demonstration and application of the research to address major cross-cutting research issues.
IP3 targets fostering public understanding and advocacy of transport infrastructure resilience to support flooding risk awareness and disseminate societal-relevant recommendations (e.g. why to invest into infrastructure). It will be sought from partners and social science agencies of my network to translate the research advancements in useful information for individuals and community groups (e.g. Cumbria Community Foundation).
The outputs of this project will enable a proactive approach to be used in a range of studies by the broad academic community. The objectives set in this proposal will fill a substantial gap in current flood risk management, and the proposed methodology of bridge assessment will change existing approaches of urban transport analysis. The research aims to be qualified within the next generation of tools to support analysis and adaptation of infrastructure to flooding, extending far beyond the duration of the fellowship and becoming a critical reference in the state-of-the-art of infrastructure literature.
By developing an integrated assessment at regional and national scale of bridge vulnerabilities, this fellowship programme is central to the LWEC themes, and the innovation brought by the proposed research could not been timelier. In fact, this fellowship will (i) enable the UK to maintain its national and international leadership in infrastructure and climate resilience by providing world-leading skills to UK engineering consultancies; (ii) provide useful insights for the EPSRC 'Resilient Nation' Prosperity Outcome; and (iii) provide important contributions for the UK's Committee on Climate Change assessments.
The policy relevance and engineering legitimacy of this research is ensured by the end users, which include: (1) infrastructure operators and urban planners; (2) industries and business; (3) investors and insurers; (4) local governments. Whilst facilitating rapid uptake into engineering practise is considered a main priority, the research would ultimately inform non-specialists about societal and economic aspects. Appropriate communication and impact channels have been identified to guarantee that each audience is reached in an effective way, alongside a dedicated budget. A final showcase for all involved stakeholders, academic and authorities will present the major achievements of the 3-year research programme.
The proposed research will find its path towards impact on society through 3 Impact Priorities (IP).
IP1 targets to engender research excellence in flooding risk assessment for transport networks within the academic community, by delivering a programme that will be (i) unique in the capacity it provides for long-term quantitative appraisal of flooding infrastructure, and (ii) internationally leading in the capacity it provides for analysis of flood vulnerability, risk and resilience analysis.
IP2 targets industry and practitioners through close collaboration, to ensure impact on practise in key sectors of growth and on policy decisions on the horizon. This will accelerate the integration, demonstration and application of the research to address major cross-cutting research issues.
IP3 targets fostering public understanding and advocacy of transport infrastructure resilience to support flooding risk awareness and disseminate societal-relevant recommendations (e.g. why to invest into infrastructure). It will be sought from partners and social science agencies of my network to translate the research advancements in useful information for individuals and community groups (e.g. Cumbria Community Foundation).
The outputs of this project will enable a proactive approach to be used in a range of studies by the broad academic community. The objectives set in this proposal will fill a substantial gap in current flood risk management, and the proposed methodology of bridge assessment will change existing approaches of urban transport analysis. The research aims to be qualified within the next generation of tools to support analysis and adaptation of infrastructure to flooding, extending far beyond the duration of the fellowship and becoming a critical reference in the state-of-the-art of infrastructure literature.
Organisations
- Newcastle University (Lead Research Organisation)
- Department of Transport (Collaboration)
- James Fisher Testing (Collaboration)
- Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) (Collaboration)
- Polytechnic University of Milan (Collaboration)
- DEVON COUNTY COUNCIL (Collaboration)
- University of Florence (Collaboration)
- University of Washington (Collaboration)
- Network Rail (Collaboration)
- Department for Transport (Project Partner)
- University of Wollongong (Project Partner)
- Resilience Direct (Project Partner)
- Loughborough University (Project Partner)
- University of Washington (Project Partner)
- Arup Group (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- University of Bristol (Fellow)
People |
ORCID iD |
Maria Pregnolato (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
Pregnolato M
(2019)
Climate-driven extreme weather is threatening old bridges with collapse
Pregnolato M
(2022)
Cascading effects of floods on interdependent infrastructure systems
Pregnolato M
(2020)
Assessing flooding impact to riverine bridges: an integrated analysis
Pregnolato M.,
(2019)
Climate Extremes and Their Implications for Impact and Risk Assessment
Pregnolato M
(2020)
Climate Extremes and Their Implications for Impact and Risk Assessment
Arrighi C
(2019)
Preparedness against mobility disruption by floods.
in The Science of the total environment
Pregnolato M
(2022)
A comparison of the UK and Italian national risk-based guidelines for assessing hydraulic actions on bridges
in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering
Orcesi A
(2022)
Investigating the Effects of Climate Change on Structural Actions
in Structural Engineering International
Vardanega P
(2021)
Assessing the suitability of bridge-scour-monitoring devices
in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering
Degan Di Dieco G
(2022)
A taxonomy of bridges at risk of flooding: towards bridge classes and damage models
in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering
Pregnolato M
(2022)
Assessing flooding impact to riverine bridges: an integrated analysis
in Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
Arrighi C
(2021)
Indirect flood impacts and cascade risk across interdependent linear infrastructures
in Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
Januchowski-Hartley S
(2022)
Supporting proactive planning for climate change adaptation and conservation using an attributed road-river structure dataset
in Journal of Environmental Management
Pregnolato M
(2019)
Bridge safety is not for granted - A novel approach to bridge management
in Engineering Structures
Description | The current unavailability of high-quality data for bridges and the consequent lack of understanding of bridge performance jeopardise bridge safety, and hinder the ability to prioritise resources. The UK, as for many other countries, should not take bridge safety for granted and should take precautionary preventative action for defining a new programme for bridges at risk of floods. Within a risk-based approach, being aware of the exposure condition (i.e. assets) is fundamental to control and manage local and national infrastructure threatened by natural hazards. Currently, bridges are managed by a range of authorities and their in-house systems have different degrees of sophistication and methods, preventing the possibility of drawing a clear and coherent picture across the country. There is a consensus in advancing a consistent methodology, and a formal procedure, for conforming information, aiming at better analysis and assessment. In particular, the creation of a national bridge database would enable the meaningful identification and comparison of risks to bridges across the country, building a deep knowledge of the national bridge stock. This grant has so far developed a preliminary protocolled taxonomy for data collection of bridges, while illustrating the implication of a national bridge inventory in the UK. The national database could have the capability of being integrated with hydrological and transport models, providing advanced information for estimating failures and disruption. This award have also compared risk-based approaches for different countries, suggesting recommendations for improving them. |
Exploitation Route | The study set the scene for a unified bridge database, and advocated the engagement of national authorities for developing a roadmap of policies leading to it. The project will be extended with the application of a New Investigator Award, to explore a Digital Twin of a bridge at risk of flooding. The project has lead to a project with Network Rail, funded by them. |
Sectors | Construction Environment Transport Other |
URL | http://www.discover.ukri.org/EPSRC-building-resilience/index.html |
Description | My findings are for up-take by authorities such as: Highways England, Lancashire County Council, Devon County Council, Network rail I have been consulted by Parliament Office for Science, McKinsey, MottMacDonald and others. In particular, three works (Pregnolato et al. 2020a/b, Vardanega et al. 2020) were uptaken and cited by the latest version of the CIRIA's "Manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures", i.e. the UK national guide for scour assessment. Both Mott Macdonald and the Environment Agency separately asked me to review the final draft, for which I am acknowledged. |
First Year Of Impact | 2020 |
Sector | Construction,Environment,Transport,Other |
Impact Types | Societal Economic Policy & public services |
Description | Acknowledged and cited by McKinsey report |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in other policy documents |
Impact | Contribution to the McKinsey Global Institute's report - the Granularity of Climate Change.The socio-economic risks from physical climate change were explored across geographies and sectors over the next ~10 years, in particular my work was cited to explain how infrastructure will be affected. |
Description | Citation in CIRIA's manual |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | Better practice of scour risk assessment |
URL | https://bit.ly/3nl7Jbf |
Description | Citation in McKinsey Global Institute's report "Will infrastructure bend or break under climate stress?" |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in systematic reviews |
URL | https://mck.co/3oVrkQ2 |
Description | Co-author of the Climate Change Risk Assessment 3 report |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | Collaboration for POSTnote |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
Impact | Increased awareness of climate change and options for solutions (adaptation measures) |
Description | Contribution to CIRIA's "Manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | Advice on best-practice |
URL | https://bit.ly/3nl7Jbf |
Description | Contribution to the NIC's (National Infrastructure Commission) study on resilience |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Impact | Improved understanding of interdependency of infrastructure |
URL | https://bit.ly/36EI1qF |
Description | Contribution to the Parliament POSTnote "Infrastructure and climate change" |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
Impact | More awareness about impact of climate to transport |
URL | https://bit.ly/34efvfK |
Description | Highways England working group |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Impact | Updating of Highways England manual |
URL | http://bit.ly/2JVXvzX |
Description | Invited by CIRIA for a webinar, 21.11.2019 |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | Improvement of resilience assessment and delivery for civil infrastructure like roads |
Description | Invited by IOAP (Infrastructure Operators Adaptation Forum) |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Impact | Better understanding and state-of-the-art practice about infrastructure resilience |
Description | Invited by Network Rail to the National Scour Meeting, 21-22.01.2020 |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Impact | Improvement of scour and network assessment methods |
Description | Invited to Network Rail's National Scour Meeting |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Impact | Align risk scour process with state-of-the-art technology |
Description | Organisation of DeFRA Evidence meeting |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Description | POST article "Threats to physical infrastructure" |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
Impact | Advice |
URL | https://post.parliament.uk/physical-threats-to-infrastructure/ |
Description | Evaluation and application of the latest Italian guidelines for bridge assessment |
Amount | € 6,000 (EUR) |
Organisation | Polytechnic University of Milan |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | Italy |
Start | 02/2022 |
End | 05/2022 |
Description | Flood Resilient Bridge Modelling and Design |
Amount | £65,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 2444849 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2020 |
End | 03/2024 |
Description | JGI Seed Corn Funding "A Digital Twin Enabler for the CSB" |
Amount | £2,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | University of Bristol |
Department | Jean Golding Institute |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2021 |
End | 05/2021 |
Description | Scour Risk Monitoring (internal bid) |
Amount | £45,000 (GHS) |
Organisation | Network Rail Ltd |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2022 |
End | 09/2022 |
Title | Data from t-RES EP/R00742X/1 (02-2019) |
Description | Data repository for Resilience of National Transport Networks to Flood-induced Bridge Failures, EP/R00742X/1 The focus of this research is the vulnerability of bridges.Understanding the risks associated with the failure or limited serviceability of bridges is a key priority identified in the National Flood Resilience Review and in the Climate Change Risk Assessment. Whilst monitoring and structural analysis can help identify bridges that are susceptible to failure, it is also necessary to understand the implications of their failure on the wider transport network to enable risk-based decision-making and prioritisation of limited funds for maintenance and enhancing national resilience. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/2h9jj70ce02dp2m57yumi77gvf/ |
Description | Collaboration and secondment with the University of Washington |
Organisation | University of Washington |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Applying computational Fluid Dynamics to riverine bridges at risk of flooding. |
Collaborator Contribution | They host me for three months during summer 2019. They provide two PhDs and two post-docs to work with me. |
Impact | Three conference papes submitted. One journal paper in preparation. |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Collaboration with Devon County Council |
Organisation | Devon County Council |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Working together to improve the resilience of Devon road networks |
Collaborator Contribution | They provide problem-based input and data, plus time to assist in developing the work |
Impact | too early |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Collaboration with Highways England |
Organisation | Department of Transport |
Department | Highways Agency |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Co-working to address the scour risk to bridges |
Collaborator Contribution | Organise meetings every 4 months, offer opportunity to contribute to manuals update, provide data |
Impact | too early |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Collaboration with James fisher Testing |
Organisation | James Fisher Testing |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Working on a case study for riverine bridges at risk of flooding |
Collaborator Contribution | They have huge expertise in sensors and testing, and they provide the infrastructure for monitoring a bridge at risk of scour |
Impact | too early |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Collaboration with Network Rail |
Organisation | Network Rail Ltd |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Working together on a case study of riverine bridges at risk of flooding (with James Fisher) |
Collaborator Contribution | They provide the physical structure and problem-based input |
Impact | too early |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Collaboration with Polytechnic of Milan (POLIMI) |
Organisation | Polytechnic University of Milan |
Country | Italy |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Developing a review of risk-based methods for scour assessment |
Collaborator Contribution | 50% work on papers and pieces of research |
Impact | Conference paper submitted Journal paper in preparation |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Collaboration with TU Delft |
Organisation | Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) |
Department | Civil Engineering and Geosciences |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | MSc student co-supervision |
Collaborator Contribution | MSc student co-supervision |
Impact | - |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Collaboration with University of Florence |
Organisation | University of Florence |
Country | Italy |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Applying my methods to Italian case study, and extending them with another type of infrastructure (e.g. water supply) |
Collaborator Contribution | 50% work on papers and pieces of research |
Impact | One journal paper https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718345388 Others in preparation |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Blogpost, "Bridging troubled waters: Bristol University champions infrastructure resilience in the face of climate change, Univ. of Bristol |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Blogpost, "Bridging troubled waters: Bristol University champions infrastructure resilience in the face of climate change, Univ. of Bristol |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://engineering.blogs.bristol.ac.uk/bridge-resilience-and-climate-change/ |
Description | Impact stories, "Mapping global flood risk", Univ. of Bristol |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Impact stories, "Mapping global flood risk", Univ. of Bristol |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.bristol.ac.uk/research/impact/stories/mapping-global-flood-risk/ |
Description | Keynote, 3rd SIRMA Project Workshop, Birmingham (10.06.22) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Keynote, 3rd SIRMA Project Workshop, Birmingham (10.06.22) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Keynote, Faculty Research Showcase, Univ. of Bristol (online, 19.04.21) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Keynote, Faculty Research Showcase, Univ. of Bristol (online, 19.04.21) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Keynote, Infrastructure Operator Annual Forum (online, 21.10.20) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Keynote, Infrastructure Operator Annual Forum (online, 21.10.20) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Keynote, National Industry Forum Bridges2020, Coventry Arena (14.03.20) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Keynote, National Industry Forum Bridges2020, Coventry Arena (14.03.20) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Research Seminar, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Polytechnic of Milan (24.03.22) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Research Seminar, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Polytechnic of Milan (24.03.22) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Royal Society Pairing scheme |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Each year 30 research scientists are paired with UK parliamentarians and civil servants. I learn about each other's work by spending time together in Westminster and the researcher's institutions. I gain an insight into how research findings can help inform policy making, and come away with a better understanding of how I can get involved. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://twitter.com/bristoluniwater?lang=en |
Description | Sense for Science - policy programme |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Where constituents and MPs meet researchers to discuss the evidence for policies |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://senseaboutscience.org/evidence-week/product/dr-maria-pregnolato/ |