Particle Filtration and Accumulation by Solute-driven Transport (FAST) for bio-analysis in microfluidic devices
Lead Research Organisation:
Loughborough University
Department Name: Chemical Engineering
Abstract
The outcomes of many health interventions critically depend on the ability to identify the disease in a timely manner so the most appropriate therapy can be chosen promptly. Consequently, there is an immediate and growing need to develop healthcare technologies for rapid and accurate detection of bio-markers, associated with specific diseases, and/or disease causative agents, such as pathogenic microorganisms. Microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technology offer a huge potential for the development of next generation fast and ultra-sensitive bio-analytical devices for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Particle handling operations - including separation, filtration, concentration, trapping and sorting - are ubiquitous in microfluidic diagnostic technologies and can ultimately dictate the speed, accuracy and selectivity of testing devices. An ideal particle handling technique would be fast (high-throughput), selective (i.e. targeting only the particles of interest), easy to integrate into a multifunctional microfluidic device and, most importantly, not reliant on the use of external fields. This proposal aims to introduce an innovative particle manipulation technique to address all these requirements. This research will also demonstrate the proof-of-concept for using this technique to develop fast and sensitive diagnostic testing devices.
Rapid filtration, trapping and accumulation of target particles within the cavities of micro-structured surfaces will be achieved in continuous flow settings by harvesting the chemical energy associated with salt contrast generated by parallel multi-component flows. The mechanisms governing the particle dynamics will be investigated through a combination of experimental and numerical techniques. The dependence of trapping and concentration efficiency on particle properties (especially size and surface chemistry) will be elucidated. The output of this study will be an optimally-designed microfluidic platform, through which two in-vitro diagnostic devices will be developed. One device will enable the rapid filtration of cell-like particles (e.g. liposomes) based on their lipid membrane composition which is an important indicator of a cell's state of health. This assay will offer new opportunities for early detection of drug induced cell death and rapid drug pharmacokinetics screening. Another device will enable the fast and ultrasensitive detection of a biomarker indicative of pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, pancreatitis and some forms of cancers. Synthetic bio-compatible particles will be incubated in a sample solution where the specific interaction with the disease biomarkers will cause i) the fluorescent signal emission from the particle and ii) a change in particle surface chemistry. The latter effect is intended to enable the conversion of the chemical energy - stored in the form of salt contrast - into particle motion. As a result, the biomarker-activated fluorescent particles will be rapidly trapped and accumulated within target regions of the device whereas the non-fluorescent particles will remain unaffected by the presence of the salt. This will enable a massive signal amplification for the diagnostic assay and, consequently, a fast and accurate detection of biomarker concentration in the analysed sample.
In summary, this research will lay the foundation for the development of a new family of low-cost, portable bio-analytical devices based on particle filtration and accumulation by solute-driven transport (FAST) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. These innovative and highly-sensitive diagnostic tools will enable clinicians to perform rapid and accurate diagnosis and, hence, make timely and informed clinical treatment decisions which are more likely to lead to successful health outcomes.
Particle handling operations - including separation, filtration, concentration, trapping and sorting - are ubiquitous in microfluidic diagnostic technologies and can ultimately dictate the speed, accuracy and selectivity of testing devices. An ideal particle handling technique would be fast (high-throughput), selective (i.e. targeting only the particles of interest), easy to integrate into a multifunctional microfluidic device and, most importantly, not reliant on the use of external fields. This proposal aims to introduce an innovative particle manipulation technique to address all these requirements. This research will also demonstrate the proof-of-concept for using this technique to develop fast and sensitive diagnostic testing devices.
Rapid filtration, trapping and accumulation of target particles within the cavities of micro-structured surfaces will be achieved in continuous flow settings by harvesting the chemical energy associated with salt contrast generated by parallel multi-component flows. The mechanisms governing the particle dynamics will be investigated through a combination of experimental and numerical techniques. The dependence of trapping and concentration efficiency on particle properties (especially size and surface chemistry) will be elucidated. The output of this study will be an optimally-designed microfluidic platform, through which two in-vitro diagnostic devices will be developed. One device will enable the rapid filtration of cell-like particles (e.g. liposomes) based on their lipid membrane composition which is an important indicator of a cell's state of health. This assay will offer new opportunities for early detection of drug induced cell death and rapid drug pharmacokinetics screening. Another device will enable the fast and ultrasensitive detection of a biomarker indicative of pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, pancreatitis and some forms of cancers. Synthetic bio-compatible particles will be incubated in a sample solution where the specific interaction with the disease biomarkers will cause i) the fluorescent signal emission from the particle and ii) a change in particle surface chemistry. The latter effect is intended to enable the conversion of the chemical energy - stored in the form of salt contrast - into particle motion. As a result, the biomarker-activated fluorescent particles will be rapidly trapped and accumulated within target regions of the device whereas the non-fluorescent particles will remain unaffected by the presence of the salt. This will enable a massive signal amplification for the diagnostic assay and, consequently, a fast and accurate detection of biomarker concentration in the analysed sample.
In summary, this research will lay the foundation for the development of a new family of low-cost, portable bio-analytical devices based on particle filtration and accumulation by solute-driven transport (FAST) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. These innovative and highly-sensitive diagnostic tools will enable clinicians to perform rapid and accurate diagnosis and, hence, make timely and informed clinical treatment decisions which are more likely to lead to successful health outcomes.
Planned Impact
The project aligns with the EPSRC's prosperity outcomes in Health and Productivity and has potential for significant impacts at different levels. Many chronic disorders, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, dementia and cancers, may be asymptomatic until the latter stages of the disease, at which point the chances of successful treatments are reduced and the cost of health intervention increased. It is predicted that in UK every year around 50,000 individuals receive a late diagnosis of cancer, this resulting in ca. £210 million in extra cost for the NHS [Birtwistle et al, Saving lives, averting costs. Cancer Res. UK, 2014]. These numbers increase rapidly when other forms of asymptomatic diseases are accounted for.
Societal and economic impact will be realised through improved diagnosis and treatment opportunities offered by the development of a new paradigm for bioanalysis in microfluidic systems. By establishing a new particle manipulation strategy and introducing a proof-of-principle microfluidic platform for bio-analysis, this research will support the development, over the next 10-15 years, of novel low-cost bio-analytical microsystems with better sensitivity, shorter analysis time and higher throughput. Providing clinicians with such new bio-analytical tools will enable them to make more accurate diagnoses at earlier stages in the disease's course even in out-of-hospital settings (e.g. GP's surgery or patient's home). Consequently, patients - especially elderly individuals, those with asymptomatic and/or chronic diseases and/or limited mobility - will benefit from earlier diagnoses, improved treatment and, hence, higher chances of better health outcomes. Project outcomes and follow-up research activities, detailed in the "Pathways to Impact", will contribute towards the UK life science sector's ambition to radically transform the paradigm of healthcare delivery over the next two decades by shifting from a healthcare system providing costly treatments in hospitals for late-stage patients to a more economically sustainable system based on low-cost point-of-need early diagnoses, prevention and rapid intervention.
This research has further potential for economic impact by contributing to innovation in UK industry leading to commercial realisation of innovative bio-analytical and in-vitro diagnostics technologies - a market in the UK worth ca. £2.6 billion in 2014 and expected to reach £3.4 billion in 2020. End users of this research include enterprises in the UK focusing on manufacture of portable microfluidic systems for applications in chemistry, biology and medicine. Providing industry manufacturers with innovative methods for particle manipulation and bio-analysis will offer tremendous opportunities for design and commercialisation of a new family of microfluidic system products for bio-analysis, diagnostics, drug screening and drug delivery. This will enrich the product portfolio of these end users, enhance their global competitiveness and allow them to exploit new and rapidly expanding markets, such as those emerging from a growing population of elderly individuals with complex health needs. Examples of innovative products may include point-of-need diagnostic chips, microfluidic systems for cell filtration/analysis and microdevices for drug-cell interaction studies and drug development.
Finally, it is well recognised that interdisciplinary research has a critical role in bridging the gap between industry and academia - especially in the field of microfluidics and healthcare technologies. By bringing together project partners and advisors with expertise ranging from colloid and interface science to biochemistry, from the physics of liquids to healthcare and diagnostics, research staff at PhD and post-doctoral levels will be trained in a highly interdisciplinary environment and equipped with technical and transferable skills required to become future research leaders in UK industry and academia.
Societal and economic impact will be realised through improved diagnosis and treatment opportunities offered by the development of a new paradigm for bioanalysis in microfluidic systems. By establishing a new particle manipulation strategy and introducing a proof-of-principle microfluidic platform for bio-analysis, this research will support the development, over the next 10-15 years, of novel low-cost bio-analytical microsystems with better sensitivity, shorter analysis time and higher throughput. Providing clinicians with such new bio-analytical tools will enable them to make more accurate diagnoses at earlier stages in the disease's course even in out-of-hospital settings (e.g. GP's surgery or patient's home). Consequently, patients - especially elderly individuals, those with asymptomatic and/or chronic diseases and/or limited mobility - will benefit from earlier diagnoses, improved treatment and, hence, higher chances of better health outcomes. Project outcomes and follow-up research activities, detailed in the "Pathways to Impact", will contribute towards the UK life science sector's ambition to radically transform the paradigm of healthcare delivery over the next two decades by shifting from a healthcare system providing costly treatments in hospitals for late-stage patients to a more economically sustainable system based on low-cost point-of-need early diagnoses, prevention and rapid intervention.
This research has further potential for economic impact by contributing to innovation in UK industry leading to commercial realisation of innovative bio-analytical and in-vitro diagnostics technologies - a market in the UK worth ca. £2.6 billion in 2014 and expected to reach £3.4 billion in 2020. End users of this research include enterprises in the UK focusing on manufacture of portable microfluidic systems for applications in chemistry, biology and medicine. Providing industry manufacturers with innovative methods for particle manipulation and bio-analysis will offer tremendous opportunities for design and commercialisation of a new family of microfluidic system products for bio-analysis, diagnostics, drug screening and drug delivery. This will enrich the product portfolio of these end users, enhance their global competitiveness and allow them to exploit new and rapidly expanding markets, such as those emerging from a growing population of elderly individuals with complex health needs. Examples of innovative products may include point-of-need diagnostic chips, microfluidic systems for cell filtration/analysis and microdevices for drug-cell interaction studies and drug development.
Finally, it is well recognised that interdisciplinary research has a critical role in bridging the gap between industry and academia - especially in the field of microfluidics and healthcare technologies. By bringing together project partners and advisors with expertise ranging from colloid and interface science to biochemistry, from the physics of liquids to healthcare and diagnostics, research staff at PhD and post-doctoral levels will be trained in a highly interdisciplinary environment and equipped with technical and transferable skills required to become future research leaders in UK industry and academia.
Publications
Singh N
(2020)
Reversible Trapping of Colloids in Microgrooved Channels via Diffusiophoresis under Steady-State Solute Gradients.
in Physical review letters
Singh N
(2022)
Enhanced Accumulation of Colloidal Particles in Microgrooved Channels via Diffusiophoresis and Steady-State Electrolyte Flows.
in Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids
Singh N
(2022)
Composite Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA)/silicon flow focusing devices for colloidal particle manipulation and synthesis
in Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
Description | We discovered two novel physical mechanisms for the rapid manipulation of small (sub-micron) synthetic and biological particles in spatially confined environments, such as porous substrates and microdevices. The first mechanism enables the rapid accumulation and trapping of small particles within dead-end structures, such as close-ended pores and microchannels. The second mechanism enable the filtration, separation, focusing and characterisation of small particles in continuous-flow streams within microdevices. Biological fluids are full of particles and being able to trap and release them is a key underpinning capability for several technological applications, including the analysis of body fluids such as blood and saliva. Diagnostics - such as virus detection - can be limited by the number of biological particles intercepted by the diagnostic instrument so the ability to concentrate particles in one area could lead to more accurate detection and as a result, earlier medical interventions. Current methods to concentrate particles do exist, but they involve lab-based technology such as centrifuges and cannot be used to trap particles inside the body. We identified a new mechanism that can be used to trap particles in both living and artificial biological systems. We designed and manufactured a bespoke microchannel device, just a few times thicker than a human hair, containing microcavities and openings that can be flooded with salty water streams. We demonstrated that slight difference in the salinity level [saltiness] of the water streams is enough to keep the particles stationary and the salt within the microcavities acts similar to a magnet, drawing the particles down into the dead-end regions. This process can be reversed, which has huge implications for applications that require the trapping and later release of particles, for example, the time-controlled delivery of multiple drugs into dead-end regions. We then demonstrated that the same transport mechanisms can be applied to synthetic biological nanoparticles (called liposomes) that are widely used for drug delivery applications or for modelling biological particles spontaneously produced by living cells (called exosomes). We then discovered another mechanism causing small particles within a stream in a microchannel to drift and focus into pre-defined regions of the channel. The extent of the drift and focusing depend on particle size and surface properties. We showed that this phenomenon can be exploited to develop inexpensive and easy-to-operate microfludic devices capable to characterise, separate and filtrate synthetic and biological particles based on their size, charge and surface composition. A novel optimally-designed microfluidic testing devices was developed for this purpose. The device enables the rapid characterisation and filtration of cell-like particles (e.g. liposomes) based on their size, surface charge and lipid membrane composition, the latter being an important indicator of a cell's state of health. This microfluidic device will offer new opportunities for bio-analytical testing applications, including bioparticle pre-concentration, sorting, sensing and analysis |
Exploitation Route | Solute concentration gradients in particle-laden flows are ubiquitous in a variety of artificial and natural systems, including membrane processes for energy harvesting, enhanced oil recovery, industrial drying and crystallization operations, bio-molecule transport in physiological systems. Consequently, the discovery of new physical mechanisms for solute-driven manipulation if small (sub-micron) particle can help geologists, chemical and bio-chemical process engineers, biologists, and life scientists to improve the understanding of (sub-micron) particle dynamics in the above-mentioned systems and to identify new opportunities for designing solute-driven particle transport strategies to great advantage. The proof-of-concept microdevices, developed in this project, provide engineers, biochemists and biophysicists with new tools for the design and implementation of novel and inexpensive microsystems for point-of-care diagnostics, smart drug delivery systems, drug-cell interaction analysis, microfluidic cytometry and other healthcare and analytical applications. Potential end users of this microdevices include biochemists, life scientists and clinicians in the fields of diagnostics, drug delivery and pharmokinetics screening. |
Sectors | Healthcare Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | CR Barber Trust Fund travel bursary scheme |
Amount | £100 (GBP) |
Organisation | Institute of Physics (IOP) |
Sector | Learned Society |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2019 |
End | 10/2019 |
Description | Integrated atomic force and confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope with fibre-coupled infrared detector for materials research |
Amount | £817,063 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/T006412/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 12/2019 |
End | 12/2023 |
Description | Researcher Development and Travel Grant |
Amount | £500 (GBP) |
Organisation | Royal Society of Chemistry |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 06/2023 |
End | 12/2023 |
Description | Rideal Travel Bursary |
Amount | £250 (GBP) |
Organisation | Society of Chemical Industry |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2023 |
End | 12/2023 |
Description | Rideal Travel Bursary |
Amount | £250 (GBP) |
Organisation | Society of Chemical Industry |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2018 |
End | 12/2018 |
Description | SCI Messel Travel Bursary 2020 |
Amount | £500 (GBP) |
Organisation | Society of Chemical Industry |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 06/2020 |
End | 02/2021 |
Description | Solute-driven Online Preconcentration in Lateral Flow Assay (SOP-LFA) devices for ultrasensitive biochemical testing |
Amount | £202,223 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/X01813X/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2023 |
End | 12/2023 |
Description | Travel Grants for PhD Students and Early Career Scientists, Faraday Division, Royal Society of Chemistry |
Amount | £800 (GBP) |
Funding ID | T19-3341 |
Organisation | Royal Society of Chemistry |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2019 |
End | 11/2019 |
Title | Continuous manipulation and characterization of colloidal beads and liposomes via diffusiophoresis in single- and double-junction microchannels |
Description | Experimental and simulated particle concentration fields used to generate the results shown in Fig.1, Fig. 3, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 of "Continuous manipulation and characterization of colloidal beads and liposomes via diffusiophoresis in single- and double-junction microchannels " by A. Chakra, N. Singh, G. Vladisavljevic, F. Nadal, C. Cottin-Bizonne, C. Pirat, G. Bolognesi. The file "Simulated_Particle_Concentration_Field.zip" contains the .txt file with the particle concentration field calculated via numerical simulations in Comsol. The details on the numerical simulations are provided in the manuscript. In the .txt file, the spatial coordinates x,y,z are normalised with respect to the channel width w and the particle concentration is normalised with respect to the concentration, n0, of the colloidal solution injected in the inner channel of the device. The concentration field is symmetric with respect to the x-z plane and the y-z plane, hence the numerical solution is calculated only in the domain x>0 and y>0. The file "Epi_Fluo_Fig_X.zip" contains the raw images acquired from the epi-fluorescence microscope system to generate the results reported in Figure X of the manuscript. See the Methods section of the manuscript for further details on the image acquisition procedures. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | To date, this research dataset has been downloaded 353 times. No notable impact has been identified yet. |
URL | https://rdr.ucl.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Continuous_manipulation_and_characterization_of_colloidal_bea... |
Title | Dataset for "Enhanced Accumulation of Colloidal Particles in Microgrooved Channels via Diffusiophoresis and Steady-State Electrolyte Flows" |
Description | Experimental particle concentration fields used to generate the results shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 of "Enhanced Accumulation of Colloidal Particles in Microgrooved Channels via Diffusiophoresis and Steady-State Electrolyte Flows" by N. Singh, G. Vladisavljevic, F. Nadal, C. Cottin-Bizonne, C. Pirat, G. Bolognesi Capitalized keywords are from Loterre's Chemistry Vocabulary. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2022 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | To date, the dataset was downloaded 266 times. No notable impact has been identified yet. |
URL | https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Dataset_for_Enhanced_Accumulation_of_Colloidal_Parti... |
Title | Dataset for "Reversible Trapping of Colloids in Microgrooved Channels via Diffusiophoresis under Steady-State Solute Gradients" |
Description | Experimental and simulated particle concentration fields used to generate the results shown in Fig.1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 of "Reversible Trapping of Colloids in Microgrooved Channels via Diffusiophoresis under Steady-State Solute Gradients" by N. Singh, G. Vladisavljevic, F. Nadal, C. Cottin-Bizonne, C. Pirat, G. Bolognesi. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | To date, the dataset was downloaded 585 times. No notable impact has been identified yet. |
URL | https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Dataset_for_Reversible_Trapping_of_Colloids_in_Micro... |
Title | Supplementary Information Files for Reversible trapping of colloids in microgrooved channels via diffusiophoresis under steady-state solute gradients |
Description | Supplementary Information Files for Reversible trapping of colloids in microgrooved channels via diffusiophoresis under steady-state solute gradients
The controlled transport of colloids in dead-end structures is a key capability that can enable a wide range of applications, such as bio-chemical analysis, drug delivery and underground oil recovery. This letter presents a new trapping mechanism that allows the fast (i.e., within a few minutes) and reversible accumulation of sub-micron particles within dead-end micro-grooves by means of parallel streams with different salinity level. For the first time, particle focusing in dead-end structures is achieved under steady-state gradients. Confocal microscopy analysis and numerical investigations show that the particles are trapped at a flow recirculation region within the grooves due to a combination of diffusiophoresis transport and hydrodynamic effects. Counterintuitively, the particle velocity at the focusing point is not vanishing and, hence, the particles are continuously transported in and out of the focusing point. The accumulation process is also reversible and one can cyclically trap and release the colloids by controlling the salt concentration of the streams via a flow switching valve. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
URL | https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Supplementary_Information_Files_for_Reversible_trapp... |
Description | Solute-driven Online Preconcentration in Lateral Flow Assays (SOP-LFA) |
Organisation | Mologic |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Our research team has conceptualised novel strategies, based on solute driven manipulation of colloidal particles, for the online preconcentration in lateral flow assays for ultrasensitive biochemical testing. |
Collaborator Contribution | The collaborators at Global Access Diagnostics (formerly Mologic), with expertise on R&D and manufacturing of lateral flow assays, have contributed to the conceptualisation of novel rapid diagnostics assays. |
Impact | The collaboration has led to the successful application for EPSRC funding through New Horizons High-risk speculative engineering and ICT research scheme. This project was initially meant to start in October 2022. However, the start date was postponed to April 2023 since the PI (Guido Bolognesi) moved from Loughborough University to University College London. Post-doc recruitment was successfully completed in July 2023, so at this stage there are no other significant outcome and outputs to report. |
Start Year | 2022 |
Description | Solute-driven Transport of Nanoparticles in Confined Geometries |
Organisation | Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 (UCBL) |
Country | France |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | My research group has developed the idea and design the research programme for this joint collaborative research. A PhD student of my group has also been working full time on this collaborative research project. My group has also performed the experimental and numerical work for this collaborative research. |
Collaborator Contribution | My collaborators at the University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 has contributed to this collaboration through free-of-charge access to their laboratories and facilities in France, provision of bespoke microdevices manufactured in their cleanroom facilities as well as through their expertise on micro/nano-fluidics, liquid and interface dynamics, solute-driven flow and particle transport. They have also been actively contributing to the experimental and theoretical research work undertaken during this collaboration. |
Impact | Oral Presentation at 72nd Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics, November 2019, Seattle (USA) Oral Presentation at 32nd Conference of the European Colloid and Interface Society, Ljubljana (Slovenia) September 2019 Poster Presentation at "Applications of Diffusiophoresis in Drying, Freezing and Flowing Colloidal Suspensions", CECAM Workshop, Lausanne (Switzerland) November 2019 Oral Presentation at 2nd Annual Early Career Colloid Meeting ECCo 2019 |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Group and Project Website and Social Media Activity |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | I have set up a website to advertise my group's research activities, including those associated to this project. The website (www.particlemicrofluidics.com) describes the type of research undertaken by my team as well as report the engagement and dissemination activities undertaken by my team members. I also advertise such activities on my Twitter media account. My social media account and group website are visited by other academics and industry representatives, scientific journalists and undergraduate and postgraduate students. Outcomes of this engagement activities includes invited interviews on media for experts comments and the establishment of new contacts with potential industrial partners as well as PhD student canditate willing to engage with this research project. I also set-up a You Tube Channel for sharing the research talk given by the group members advertising the research outcome of this proejct. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019,2020,2021 |
URL | http://www.particlemicrofluidics.com |
Description | Press Release |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Press release by Loughborough University highlighting the research outcomes of the project and their implications for future technology development. Link: https://www.lboro.ac.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2020/december/salt-bioengineering-new-paper/ The press released was covered by national and international news outlet including the scientific magazine, The Engineer Link: https://www.theengineer.co.uk/study-finds-salt-could-revolutionise-bio-analysis/ and the science website phys.org Link: https://phys.org/news/2020-12-experts-mechanism-submicron-particles-minutes.html |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.lboro.ac.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2020/december/salt-bioengineering-new-paper/ |