Sustainable Processing of Energy Materials from Waste
Lead Research Organisation:
Imperial College London
Department Name: Chemical Engineering
Abstract
This project aims at developing new processes for waste remanufacturing based on hydrothermal and microwave treatments to yield sustainable products such as advanced carbon materials and chemicals, which in turn could be manufactured into battery devices
Hydrothermal or microwave conversion of waste will result in a liquid phase containing important chemicals such as levulinic acid (LA) and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), which are platform intermediates for a range of products including solvents and precursors of polymers, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers and other biofuels. We will separate these chemicals from the aqueous phase using preparative chromatography and convert them into other useful products using the carbon catalysts produced from the solid phase of the waste conversion. This will thus close the loop in biowaste product utilization.
In parallel, we will also use the solid carbon materials to manufacture anode materials for Li and Na ion batteries. We will test the performance of these waste-derived electrodes in half- and, based on the best performant materials, full cells.
We will evaluate the environmental impact of the manufacturing of these products at each life cycle, their cost compared with other products on the market, and we will perform multiscale modelling to predict the ability of these processes and products to be upscaled.
Our proposed collaborative research activities have the potential to reduce environmental pollution and find new and innovative ways to recycle/remanufacture waste into advanced materials. In addition, the resulting biofuels and batteries from our processes will help the UK achieve its targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and introduce more renewables.
A team of highly qualified researchers has been brought together for this project, including two top research institutions in the UK (QMUL and UCL) and two in China (Tsinghua and Chinese Academic of Science) and researchers with complementary expertise in hydrothermal and microwave manufacturing, heterogeneous catalysis, biowaste conversion, carbon materials and battery research. This project will train two PDRAs and two PhD students in the UK which will interact closely with two PDRAs in China.
This grant will ensure the continuation of long lasting collaborations between the UK and China, will help prevent pollution and waste in both countries, and develop sustainable technologies for manufacturing advanced carbons, chemicals and batteries.
Hydrothermal or microwave conversion of waste will result in a liquid phase containing important chemicals such as levulinic acid (LA) and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), which are platform intermediates for a range of products including solvents and precursors of polymers, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers and other biofuels. We will separate these chemicals from the aqueous phase using preparative chromatography and convert them into other useful products using the carbon catalysts produced from the solid phase of the waste conversion. This will thus close the loop in biowaste product utilization.
In parallel, we will also use the solid carbon materials to manufacture anode materials for Li and Na ion batteries. We will test the performance of these waste-derived electrodes in half- and, based on the best performant materials, full cells.
We will evaluate the environmental impact of the manufacturing of these products at each life cycle, their cost compared with other products on the market, and we will perform multiscale modelling to predict the ability of these processes and products to be upscaled.
Our proposed collaborative research activities have the potential to reduce environmental pollution and find new and innovative ways to recycle/remanufacture waste into advanced materials. In addition, the resulting biofuels and batteries from our processes will help the UK achieve its targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and introduce more renewables.
A team of highly qualified researchers has been brought together for this project, including two top research institutions in the UK (QMUL and UCL) and two in China (Tsinghua and Chinese Academic of Science) and researchers with complementary expertise in hydrothermal and microwave manufacturing, heterogeneous catalysis, biowaste conversion, carbon materials and battery research. This project will train two PDRAs and two PhD students in the UK which will interact closely with two PDRAs in China.
This grant will ensure the continuation of long lasting collaborations between the UK and China, will help prevent pollution and waste in both countries, and develop sustainable technologies for manufacturing advanced carbons, chemicals and batteries.
Planned Impact
The need to reduce pollution, waste, the world's dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating contributions to man-made climate change is the most important of grand challenges of this century.
Our proposed research activities will contribute to this mission by unlocking new technologies for waste remanufacturing by accessing sustainable carbon materials, chemicals, liquid fuels, green solvents and battery electrodes from bio- and plastic waste.
The outcomes of the research will lead to:
i) Preventing waste generation and environmental pollution
ii) Mitigating landfills and methane emissions
iii) Creating sustainable high-importance value-added products from waste
iv) Replace fossil derived fuels and chemicals with waste-derived counterparts
v) Increasing the percentage of renewables used for electricity generation by implementing affordable and low-cost energy storage solutions
vi) Reducing the environmental impact of materials and chemicals manufacturing
vii) Creating new business opportunities for the waste sector and the battery industry
viii) Connecting the waste sector with the advanced chemicals production and batteries, stimulating a circular economy
Our proposed research activities will have a major impact on a range of stakeholders.
1. The waste producing industries, via our novel bio- and plastic-waste conversion processes
2. Catalyst manufacturers via creating affordable catalysts without critical metals
3. The chemicals industry, through the development of new catalytic production routes and separation technologies for platform bio-derived chemicals.
4. The energy, vehicle and transport industry, via creating low cost and affordable batteries promoting electric cars and a higher percentage of renewable utilization
5. Software industry, via the development of new models to assess sustainability, risk-assessment and economics.
6. Waste sector who will be interested to implement our proposed technologies at a larger scale
7. Help China's targets to reduce pollution/waste and GHG emissions
To ensure accelerated routes to impact we have contacted a company from the waste sector in the UK and a company working in battery manufacturing in China. This puts us in the strong position of having a dialogue with direct beneficiaries of our proposed technologies and end users. The PI has also very good connections with other battery manufacturers in the UK such as Faradion and Johnson Matthey with whom she is currently collaborating on a Na-ion battery grants. The success of this proposal will thus be crucial to link the waste sector with end users and to stimulate a circular economy. Likewise, the PI in China has good connections with the waste sector. We will contact companies working in waste collection and recycling in China once we have demonstrated initial progress.
The project will train two PDRA researchers and two PhD students in cross- and multidisciplinary science-driven technologies to contribute to the creation of the next generation of research leaders in sustainable waste remanufacturing processes and green products.
Our proposed research activities will contribute to this mission by unlocking new technologies for waste remanufacturing by accessing sustainable carbon materials, chemicals, liquid fuels, green solvents and battery electrodes from bio- and plastic waste.
The outcomes of the research will lead to:
i) Preventing waste generation and environmental pollution
ii) Mitigating landfills and methane emissions
iii) Creating sustainable high-importance value-added products from waste
iv) Replace fossil derived fuels and chemicals with waste-derived counterparts
v) Increasing the percentage of renewables used for electricity generation by implementing affordable and low-cost energy storage solutions
vi) Reducing the environmental impact of materials and chemicals manufacturing
vii) Creating new business opportunities for the waste sector and the battery industry
viii) Connecting the waste sector with the advanced chemicals production and batteries, stimulating a circular economy
Our proposed research activities will have a major impact on a range of stakeholders.
1. The waste producing industries, via our novel bio- and plastic-waste conversion processes
2. Catalyst manufacturers via creating affordable catalysts without critical metals
3. The chemicals industry, through the development of new catalytic production routes and separation technologies for platform bio-derived chemicals.
4. The energy, vehicle and transport industry, via creating low cost and affordable batteries promoting electric cars and a higher percentage of renewable utilization
5. Software industry, via the development of new models to assess sustainability, risk-assessment and economics.
6. Waste sector who will be interested to implement our proposed technologies at a larger scale
7. Help China's targets to reduce pollution/waste and GHG emissions
To ensure accelerated routes to impact we have contacted a company from the waste sector in the UK and a company working in battery manufacturing in China. This puts us in the strong position of having a dialogue with direct beneficiaries of our proposed technologies and end users. The PI has also very good connections with other battery manufacturers in the UK such as Faradion and Johnson Matthey with whom she is currently collaborating on a Na-ion battery grants. The success of this proposal will thus be crucial to link the waste sector with end users and to stimulate a circular economy. Likewise, the PI in China has good connections with the waste sector. We will contact companies working in waste collection and recycling in China once we have demonstrated initial progress.
The project will train two PDRA researchers and two PhD students in cross- and multidisciplinary science-driven technologies to contribute to the creation of the next generation of research leaders in sustainable waste remanufacturing processes and green products.
Publications
Jiao H
(2022)
Insights on Carbon Neutrality by Photocatalytic Conversion of Small Molecules into Value-Added Chemicals or Fuels.
in Accounts of materials research
Alptekin H
(2020)
Sodium Storage Mechanism Investigations through Structural Changes in Hard Carbons
in ACS Applied Energy Materials
Kong D
(2020)
A Metal-Free Oxygenated Covalent Triazine 2-D Photocatalyst Works Effectively from the Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Spectrum for Water Oxidation Apart from Water Reduction.
in ACS applied energy materials
Li J
(2020)
High-Performance Zinc-Air Batteries with Scalable Metal-Organic Frameworks and Platinum Carbon Black Bifunctional Catalysts.
in ACS applied materials & interfaces
Wang Q
(2020)
Polyphenylene as an Active Support for Ru-Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural.
in ACS applied materials & interfaces
Wang Y
(2022)
Insight on Reaction Pathways of Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion.
in ACS catalysis
Guan X
(2022)
Designing Reactive Bridging O2- at the Atomic Cu-O-Fe Site for Selective NH3 Oxidation.
in ACS catalysis
Jiang C
(2021)
Crystallinity-Modulated Co 2- x V x O 4 Nanoplates for Efficient Electrochemical Water Oxidation
in ACS Catalysis
Wang C
(2023)
Synergy of Ag and AgBr in a Pressurized Flow Reactor for Selective Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane.
in ACS catalysis
Miao TJ
(2021)
In Situ Investigation of Charge Performance in Anatase TiO2 Powder for Methane Conversion by Vis-NIR Spectroscopy.
in ACS catalysis
Guan X
(2023)
Cascade NH3 Oxidation and N2O Decomposition via Bifunctional Co and Cu Catalysts.
in ACS catalysis
Thangamuthu M
(2023)
Tungsten Oxide-Based Z-Scheme for Visible Light-Driven Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting
in ACS Catalysis
Xu R
(2019)
Nanoporous Carbon: Liquid-Free Synthesis and Geometry-Dependent Catalytic Performance
in ACS Nano
Guo Z
(2021)
Strategies for High Energy Density Dual-Ion Batteries Using Carbon-Based Cathodes
in Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research
Gadipelli S
(2020)
Superior Multifunctional Activity of Nanoporous Carbons with Widely Tunable Porosity: Enhanced Storage Capacities for Carbon-Dioxide, Hydrogen, Water, and Electric Charge
in Advanced Energy Materials
Jorge A
(2019)
3D Carbon Materials for Efficient Oxygen and Hydrogen Electrocatalysis
in Advanced Energy Materials
Xu Z
(2022)
The Role of Hydrothermal Carbonization in Sustainable Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes
in Advanced Energy Materials
Xiong L
(2021)
Strategies and Challenges on Selectivity of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Substances
in Advanced Energy Materials
Titirici M
(2021)
Sustainable Batteries-Quo Vadis?
in Advanced Energy Materials
Xu Z
(2019)
All-Cellulose-Based Quasi-Solid-State Sodium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors Enabled by Structural Hierarchy
in Advanced Functional Materials
Wang J
(2022)
Ice-Templated, Sustainable Carbon Aerogels with Hierarchically Tailored Channels for Sodium- and Potassium-Ion Batteries
in Advanced Functional Materials
Xiong L
(2023)
Highly Selective Transformation of Biomass Derivatives to Valuable Chemicals by Single-Atom Photocatalyst Ni/TiO2.
in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
Guo Z
(2023)
Investigating the Superior Performance of Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Compared With Lithium- and Potassium-Ion Batteries.
in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
Hérou S
(2021)
High-Density Lignin-Derived Carbon Nanofiber Supercapacitors with Enhanced Volumetric Energy Density
in Advanced Science
Gadipelli S
(2019)
Size-Related Electrochemical Performance in Active Carbon Nanostructures: A MOFs-Derived Carbons Case Study.
in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
Trotta F
(2022)
A Comparative Techno-Economic and Lifecycle Analysis of Biomass-Derived Anode Materials for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries
in Advanced Sustainable Systems
Kang L
(2020)
Design, Identification, and Evolution of a Surface Ruthenium(II/III) Single Site for CO Activation
in Angewandte Chemie
Kang L
(2021)
The Electrophilicity of Surface Carbon Species in the Redox Reactions of CuO-CeO 2 Catalysts
in Angewandte Chemie
Yang Q
(2023)
Effective Activation of Strong C-Cl Bonds for Highly Selective Photosynthesis of Bibenzyl via Homo-Coupling
in Angewandte Chemie
Bian J
(2021)
Energy Platform for Directed Charge Transfer in the Cascade Z-Scheme Heterojunction: CO 2 Photoreduction without a Cocatalyst
in Angewandte Chemie
Wang Y
(2021)
Efficient Hole Trapping in Carbon Dot/Oxygen-Modified Carbon Nitride Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Enhanced Methanol Production from CO2 under Neutral Conditions.
in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Bian J
(2021)
Energy Platform for Directed Charge Transfer in the Cascade Z-Scheme Heterojunction: CO2 Photoreduction without a Cocatalyst.
in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Yang Q
(2023)
Effective Activation of Strong C-Cl Bonds for Highly Selective Photosynthesis of Bibenzyl via Homo-Coupling.
in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Kang L
(2021)
The Electrophilicity of Surface Carbon Species in the Redox Reactions of CuO-CeO2 Catalysts.
in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Kang L
(2020)
Design, Identification, and Evolution of a Surface Ruthenium(II/III) Single Site for CO Activation
in Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Xiong L
(2024)
Converting Glycerol into Valuable Trioses by Cu d+ -Single-Atom-Decorated WO 3 under Visible Light
in Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Zhang S
(2021)
Carbon Composite Anodes with Tunable Microstructures for Potassium-Ion Batteries
in Batteries & Supercaps
Feng J
(2021)
Progress and perspective of interface design in garnet electrolyte-based all-solid-state batteries
in Carbon Energy
Bian J
(2022)
Strategies and reaction systems for solar-driven CO2 reduction by water
in Carbon Neutrality
Bennedsen N
(2021)
Heterogeneous Formic Acid Production by Hydrogenation of CO 2 Catalyzed by Ir-bpy Embedded in Polyphenylene Porous Organic Polymers
in ChemCatChem
Ribadeneyra MC
(2022)
A facile and sustainable one-pot approach to the aqueous and low-temperature PET-to-UiO-66(Zr) upcycling.
in Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)
Wang H
(2022)
Self-assembled sulphur doped carbon nitride for photocatalytic water reforming of methanol
in Chemical Engineering Journal
Li F
(2023)
Ultrafast synthesis of battery grade graphite enabled by a multi-physics field carbonization
in Chemical Engineering Journal
Thangamuthu M
(2022)
Polymer Photoelectrodes for Solar Fuel Production: Progress and Challenges.
in Chemical reviews
Ma J
(2022)
Charge carrier dynamics and reaction intermediates in heterogeneous photocatalysis by time-resolved spectroscopies.
in Chemical Society reviews
Liu Y
(2020)
Polyphenylene-Based Solid Acid as an Efficient Catalyst for Activation and Hydration of Alkynes.
in Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society
Guo Z
(2023)
Sodium Dual-Ion Batteries with Concentrated Electrolytes.
in ChemSusChem
Description | 1) We have discovered that it is possible to turn plastic into advanced carbon materials using innovative catalytic autogenic processes happening under pressure. We have focused mostly on non-recyclable polymers such as polystyrene (PS) and Nylon but have expanded also to polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) since these waste streams are are very abundant and persistent. Carbon materials produced from the above plastic precursors show interesting morphologies that can be tuned by controlling the pressure inside the sealed reactor where the decomposition takes place at temperatures around 600-700C. Different types of carbons can be obtained also when the plastics are combined in varying ratios. We have optimised the process for obtaining hard carbons from the above waste feedstocks and have also been able to produce hybrid carbons that incorporate high capacity elements, such as tin and tin oxide. Carbons with these high capacity additives have shown promising results when tested as electrodes in Na-ion batteries and will be further studied as Li-ion electrodes. We have started a collaborative work that aims to generate a life cycle assessment for our waste-derived carbon electrodes to be able to evaluate their environmental impact and price reduction in comparison to other carbons used for the same purposes but produced from primary resources. 2) We have been able to prove the conversion of PET into a Zr-based metal organic framework (MOF) in an aqueous medium. MOF structures are normally very valuable as frameworks for heterogeneous catalysis in a wide variety of applications. Zr-MOFs are very popular but so far their synthesis from plastic precursors has only be carried out in organic solvents. Therefore, our aqueous route for their synthesis represents a sustainable approach to produce a high-value material. We have used different Zr precursors (ZrCl4 or ZrO2), terephthalic acid precursors (terephthalic acid or PET), and mild acid environments to optimise the synthesis of this material. 3) We have also explored the use of biomass-derived waste to produce valuable chemicals and carbons through hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC). We have successfully converted biomass into 5-HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural) and Levulinic acid, two important bio-based commodity chemicals, and also into well structured and controlled hydrothermal carbons. We are now investigating the use of biomass-derived hydrothermal carbons as heterogenous catalysts for oxidation and reduction of 5-HMF and levulinic acid respectively. Additionally, we are exploring higher pressures, temperatures and different environments (CO2, N2, air) to enable further control on the microstructure of these carbons and, in turn, on the ability of storing sodium ions when assembled as hard-carbon electrodes in batteries. 4) We have explored the usage of polyvinyl carbonate (PVC) waste as a chlorination agent in organic chemistry. Characterisation is still ongoing to prove the feasibility of this concept. 5) We have discovered a way to convert PET with Sn acetate into high performance anodes for Na ion batteries with high capacity which we plant tio protect using IP |
Exploitation Route | This grant sets up a unique way to look at plastic waste, i.e. use it as a raw materials to be upgraded into advanced electrode materials for batteries as well as use polyvinyl chloride chloride as a chlorination agent in organic chemistry to improve the green character of chlorinations while enabling the dechlorination/recycling of PVC. Hard carbons produced from plastic waste would be an extremely appealing strategy for up-cycling otherwise incinerated or land-filled waste. Provided that we are able to offer materials with competitive energy storage capacity and long-term stability, our findings have the potential to generate a locally sourced and low-cost route for the production of truly sustainable (e.g. using non geopolitically compromised and non critical elements) high added-value batteries. |
Sectors | Chemicals,Creative Economy,Energy,Environment,Manufacturing, including Industrial Biotechology |
Description | We have done significant outreach activities ie how life will be in 200 and also gained a seed fund from the ICL Faculty of Engineering and we plan a patent and moving towards commercialisation activities |
First Year Of Impact | 2021 |
Sector | Energy |
Impact Types | Economic,Policy & public services |
Description | STFC Experimental Design Award |
Amount | £4,814 (GBP) |
Organisation | Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2021 |
End | 07/2021 |
Description | Collaboration with Shell |
Organisation | Shell Global Solutions International BV |
Department | Shell Chemicals in Europe |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | We are performing research on discovering low cost anode materials for Na ion batteries and test their electrochemical interfaces to achieve high reversible Coulombic efficiency. |
Collaborator Contribution | They funded two PhD students and one PDRA to complement the ISCF project and deliver the next generation on na ion batteries and they will provide some access to Shell laboratories in Amsterdam. |
Impact | Is to early to list outputs as this was funded end of 2019 |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | CPE Sustainable Energy Symposium (Imperial College London), 'Processable Energy Storage Materials: From Batteries to Sustainable Fuels' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Symposium to share research outputs across Imperial College on energy storage materials, devices, policy and sustainability. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering (Imperial College London) based on the theme of "Molecular Engineering in Next Generation Batteries" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Seminar series to engage with other researchers in our institutions working on energy materials, sustainability and life cycle analysis. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | MRS Conference Fall 2019 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Conference talk on carbons produced from bio-derived resources for different types of energy storage devices such as vanadium redox-flow and Na-ion batteries. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Scientific opinion on the future of batteries and on how clean electric cars are |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | BBC Radio 4 Programme "Inside science" interviewed members of the Titirici Group to answer a listeners question: how clean are electric cars? We were able to talk about upcycling waste, plastics an biomass, into cost-efficient energy materials. The programme aired on the 16th of June 2020 at 4.30 pm and it was possible to listen to it around the globe. We have stablished a solid professional relationship with the programme´s team, which gives us prospects of collaborating and participating in other outreach events with them. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000d8st |
Description | The future of transportation: open day to show research done in Imperial College |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The Titirici group was invited to participate in a open day to show what is being done towards the decarbonisation of transportation. We were able to show how by converting biomass and plastic waste our group is able to produce carbons with certain properties that give these materials the ability of storing energy. In such way, people were able to receive the message of our main research proposal: cost-effective and green energy materials from waste sources. In addition, we were able to engage the public with our idea of circular economy in industries and electrically powered vehicles. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.imperial.ac.uk/events/106294/the-future-of-transport/ |