Digitally transforming deliveries and collections in the gig-economy: fairer and more sustainable last mile parcel logistics
Lead Research Organisation:
Lancaster University
Department Name: Computing & Communications
Abstract
The digital economy (e.g. online shopping) is growing rapidly - already £50bn in 2016 - which is radically transforming the high street. It is estimated that approximately 220,000 vans are operating in London on a typical weekday with approximately 5% (11,000) engaged in parcel collection and delivery. With new `try before you by' clothing services such as ASOS and Amazon Prime Wardrobe, where any number of clothing items can be ordered for home delivery, and returned 'for free', the true environmental costs are spiralling out of control. Freight transport already accounts for 16% of all motorised road vehicle activity in British towns and cities, typically burning fossil fuels and accounting for 23%, 36% and 39% of total road-based CO2, NOx and PM10 emissions respectively!
Our previous work has already highlighted how new models involving sustainable transport modes (walking and cycling) and life-style couriers/ gig-economy workers might increase average vehicle load factors by 20%, and reduce kerbside dwell time by over 50% (FTC2050, 2018). But this raises new challenges: the number of businesses in London involved in the logistics sector with no employees (i.e. using gig-economy workers) was 69,105 in 2017, up 82% since 2010. With concerns about the fairness and conditions attributed to this self-employed workforce, e.g. the recent Taylor review, research is needed to understand how algorithms and digital platforms are already encouraging this unfairness, and might be better designed to encourage dependable, equitable, sustainable and ethical end-to-end logistics.
We will:
1. Investigate current gig economy practices and technology interaction and biases using the parcel and food delivery sectors in London as a case study;
2. Expose the inefficiencies and inequities arising from current ad-hoc last-mile service provision and algorithmic approaches;
3. Develop new algorithms and dynamic models for allowing couriers to collaborate in new ways to encourage sustainable 'multi-modal' delivery and collection;
4. Create new algorithms and interaction designs (HCI/UX) that optimise for empowering gig economy couriers, rather than purely profit, to better meet working preferences and personal circumstances; matching these more efficiently to work location and availability, the use of sustainable modes of transport;
5. Explore how we can enable end-to-end trusted relationships and practices between consignors and consignees;
6. Use simulation, modelling, and trials to evaluate the potential impact and uncover barriers to adoption of the new models we propose at scale.
POTENTIAL IMPACTS:
We expect social, environmental and economic benefits to arise from our work.
* System designers and software developers underlying logistics businesses will benefit from our new hybrid approaches that span couriers and modes of delivery; and optimise to address concerns of fairness to workers, and end-to-end service reliability and trust.
* UK courier and express parcel industry generates annual revenue of approximately £10.1 billion, collaborative scheduling using life-style couriers, a significant proportion of which would be using new operating practices involving sustainable transport modes.
* This is of interest to policy makers who can set the framework for wider adoption, reducing associated pollution and benefit the city environment.
Our innovative industry partners are well placed to help us realise this impact: Miralis are a data science company specialising in routing algorithms for the logistics industry; Gnewt-Menzies are a substantial and innovative last-mile logistics company who run the largest sustainable logistics operation in London. We are also in active discussions with a further major logistics operator who can provide further access to lifestyle couriers (who've asked not to be named for legal reasons). Transport for London are committed to learning from the outputs of the project to inform policy.
Our previous work has already highlighted how new models involving sustainable transport modes (walking and cycling) and life-style couriers/ gig-economy workers might increase average vehicle load factors by 20%, and reduce kerbside dwell time by over 50% (FTC2050, 2018). But this raises new challenges: the number of businesses in London involved in the logistics sector with no employees (i.e. using gig-economy workers) was 69,105 in 2017, up 82% since 2010. With concerns about the fairness and conditions attributed to this self-employed workforce, e.g. the recent Taylor review, research is needed to understand how algorithms and digital platforms are already encouraging this unfairness, and might be better designed to encourage dependable, equitable, sustainable and ethical end-to-end logistics.
We will:
1. Investigate current gig economy practices and technology interaction and biases using the parcel and food delivery sectors in London as a case study;
2. Expose the inefficiencies and inequities arising from current ad-hoc last-mile service provision and algorithmic approaches;
3. Develop new algorithms and dynamic models for allowing couriers to collaborate in new ways to encourage sustainable 'multi-modal' delivery and collection;
4. Create new algorithms and interaction designs (HCI/UX) that optimise for empowering gig economy couriers, rather than purely profit, to better meet working preferences and personal circumstances; matching these more efficiently to work location and availability, the use of sustainable modes of transport;
5. Explore how we can enable end-to-end trusted relationships and practices between consignors and consignees;
6. Use simulation, modelling, and trials to evaluate the potential impact and uncover barriers to adoption of the new models we propose at scale.
POTENTIAL IMPACTS:
We expect social, environmental and economic benefits to arise from our work.
* System designers and software developers underlying logistics businesses will benefit from our new hybrid approaches that span couriers and modes of delivery; and optimise to address concerns of fairness to workers, and end-to-end service reliability and trust.
* UK courier and express parcel industry generates annual revenue of approximately £10.1 billion, collaborative scheduling using life-style couriers, a significant proportion of which would be using new operating practices involving sustainable transport modes.
* This is of interest to policy makers who can set the framework for wider adoption, reducing associated pollution and benefit the city environment.
Our innovative industry partners are well placed to help us realise this impact: Miralis are a data science company specialising in routing algorithms for the logistics industry; Gnewt-Menzies are a substantial and innovative last-mile logistics company who run the largest sustainable logistics operation in London. We are also in active discussions with a further major logistics operator who can provide further access to lifestyle couriers (who've asked not to be named for legal reasons). Transport for London are committed to learning from the outputs of the project to inform policy.
Planned Impact
Uptake arising from our work could have the potential for economic, society and knowledge impacts: the UK courier and express parcel industry generates annual revenue of approximately £10.1 billion, collaborative scheduling using life-style couriers, a significant proportion of which would be using sustainable transport modes (walking and cycling), could see vehicle load factors increasing by 20%, reduce vehicles and integration of more sustainable last-mile practices. This will reduce associated pollution with benefits to the city environment. System designers and software developers will benefit from our approaches for integrating, modelling and visualising last-mile carrier data sets for collaborative decision support, and new knowledge and understanding in how powerful metaheuristic algorithms (e.g. Hybrid Genetic or Adaptive Large Neighbourhood Search), can help produce practical solutions for optimising for this evolving class of workers toward addressing very real concerns of fairness (not least of underlying algorithms), end-to-end reliability, privacy and trust.
Beneficiaries of our work include:
- life-style couriers, who will benefit from better algorithms and software, tuned to meet their requirements for more appropriate, equitable and sustained work;
- courier services who will benefit from new approaches that allow more effective use of existing services (vehicle load factors increasing by 20%, total vehicle deployment time could be reduced by up to 40%); and could potentially offer more sustainable services to customers;
- transportation businesses and researchers, will benefit from new metaheuristic routing algorithms embracing sustainable transportation and fairness goals;
- policymakers (such as Transport for London), who can benefit from new knowledge, input into calls for evidence, and simulations and datasets illustrating the potential benefits for reducing energy, environmental and transport impacts in urban centres - by shaping the operating conditions, this can lead to substantial benefits to the city and quality of life in terms of promoting sustainable modes of transport for logistics, and reducing congestion and associated pollution.
Beneficiaries of our work include:
- life-style couriers, who will benefit from better algorithms and software, tuned to meet their requirements for more appropriate, equitable and sustained work;
- courier services who will benefit from new approaches that allow more effective use of existing services (vehicle load factors increasing by 20%, total vehicle deployment time could be reduced by up to 40%); and could potentially offer more sustainable services to customers;
- transportation businesses and researchers, will benefit from new metaheuristic routing algorithms embracing sustainable transportation and fairness goals;
- policymakers (such as Transport for London), who can benefit from new knowledge, input into calls for evidence, and simulations and datasets illustrating the potential benefits for reducing energy, environmental and transport impacts in urban centres - by shaping the operating conditions, this can lead to substantial benefits to the city and quality of life in terms of promoting sustainable modes of transport for logistics, and reducing congestion and associated pollution.
Publications
Subasi Ö
(2020)
Sharing & Cooperativism: Designing For Economies
O Bates
(2020)
Switch-Gig Pilot Workshop Overview
Martínez-Sykora A
(2024)
Exploring fairness in food delivery routing and scheduling problems
in Expert Systems with Applications
Lord C
(2022)
The sustainability of the gig economy food delivery system (Deliveroo, UberEATS and Just-Eat): Histories and futures of rebound, lock-in and path dependency
in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation
Lamas-Fernandez C
(2023)
Improving last-mile parcel delivery through shared consolidation and portering: A case study in London
in Journal of the Operational Research Society
Bates O
(2021)
Lessons From One Future of Work: Opportunities to Flip the Gig Economy
in IEEE Pervasive Computing
Bates O
(2020)
Let's start talking the walk
Description | FlipGig found various ways in which gig logistics workers and the digital algorithms that mediate their work lead to unfairness and unsustainability (e.g. too little work, data and evidence of work being lost, GPS issues including game playing by customers); also algorithms might prioritise motorised vehicles over more sustainable modes of transport. There is also significant digital inequity between the platforms and the gig workers who are not empowered to have good access to data about the quality of their work. We contributed to a number of workshops and engagement events including with policy stakeholders, and multiple calls for evidence toward fair work zones, and better provision for gig workers in cities. |
Exploitation Route | Digital gig work platform providers could improve their software and interfaces to offer more transparency around sustainability, and the fairness of gig work. A fairer and more sustainable approach could balance available work and available workers. Cities and urban planners could design to improve conditions and provide facilities for gig workers, recognising this new 'placeless' style of work in many urban environments. Better regulation, 'fair and sustainable' work zones, c.f. clean air zones could help enable a market environment in which this could become possible. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software) Leisure Activities including Sports Recreation and Tourism Transport |
URL | http://www.flipgig.org |
Description | Our findings have been of value to a major UK last mile logistics firm in exploring novel strategies for sustainable last mile deliveries by reusing civic assets (carparks, libraries) as micro-consolidation locations, combined with on-foot porters. We have done work demonstrating the business case which is leading to two live trials in UK, and the potential for adoption in practice. Our other findings are being developed into an educational card game to share the experiences of unfairness and challenges of gig work to a wide range of audiences (currently in production). The transportation research unit at Southampton are adopting the card game method for their major next generation transport hub project. This work has informed a stakeholder engagement event via Logistics Chaire in Paris with logistics practitioners and policymakers for Paris. |
First Year Of Impact | 2022 |
Sector | Environment,Transport |
Impact Types | Societal Economic |
Description | Contribution to public consultation on regulatory sandboxes for 'Future of transport regulatory review'. Written evidence submitted by the FlipGig project. Call for Evidence submission to the Department of Transport (DfT). Calling for a systems approach to transport and gig work. November 2021 (2021). |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
URL | https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/future-of-transport-regulatory-review-regulatory-sandbox... |
Description | Written evidence submitted by the FlipGig project. Call for Evidence submission to the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). The impact of coronavirus on businesses and workers. April 2020. |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
URL | https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/5690/pdf/ |
Description | "What if you were controlled by all these apps?" - challenging indifference toward essential gig economy courier work. (EPSRC Telling Tales of Engagement) |
Amount | £10,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2021 |
End | 03/2022 |
Description | Academics are trying to fix the last mile gig economy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Carolynne (PDRA) and Oliver (Research Fellow) interviewed and quoted, commenting on how the gig economy can be rethought to empower workers, filling their days with better pay and more fulfilling work. The article extensively quotes Carolynne and Oliver, and presents a number of key findings from this research project. Several businesses/entrepenuers have been in touch with Carolynne and Lord looking to build on some of these findings commercially. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.wired.co.uk/article/gig-economy-fix-academics |
Description | Behind the app: perspectives on fairness and sustainability from the gig economy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | International research talk focusing on lessons from the project and designing fairness and sustainability into gig economy work for Uppsala University, Sweden. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.slideshare.net/adrianfriday/behind-the-app-uppsala-sep-2021 |
Description | Engagement workshop with design and tech professionals and general public titled: "Gameful + Playful Design: Having Fun in Serious Settings" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This activity presented gameful and playful methods to help teams work together, explore possible futures, and engage stakeholders in complex systems and topics. The session targeted stakeholders working with products, services or policies, sharing some practical insights about the use of games to help the audience work these tools and activities into their own teams and processes. We shared practice on how games, card decks, maps, and strange activities to facilitate and design with local authorities, policymakers, gig economy couriers, and young people. The activity was hosted by SPACE4 in London with collaborators Kieran Cutting (Newcastle University) and Leah Lockhart (fractals co-op). Attendees were presented with Meal Deal, Outside the Bag and Fractured Signals. - Meal Deal, a card game designed to put players in the shoes of gig economy cycle couriers and - Fractured Signals, a self-reflection tool that uses game mechanics to help care workers learn and build on their own practice. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://community.coops.tech/t/space4-discussion-gameful-playful-design-having-fun-in-serious-settin... |
Description | Event - Work and the city: understanding the impact of gig economy platforms |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | This workshop engaged policy makers on how the gig economy affects Manchester and its workers, through games, different perspectives, and the exploration of co-designing policies that support the needs of gig workers. This workshop was organised by Manchester City Council, Lancaster University and University of York. It was cohosted with Ben Kirman (University of York), Carolynne Lord (Lancaster University), Naomi Jacobs (Lancaster University) and Tony Pickering (Pick-Art). We shared insights and practice on how we can use co-design and speculative design to be more equitable and caring for workers when we design services and policies. In this interactive session, included: - Play a card game where you are a courier, fighting for work and enjoying the city on your bike. - Explore the city through the eyes and maps used by couriers. - Role play as future policy makers, collaborating to design policies that protect a growing cycle courier workforce. There was a mixture of attendees from Manchester City Council, universities, and technology professionals, sparking valuable questions, networking and increased interest in policy making in complex systems and settings. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7070341826972393472/ |
Description | Guardian UK Media interview/press article. "The hidden life of a courier: 13-hour days, rude customers - and big dreams", March 2022. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Oliver (PDRA) was interviewed and quoted supporting the argument that we need a more holistic/systemic approach to considering vehicles in our city streets due to gig work, and the need to involve and plan for this kind of work at a business and civic level. Urban planning is not designed for car couriers. "If anyone can be a courier, that means that, theoretically, any number of cars can be on the road at any time," says Dr Oliver Bates of Lancaster University. "Are these platforms talking with city planners about the need for drop-off and collection points? Or are we just building new blocks of flats in areas with double-yellow lines all over the place? Because these are the people who, through the pandemic, risked their health to bring us food and consumer goods. I wonder whether cities take account of that." |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/mar/01/the-hidden-life-of-a-courier-13-hour-days-rude-custo... |
Description | Guest Master's lecture: Digital Sufficiency |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Repeat invite for guest lecture and panel discussion on Digital Society Master's class Feb 29 Université Paris-Cité under their theme of "Towards digital sustainability: slow-tech and digital sufficiency". Fascinating course convened by Pierre NORO, Blockchain for Public Good lecturer. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Interview for the POTRA Gig Economy News Letter, June 2021 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Oliver (Researcher Co-I, Research Fellow) was interviewed by members of the People: Opportunities, Threats & Radical Approaches (POTRA) project working for the UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) about visions of the future in which gig economy work and platforms could threaten UK security. The interview took place in June 2021 and was featured in the POTRA newsletter in Summer 2021. Oliver spoke about the use of creative and speculative methods in thinking about futures where gig economy may have consequences for national security. Oliver was approached for the interview off the back of the paper "The future of techno-disruption in gig economy workforces: challenging the dialogue with fictional abstracts". The newsletter is circulated publically via the POTRA network. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | http://www.flipgig.org/papers/POTRA_Newsletter_Issue_9_The_Gig_Economy_1.pdf |
Description | Media interview/ press article with business insider. 'I tried the buzzy new shopping app aimed to rival Amazon from TikTok's parent company. It's totally hit or miss - here's why.', February 2022. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Oliver (PDRA) interviewed and quoted, commenting on the sustainability impacts of shipping low cost items on demand, and the impact on gig workers. "This isn't sustainable," Oliver Bates, who studies the last mile of deliveries and ecommerce at Lancaster University, told me. "This feels like a model that is completely responsive to the on-demand nature of shopping perpetuated by similar apps." The rise of ecommerce is contributing to an increase in transportation as delivery drivers criss-cross roads and ships ferry items around the globe. Transportation already accounts for 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to Boston Consulting Group. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/i-tried-tiktoks-new-e-commerce-platform-fanno-2022-2 |
Description | Organising committee and panel host at 'Digital Worker Inquiry: Data, Solidarity, and Leverage" on Thursday, October 28th, and Friday, October 29th' (online), hosted by Edinburgh University. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
Results and Impact | Oliver Bates (Research Fellow, Researcher Co-I) co-organised The Digital Worker Inquiry event and chaired a panel on Technical and Ethical Challenges: Building with Worker Data In response to growing injustices in forms of gig economy work internationally, this event brought together workers, activists, Trade Unions, and academics to showcase the global efforts, apps, and campaigns. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://digitalworkerinquiry.com |
Description | Participation on a panel 'Digital Worker Inquiry: Data, Solidarity, and Leverage" on Thursday, October 28th, and Friday, October 29th' (online), hosted by Edinburgh University. October 2021. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | The platform economy runs on data- much of it drawn from work processes, worker bodies, and work-based interactions. Yet workers themselves have often been severed from accessing what becomes proprietary and commercial data. In response, workers, researchers, activists, and organisers have come together to design and develop various data-driven interventions and tools with the explicit aim of enabling workers to study, understand, resist, and reformulate these working conditions. To date, these projects have not yet been put in conversation so that new audiences, including trade unions and worker coops, may learn best practices, develop models for their own inquiry, or learn from project failures. This panel event brought stakeholders together to generate that conversation. This was written up for a wider international readership as a 'Wired' article: https://www.wired.com/story/labor-organizing-unions-worker-algorithms |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://digitalworkerinquiry.com |
Description | Talk and discussion on feminism, equality and justice in last-mile logistics and the gig economy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Oliver (Research Fellow, Researcher Co-I) presented at the Methods, Theories, and Taking Action through Gender and Feminisms in HCI event series sponsored by Die VolkswagenStiftung. This sparked questions about platform design, how certain kinds of work are gendered, and the importance of considering gender and inequality when designing more equitable services and platforms for work. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://methods2020.fempower.tech |
Description | Talk at Cambridge University (virtual), "Behind the app: perspectives on fairness and sustainability from the gig economy", 8 Feb 2021 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk at Cambridge University (virtual), "Behind the app: perspectives on fairness and sustainability from the gig economy", 8 Feb 2021 The digital economy (e.g. online shopping) is growing rapidly - already £50bn in 2016 - this has been especially true during COVID, with a growth of online retail of over 30% this year alone. With new `try before you by' clothing services such as ASOS and Amazon Prime Wardrobe, where any number of clothing items can be ordered for home delivery, and returned 'for free', the true environmental costs and impacts on workers are entirely hidden from the consumer. These services have heralded the growth of the platform economy, where an army of gig workers compete for highly variable rewards, and bear many of the infrastructure costs that once would've once belonged to an employer. In the flipgig project, we are looking at the role of digital services in this growing workplace and how these can be better designed to empower couriers to fight unfairness, challenge unfair models and algorithms in platform courier work, and develop new models that put fairness and sustainability at the core. In this talk we report on our fieldwork and give a voice to gig economy workers, identifying multiple forms of systemic and unintentional bias arising from being 'behind the app'. Lively discussion resulted with Cambridge researchers and faculty on ways of ensuring fairness, and how to avoid intentional abuses of such systems. Talk slides: https://www.slideshare.net/adrianfriday/behind-the-app-cambs-feb-2021 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | http://www.talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/154555 |
Description | Talk to ITS freight forum 'Toward fairer and more sustainable logistics with gig workers' |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Talk to the Intelligent Transport Systems forum about the role of digital technology in fairer and sustainable gig work. The forum brings industry and academia together in this domain. This talk and panel discussion led to an approach from Ford who are piloting pavement porters using gig workers about how to organise work, set pay etc. We wrote a briefing document to summarise our key recommendations which we believe has been influential. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Toward fairer and more sustainable last mile parcel logistics |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited talk via Paris Logistics Chaire at U. Gustave-Eiffel, Paris with city policy makers, researchers, practioners and business actors. We talk about the gig economy workers experience based on a mix of innovative online methods. We uncover how much they're paid, what their experience and knowledge of the city is. Plus end with some ideas about how we could create better, fairer and more sustainable work for this growing group of gig workers. Implications for platform developers, cities, logistics companies and policy makers. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.lvmt.fr/en/newsletter-7-of-the-logistics-city-chair/ |