Adapting the health and welfare system to a context of rapid change.
Lead Research Organisation:
Institute of Development Studies
Department Name: Research Department
Abstract
The proposal is to establish a partnership between the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Science and the Institute of Development Studies to explore the changing relationships between government and providers of health and welfare services in China and in other countries experiencing rapid and interconnected economic, social and demographic change.
The project will support visits of British researchers to Chinese cities that are experimenting with health and welfare system reforms and participate in workshops with Chinese researchers and policy-makers to discuss lessons emerging from the Chinese experience and from the experiences of other countries. It will also support visits of Chinese researchers to the UK to collaborate with British researchers, learn lessons from the experiences of the British health and welfare system and develop collaborative links with researchers from other rapidly developing middle-income countries.
It will also support the participation of Chinese researchers in meetings with policy analysts from other countries experiencing rapid economic, social and demographic change. The main outputs will be publications in academic journals, policy briefs for decision-makers and the development of a programme of research and mutual learning on adapting health and welfare services to contexts of rapid change. The outputs of this project and the subsequent research programme will enable policy makers and policy analysts in low and middle-income countries to draw on lessons from the experiences of China and other rapidly developing countries as they address similar challenges in their health and welfare sectors.
The project will support visits of British researchers to Chinese cities that are experimenting with health and welfare system reforms and participate in workshops with Chinese researchers and policy-makers to discuss lessons emerging from the Chinese experience and from the experiences of other countries. It will also support visits of Chinese researchers to the UK to collaborate with British researchers, learn lessons from the experiences of the British health and welfare system and develop collaborative links with researchers from other rapidly developing middle-income countries.
It will also support the participation of Chinese researchers in meetings with policy analysts from other countries experiencing rapid economic, social and demographic change. The main outputs will be publications in academic journals, policy briefs for decision-makers and the development of a programme of research and mutual learning on adapting health and welfare services to contexts of rapid change. The outputs of this project and the subsequent research programme will enable policy makers and policy analysts in low and middle-income countries to draw on lessons from the experiences of China and other rapidly developing countries as they address similar challenges in their health and welfare sectors.
Planned Impact
The purpose of this partnership is to encourage mutual learning between policy makers and researchers on the changing role of government in the health and welfare sectors in contexts of rapid economic and social change. Key target audiences are outlined below:
Chinese policy makers at city and national level
The Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Science (IoS) is working with the governments of several cities to test experimental approaches for providing access to basic health and welfare services. These experiments are in specific localities within the cities. The city governments have the capacity to take lessons from successful experiments to scale.
The National Ministry of Civil Affairs and the National Health and Family Planning Commission are responsible for national health and welfare policies. They draw on the findings from this kind of experimental intervention in developing implementation guidelines. The members of the IoS team write regular reports to these Ministries. Also, some of them sit on a national advisory body on ageing.
The UK Department of Health and the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission have agreed to collaborate on a number of issues, including strategies for addressing the problems of an ageing population. They meet regularly to review progress. This project will support this collaboration.
Chinese researchers on health, welfare and urban sustainability
There is a substantial multi-disciplinary community of Chinese researchers working on the reform of the health and welfare sectors in a context of rapid urbanisation. The partnership will organise two workshops in Beijing for the local research and policy community. The aim is to stimulate new ways of thinking about ways to address the emerging challenges with health, welfare and sustainability. One purpose of the workshops will be to encourage the production and publication of papers to be published in both Chinese and international journals. We will reach the national research community through these papers.
Policy-makers and policy analysts in other rapidly growing middle-income countries
There is a growing interest amongst policy analysts and policy makers in the rapidly growing middle-income countries, including China, in the lessons from the experiences of other countries facing similar challenges in meeting health and welfare needs in contexts of urbanisation and rapid economic, social and demographic change. However, there are few forums for this kind of mutual learning. We will engage this community by providing opportunities for individual researchers to establish collaborative links and through the regional hubs of the STEPS Centre and the network of policy analysts to which the IDS Centre of the Rising Powers in Global Development is linked. We will produce a policy brief aimed at this target audience and will also reach them through academic publications.
Global policy-makers and researchers
We will organise a panel discussion at the conference on States and Markets in Development, planned for IDS's 50th anniversary celebrations in the summer of 2016 as a contribution to international debates on the changing role of government in health and welfare systems. The partnership will also seek out external opportunities such as the annual BRICS summit and the implementation phase in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals agenda to engage around their research findings. We will also publish journal articles and/or a book internationally.
Chinese policy makers at city and national level
The Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Science (IoS) is working with the governments of several cities to test experimental approaches for providing access to basic health and welfare services. These experiments are in specific localities within the cities. The city governments have the capacity to take lessons from successful experiments to scale.
The National Ministry of Civil Affairs and the National Health and Family Planning Commission are responsible for national health and welfare policies. They draw on the findings from this kind of experimental intervention in developing implementation guidelines. The members of the IoS team write regular reports to these Ministries. Also, some of them sit on a national advisory body on ageing.
The UK Department of Health and the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission have agreed to collaborate on a number of issues, including strategies for addressing the problems of an ageing population. They meet regularly to review progress. This project will support this collaboration.
Chinese researchers on health, welfare and urban sustainability
There is a substantial multi-disciplinary community of Chinese researchers working on the reform of the health and welfare sectors in a context of rapid urbanisation. The partnership will organise two workshops in Beijing for the local research and policy community. The aim is to stimulate new ways of thinking about ways to address the emerging challenges with health, welfare and sustainability. One purpose of the workshops will be to encourage the production and publication of papers to be published in both Chinese and international journals. We will reach the national research community through these papers.
Policy-makers and policy analysts in other rapidly growing middle-income countries
There is a growing interest amongst policy analysts and policy makers in the rapidly growing middle-income countries, including China, in the lessons from the experiences of other countries facing similar challenges in meeting health and welfare needs in contexts of urbanisation and rapid economic, social and demographic change. However, there are few forums for this kind of mutual learning. We will engage this community by providing opportunities for individual researchers to establish collaborative links and through the regional hubs of the STEPS Centre and the network of policy analysts to which the IDS Centre of the Rising Powers in Global Development is linked. We will produce a policy brief aimed at this target audience and will also reach them through academic publications.
Global policy-makers and researchers
We will organise a panel discussion at the conference on States and Markets in Development, planned for IDS's 50th anniversary celebrations in the summer of 2016 as a contribution to international debates on the changing role of government in health and welfare systems. The partnership will also seek out external opportunities such as the annual BRICS summit and the implementation phase in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals agenda to engage around their research findings. We will also publish journal articles and/or a book internationally.
Organisations
- Institute of Development Studies (Lead Research Organisation)
- BRIGHTON & HOVE CITY COUNCIL (Collaboration)
- The Lancet (Collaboration)
- China National Health Development Research Center (Collaboration)
- University of Hong Kong (Collaboration)
- Chatham House (Collaboration)
- National Institute for Parasitic Diseases (Collaboration)
- China Agricultural University (CAU) (Collaboration)
- Peking University (Collaboration)
- NHS Brighton and Hove CCG (Collaboration)
People |
ORCID iD |
Gerald Bloom (Principal Investigator) |
Publications
Bloom G
(2017)
Universal Health Coverage and Primary Healthcare: Lessons From Japan Comment on "Achieving Universal Health Coverage by Focusing on Primary Care in Japan: Lessons for Low- and Middle-Income Countries".
in International journal of health policy and management
Bloom G
(2019)
The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics
Bloom G
(2017)
ICTs and the challenge of health system transition in low and middle-income countries.
in Globalization and health
Bloom G
(2019)
Service Delivery Transformation for UHC in Asia and the Pacific.
in Health systems and reform
Bloom G
(2019)
Next steps towards universal health coverage call for global leadership
in BMJ
Chen M
(2021)
Digital health interventions for COVID-19 in China: a retrospective analysis
in Intelligent Medicine
Clarke D
(2023)
The governance behaviours: a proposed approach for the alignment of the public and private sectors for better health outcomes.
in BMJ global health
Coelho V
(2023)
Governança e coordenação no SUS: aprendendo com a pandemia de Covid-19
in Novos Estudos - CEBRAP
Huang F
(2017)
Beyond pilotitis: taking digital health interventions to the national level in China and Uganda.
in Globalization and health
Description | We have analysed the ways that Chinese local governments experiment with alternative approaches to the adaptation to rapid change, focusing on the ageing of the population. We have also developed an approach to support mutual learning on the management of change in health and welfare systems between China, the UK and low and middle-income countries. We have developed our work in two directions. We have looked at how learning processes are used to support change management during China's rapid reforms within the Chinese system, including by government, research institutes, think tanks, and universities, and how new methods are being used to improve the capacity for learning and the effectiveness of policy development. We found that each of the partner cities had developed a number of innovative approaches for meeting the health and welfare needs of a rapidly ageing population. These involved new kinds of partnership with a variety of non-government organisations and innovative use of information technology. The role of the Institute of Sociology of CASS was to facilitate learning between cities about what works and why. This involved production of reports on potentially important innovations and the creation of opportunities for mutual learning between city governments. We have extended this investigation to the ways in which China and Chinese agencies are engaging in global health, the challenges of Chinese agencies working overseas and adapting China's domestic experience. We have focused on the ways in which approaches to experimentation and learning that have historically been used domestically are now being used in China's overseas development work, and how these can support better engagement and the development of partnerships for global development and health. |
Exploitation Route | We are exploring the possibility of applying to the Prosperity Fund to support future exchanges for mutual learning between cities and research organisations in China and the UK. The findings regarding learning processes and change management have been used by the project members in consultations with multi-lateral and bilateral development agencies including WHO, UNICEF, DFID and JICA and are influencing the ways in which China's global health engagement is being managed, and ways in which development agencies work with Chinese partner agencies to support their global engagement. We produced a briefing note on mutual learning between Chinese and African Cities on the management of rapid urbanisation for the Executive Vice President of China's Centre for International Knowledge on Development. This is contributing to its planning. We secured funding for a rapid study of China's engagement in the African Centre for Disease Control and we are developing a proposal for a substantial study of China's engagement in health and health systems in Africa. |
Sectors | Communities and Social Services/Policy Healthcare |
Description | The study focused on the Chinese approach for managing the adaptation of health services to rapid change. The findings have had a variety of impacts. Lewis Husain was invited to lead an evaluation of a project funded by UK Aid aimed at strengthening Chinese engagement in global health. Lewis Husain has subsequently undertaken a number of activities aimed at supporting the UK Government in identifying appropriate strategies for engagement with the Chinese Government on issues of global health. The WHO invited the research team to produce a case study to be included in a report on "Learning Health Systems" to make the findings available to an international audience of policy-makers. Gerald Bloom was invited to join a team led by the WHO, that undertook a 10-year review of China's health system reform. The China National Health Development Research Centre, a think tank of the Chinese Ministry of Health, invited Gerald Bloom to make a presentation to a meeting in 2024 that included government officials, and the private sector to explore options for the governance of digital health services. |
First Year Of Impact | 2019 |
Sector | Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Healthcare |
Impact Types | Policy & public services |
Description | Gerald Bloom was a member of the Joint Advisory Panel on UK - China AMR Research and Innovation Collaboration |
Geographic Reach | Asia |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Impact | The panel advised on the creation of programme of joint UK-China financed collaboration in the development of innovative approaches for addressing the challenge of AMR |
Description | Gerald Bloom was invited by Gong Sen of the Development Research Center of the State Council of China to discuss implications of research findings |
Geographic Reach | Asia |
Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
Description | LH and colleagues met UK Cabinet Office to discuss China and global development challenges |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Description | LH invited to discuss China's health cooperation by CAITEC |
Geographic Reach | Asia |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Description | LH supported organisatio of Wilton Park discussion of cooperation with CHina on global development (inc. global health) |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Description | LH worked as senior adviser, global health, WHO China office |
Geographic Reach | Asia |
Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
Impact | Contributed to practice and policy of key agencies in Chinese government's management of international development and global health. |
Description | Organisation of a course on Global Health for Chinese Government Officials |
Geographic Reach | Asia |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Description | Production of a report on an evaluation of the Global Health Support Project |
Geographic Reach | Asia |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Description | WHO Advisory Group on the Governance of the Private Sector for UHC |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
URL | https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/public-consultation-on-the-draft-who-roadmap-engaging-... |
Description | Wilton Park discussion of collaboration with China on global development |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Description | briefing note to Executive VP of the Chinese Centre for International Knowledge on Development on China-Africa Collaboration on mutual learning on the management of rapid urbanisation |
Geographic Reach | Multiple continents/international |
Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
Description | CHNUK: Integrated platforms from science to policy in response to antibacterial resistance |
Amount | £1,999,214 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MR/S014934/1 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2019 |
End | 12/2022 |
Description | GCRF One Health Poultry Hub |
Amount | £18,152,563 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/S011269/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2019 |
End | 05/2024 |
Description | Small research grant |
Amount | £49,185 (GBP) |
Organisation | The British Academy |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2018 |
End | 01/2019 |
Description | Strengthening China-UK Global Development Knowledge, Co-operation and Effectiveness A Research and Learning Platform for China International Development Research Network (CIDRN) Phase II |
Amount | £645,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | UK Department for International Development |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2019 |
End | 03/2022 |
Description | BRI Thinktank network |
Organisation | China National Health Development Research Center |
Country | China |
Sector | Hospitals |
PI Contribution | Preliminary discussions about establishment of a network of thinktanks on global health and the Belt and Road Initiative |
Collaborator Contribution | Leading the establishment o the think tank network |
Impact | - presentation to workshop held at the IDS in July 2017 |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Belt and Road Initiative and global health |
Organisation | Chatham House |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | no longer active |
Collaborator Contribution | The plans did not move forward because of changes in the policy of the Chinese Government |
Impact | proposal for a workshop |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Belt and Road Initiative and global health |
Organisation | The Lancet |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | no longer active |
Collaborator Contribution | The plans did not move forward because of changes in the policy of the Chinese Government |
Impact | proposal for a workshop |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Belt and Road Initiative and global health |
Organisation | University of Hong Kong |
Department | School of Public Health and Department of Community Medicine |
Country | Hong Kong |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | no longer active |
Collaborator Contribution | The plans did not move forward because of changes in the policy of the Chinese Government |
Impact | proposal for a workshop |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | China UK Integrated platforms from science to policy in response to antimicrobial resistance |
Organisation | Peking University |
Department | School of Public Health |
Country | China |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The IDS has contributed to the development of a proposal for a collaborative study of the policy context in China and the UK for investment in the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. This work will be undertaken as part of a newly launched hub on China-UK Integrated platforms from science to policy in response to antibacterial resistance supported by the Newton Fund. |
Collaborator Contribution | Peking University contributed to the development of the research proposal |
Impact | The MRC has awarded a grant and work has just begun. |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Collaboration with China CDC on learning from China's malaria elimination journey |
Organisation | National Institute for Parasitic Diseases |
Country | China |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Working with Chinese National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, part of China CDC, on learning from policy process of malaria elimination in China in international perspective. |
Collaborator Contribution | Engagement with Chinese malaria experts and documentary research. |
Impact | Wang D, Xiao H, Lu S, Ding W, Huang J, Wen X, Lv S, Xiao N, Husain L, Zhou X (2022). China's long march to malaria elimination: A case of adaptive management. Malaria Journal; 21:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-04038-w |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Evidence for effective management of the adaptation of city health and welfare services to the needs of an ageing population in China and the UK |
Organisation | Brighton & Hove City Council |
Department | Winter Service |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | In 2016 we organised visits by young Chinese researchers to the NHS Brighton Clinical Commissioning Group to explore areas for mutual learning with Chinese cities. They provided feedback to the CCG and their Chinese partners. We organised a visit to the Brighton and Hove City Council by a senior academic at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to learn about governance arrangements in UK city governments. He reached agreement with the Chief Executive Officer to bring officials from two Chinese cities to Brighton to facilitate mutual learning between the three cities. In 2017 we organised a one-day workshop on Evidence for effective management of the adaptation of city health and welfare services to the needs of an ageing population in China and the UK. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences sent its researchers to the UK to help develop this collaboration and they organised the involvement of the National Health and Family Department and a social enterprise in the 2018 workshop. |
Impact | We have agreed to seek funding for future collaboration |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Evidence for effective management of the adaptation of city health and welfare services to the needs of an ageing population in China and the UK |
Organisation | NHS Brighton and Hove CCG |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | In 2016 we organised visits by young Chinese researchers to the NHS Brighton Clinical Commissioning Group to explore areas for mutual learning with Chinese cities. They provided feedback to the CCG and their Chinese partners. We organised a visit to the Brighton and Hove City Council by a senior academic at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to learn about governance arrangements in UK city governments. He reached agreement with the Chief Executive Officer to bring officials from two Chinese cities to Brighton to facilitate mutual learning between the three cities. In 2017 we organised a one-day workshop on Evidence for effective management of the adaptation of city health and welfare services to the needs of an ageing population in China and the UK. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences sent its researchers to the UK to help develop this collaboration and they organised the involvement of the National Health and Family Department and a social enterprise in the 2018 workshop. |
Impact | We have agreed to seek funding for future collaboration |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Research and Learning Platform for China International Development Research Network (CIDRN) |
Organisation | China Agricultural University (CAU) |
Country | China |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We prepared a successful bid for funding by DFID and are focusing on building a network of partners in the UK and Europe to collaborate with a network of partners in China. |
Collaborator Contribution | The China Agricultural University is coordinating a network of partners in China with the aim of building China-UK joint research on areas of mutual interest. |
Impact | This is a multi-disciplinary partnership which includes several social sciences in addition to agricultural science, public health and public administration. |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | collaboration for mutual learning between Brighton and cities in other countries |
Organisation | Brighton & Hove City Council |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | We have signed a MoU to collaborate in a study of lessons learned from the response to covid and participate in mutual learning activities with counterparts in Toronto and Sao Paulo. |
Collaborator Contribution | The Brighton and Hove City Council is encouraging its employees to agree to be interviewed. |
Impact | We are presently at the stage of data collection. |
Start Year | 2022 |
Description | collaboration for mutual learning between Brighton and cities in other countries |
Organisation | NHS Brighton and Hove CCG |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | The Institute of Development Studies and the NHS in Brighton and Hove have signed a MoU to collaborate in a study of lessons that emerged from the response to Covid and participate in mutual learning activities with counterparts in Toronto and Sao Paulo. |
Collaborator Contribution | The NHS in Brighton and Hove has facilitated the organisation of a study and encouraged people from all levels of the health services to agree to be interviewed. We will organise a workshop in Brighton in 2024 |
Impact | We have agreed to collaborate in a new research study. |
Start Year | 2022 |
Description | "Strengthen Multilateral Cooperation, Promote Better Global Health" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Presentation by Lewis Husain to inform understanding and research / advisory work by key think tanks in China and central government. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Accountability for Health Equity workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | In July 2017, Unequal Voices - in partnership with the Future Health Systems research programme consortium, the Open Society Foundation, and the ESRC-DFID Impact Initiative - organised an event held at the Institute of Development Studies entitled 'Unpicking Power and Politics for Transformative Change: Towards Accountability for Health Equity'. IDS, Cebrap and N'weti helped shape this meeting which brought together 90 key researchers, practitioners, advocates, opinion formers and policy influencers from Africa, Asia, Latin America, the UK and the US. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | BLOG Post by Lewis Husain entitled: How China's social care providers are experimenting to meet the changing needs of citizens |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | BLOG post following a secondment by researchers from the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to the Brighton and Hove NHS Clinical Commissioning Group. This provided a starting point to an agreed collaboration. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://steps-centre.org/blog/how-chinas-social-care-providers-are-experimenting-to-meet-the-changing... |
Description | Blog entitled towards-whole-system-approach-meeting-health-needs-time-covid-19 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Blog on the website of the Health Systems Governance Collaborative at WHO entitled towards-whole-system-approach-meeting-health-needs-time-covid-19 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://hsgovcollab.org/en/blog/towards-whole-system-approach-meeting-health-needs-time-covid-19 |
Description | Blog post by Fang Lijie |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Blog by Fang Lijie entitled: Comment on the Health Reform in Yu Qing for the State Council's Office of Health Care Reform.. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://www.cn-healthcare.com/article/20170301/content-490035.html?appfrom=jkj&from=singlemessage&isa... |
Description | Blog post on China's changing global health engagement in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The blog discussed China's changing global health engagement in the context of changing geopolitical and economic engagement, with specific reference to the Belt and Road High-Level Meeting for Health Cooperation (Beijing, 2017), and the Beijing Communiqué. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.futurehealthsystems.org/blog/2017/9/22/how-will-chinas-belt-and-road-shape-global-health... |
Description | Blog post on China's changing global health engagement, and approaches to learning for the management of rapid change |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The blog summarised several main arguments from papers by the authors regarding China's changing global health engagement, and approaches to learning for the management of rapid change for a wide audience and linked to the papers. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.futurehealthsystems.org/blog/2018/11/26/we-shall-experiment-but-how-shall-we-learn-next-... |
Description | Consultation about potential contribution of social science to the response to COVID-19 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom participated in a consultative meeting organised at the Wellcome Foundation on the potential contribution of social science to preparedness and response to the COVID-19 outbreak. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Discussion of China's changing global health engagement with senior WHO official |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Constructive discussion of China's changing global health engagement, and significance of international agencies partnering with China in this process. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | IDS Blog on China and the future of global governance |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Blog published on the IDS website on China and the Future of Global Governance |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/china-and-the-future-of-global-health-governance/ |
Description | LH presentation to UK government agencies on engaging with China in global health |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | LH gave a presentation to UK government agencies in Whitehall on engaging with China in global health. Outcome - engaged by DFID on design of next phase of cooperation with China. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018,2019 |
Description | LH presentation to UN agencies in China on engaging with China in global health. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | LH gave a presentation to UN agencies and Chinese technical agencies at WHO China offices on engaging with China in global health. Subsequently worked with WHO China on this agenda. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018,2019 |
Description | LH supported organisation of Wilton Park discussion of cooperation with China on global development (inc. global health) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | LH supported organisation of Wilton Park discussion of cooperation with China on global development (inc. global health). Wilton Park is an arm's length body of UK FCDO. LH and colleagues supported discussion of future cooperation with China on global development and health, including AMR. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | LH training for Chinese National Institute of Parasitic Diseases |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | LH gave training to Chinese National Institute of Parasitic Diseases on complex policy reforms and extension of China's malaria control work overseas through cooperation in Africa, etc. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Lecture to Chinese government officials on approaches to change management in the health system, approaches to rapid learning, and the significance of this as China's role in global health and health assistance increases |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Lecture to officials from the Chinese health ministry, in the UK to study global health leadership. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Meeting of WHO Advisory Group on the Governance of the Private Sector for Universal Health Coverage |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom was invited to be a member of a WHO Advisory Group on the Governance of the Private Sector for Universal Health Coverage. It organised two two-day meetings in Geneva and has supported the production of a draft WHO road map. This work has drawn on the findings of several project on: (i) engaging with health markets in low and middle-income countries and stimulating technology innovation, (ii) ICT innovation and health system development, (iii) accountability and unequal voices and (iv) management of health system adaptation to changing contexts in China. The work of the WHO is particularly influential in ODA-eligible countries. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Meeting of think tanks working on universal health coverage |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The JICA Research institute invited Gerald Bloom to participate in a workshop to develop a policy brief on universal health coverage as part of the T20 leading up to the meeting of the G20 in Osaka |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Online interview with CASS researchers: Health & social care in the UK: lessons for China |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Video interview with Wang Jing and Liang Chen, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences regarding findings and reflections from a UK visit and interviews with a range of Brighton City health and social care-related agencies. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Q9l7Zqk9vQ |
Description | Online workshop on Policy Capacity Framework and Health System Strengthening |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Workshop for researchers on the policy capacity framework and health system strengthening |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipNQyIQaNlJYj1_k-HEuHba8d9EwWdcxzWZtglIJJ7Tu3Lnhx2RrL2BuOzpqliOY... |
Description | Panel discussion uploaded to you tube |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom co-facilitated a panel discussion on "Matters of Scale and Integration in Digital Health Ecosystems" which was live streamed and uploaded to you tube. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QxWpeEV9CE |
Description | Panel discussion uploaded to you tube |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I was a discussant at the end of a webinar entitled: Matters of Inclusivity in the Design and Governance of Digital Health in India that included lawyers, hospital administrators and government advisors. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxM13I8xhS0&t=253s |
Description | Panel discussion uploaded to you tube |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I co-facilitated a panel including a government official and heads of digital health start-ups to discuss issues of equity and inclusiveness arising from interventions implemented in response to the covid emergency in India. It was recorded and broadcast on youtube as part of digital health week. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mu_Qq6xsjCw |
Description | Participation in WHO Western Pacific Regional Innovation Forum and Platform |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Lewis Husain participated in workshop aimed at strengthening understanding of innovation and health in the Western Pacific region and development of an agenda for increased regional cooperation. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Participation in roundtable discussion on innovation for universal health coverage at a side meeting at the World Health Assembly |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This was one of a series of activities about innovation for universal health coverage and was aimed at briefing participants at the World Health Assembly |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Policy briefing - Developing Health Diplomacy Capacity to Support Public Health in a Rapidly Changing World |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Policy briefing circulated to inform understanding and research / advisory work of key think tanks in China and to central government. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Presentation by Fang Lijie to a conference in Beijing |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation by Fang Lijie entitled: New Direction in Social Policy of China:the Interaction between Social Services and Social Organizations to conference on New Directions of China's Social Policy at CASS, Beijing, May 2016 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Presentation by Lewis Husain of paper entitled: Blurred lines - public and private in China's changing social policy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation entitled "Blurred lines - public and private in China's changing social policy" by Lewis Husain to a conference entitled States, Markets and Society: IDS 50th Anniversary Conference in Brighton, July 2016 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.ids.ac.uk/50conference |
Description | Presentation to Cross Whitehall meeting on Chinese engagement in global health |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Presentation of a briefing paper to people from several UK Ministries with an interest in Chinese engagement in global health |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Presentation to IDS Seminar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presentaton by Wang Jing entitled: Motivate Primary Health Reform with Award and Punishment---Primary Health Reform in County Government to a seminar at the Institute of Development Studies |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Presentation to JICA about China's growing engagement in global health |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom was invited to make a presentation to officials of JICA about China's growing engagement in global health |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Presentation to a post-graduate seminar at the IDS (Brighton) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presentation by Liang Chen entitled: Autonomy Gaining from the Gaps:A Case Study of Community Based Social Organisation in Taicang to a seminar at the Institute of Development Studies |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Presentation to a webinar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom made a presentation entitled: China's approach to health system reform and development and its implications for global health to a webinar organised by the University of Florence entitled: The Role of the Public Sector in the Process of Development: Lessons from East Asia |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Presentation to an audience of researchers and development professionals on China's approaches to change management in the health system, approaches to rapid learning, and the significance of this as China's role in global health and health assistance increases |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation and debate at the Centre for Development Impact, discussing the findings of our work on processes of experimentation and rapid learning in China's health sector reform and the challenges for effective overseas engagement by Chinese agencies, and the need for collaboration. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Presentation to an international meeting organised by the China National Health Develoment Research Centre |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom made a presentation to anInternational Seminar on Deepening High-Quality Health Development Cooperation to Build a Global Community of Health for All, organised by the China National Health Development Research Centre |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
Description | Presentation to meeting on China Global Health |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom made a presentation as part of a panel on Global Health and System Inegration as part of a one day meeting on Global Health organised by the Global China Dialogue |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://globalchinaacademy.org/global-china-dialogue-8/ |
Description | Presentation to multiple Chinese and international agencies on China's global health role and health assistance |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation at a national conference to an audience of Chinese researchers, practitioners, policy makers, as well as some DFID representatives regarding China's changing role in global health and cooperation with China as an emerging provider of assistance. Sparked requests for further information, cooperation and contribution to a journal special issue. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Presentation to multiple agencies on China's global health role |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation in Beijing to a range of UN and other organisations, including influential Chinese research organisations / think tanks on China's changing role in global health. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Second presentation to Cross Whitehall meeting on Chinese engagement in global health |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Second presentation to Cross Whitehall meeting on Chinese engagement in global health, and discussion of strategies for cooperation on global health, and development of capacity to support this. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Seminar on Digital Health Transformation for Universal Health Coverage |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom made a presentation to a workshop organised by the China National Health Development Research Centre |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2024 |
Description | Technical Support to an Evaluation of Ten Years of China's Health Reform |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom and Wang Chenguang provided technical inputs to a major evaluation of ten years of China's health reform undertaken by the Government of China, the World Health Organization and the World Bank. A draft report is under review. The current plan is to publish the report for wide distribution in China and internationally. Gerald Bloom, co-authored a background paper on lessons emerging from international experience, including the increasing importance of digital health services and he helped produce a final draft report. Wang Chenguang led a team that assessed governance arrangements for implementing a major health system change process. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Technical briefing_ Making a Chinese COVID-19 vaccine a global public good |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Informed WHO/WPRO position on working with China on supplying vaccines internationally. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Television appearance by Wang Chunguang |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Discussion of the "Solution of all China's economic and livelihood issues" by Wang Chunguang on the television show "Dialogue Xi an" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://qbview.url.cn/getResourceInfo?appid=31&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcitynews.2500city.com%2Fweb%2Fsharene... |
Description | UK-China Development Forum |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | The UK-China Development Dialogue is a high-profile bilateral event to discuss international development priorities between the UK and China. It convenes senior government officials and academics on both sides. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Virtual consultative meeting |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | The IDS, the Public Health Foundation of India and Amref Health Africa organised an online meeting on behalf of the thematic group of the Private Sector in Health of Health Systems Global entitled:Unlocking Private Enterprise for Public Good: Building Future Health Systems for Universal Health Coverage - redisigning health systems during COVID-19 and Beyond. The participants included senior government policy makers, heads of private health sector companies and officials of bilateral and multi-lateral health development agencies. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Visit by UK and Chinese researchers to Taicang City Community and Social Organisation Support Centre |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | visit by Chinese and UK researchers to discuss potential mutual learning between the UK and Taicang City about strengthening the role of social organisations in providing health and welfare services to the elderly. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Visit by delegation of Chinese health officials to range of UK agencies |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Visit by delegation of Chinese health officials to DFID, Department of Health, Independent Commission for Aid Impact, Wellcome Trust, etc. The visit supported very productive discussions regarding the potential for future collaboration, which have been built on subsequently by both sides. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Workshop for researchers and city officials in Taicang City, China |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Workshop organised by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences for city officials from three cities to exchange experiences of innovative approaches for addressing health and welfare needs of the elderly. The aims were to sum up lessons from recent experiences. We also discussed whether there was an interest in learning from the British experience and a decision was made to organise a visit to Brighton of city officials from two Chinese citiies. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Workshop organised by the Western Pacific Regional Office of the WHO on the Asia Pacific Pathway to Universal Health Coverage |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom presented a paper entitled Transforming Service Delivery for Universal Health Coverage in Ageing Societies. This was followed by a series of presentations from different countries and a general discussion. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Workshop organised with the Brighton and Hove City Council for mutual learning between Chinese and UK cities on adapting health and welfare systems for an ageing population |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A delegation from China consisting of researchers, officials from the National Health and Family Planning Commission and a social enterprise participated in a one-day meeting with Brighton City Council Officials, officials from the Clinical Commissioning Group of the NHS and university researchers to build mutual learning on adapting urban health and welfare systems for an ageing population. The theme of the workshop was "Evidence for effective management of the adaptation of city health and welfare services to the needs of an ageing population in China and the UK". The participants found it very useful and agreed to seek opportunities for future exchanges. Brighton and Hove City Council issued a press release on the meeting. Lewis Husain briefed the officer responsible for the Prosperity Fund in China. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/press-release/brighton-hosts-uk-china-health-and-social-car... |
Description | discussant for a seminar presented by Yuen Yuen Ang on complexity and China's management of economic and social change |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Stimulate interest in China's management of change |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | interview on website |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Interview with Wang Jing and Liang Chen, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences on Health & social care in the UK: lessons for China on STEPS Centre website |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Q9l7Zqk9vQ |
Description | meeting with Department of Global Health at China National Health and Development Research Centre |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | On September 19, 2019 Gerald Bloom and Lewis Husain met with members of the Department of Global Health of the China National Health and Development Centre to discuss lessons learned about the design of activities for mutual learning between China and other countries on global health.The purpose of the meeting was to enable the participants in the discussion to draw on past experiences in designing a programme of work on this topic in collaboration with the Government. This will influence China's engagement in the health sector of a number of DAC-eligible countries in Africa and Asia. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | panel on international influence of Chinese and Brazilian develompent models |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Participation in a workshop on international influences of the Chinese and Brazilian development models by presenting some lessons from China's engagement in Global Health |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | participation in a research and innovation expert meeting convened by the Sino-European Health Networking Hub |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Gerald Bloom and Lewis Husain were invited to participate in an expert consultation about joint European-Chinese health research and priorities for future funding. The consultation is part of a process for developing recommendations for the European Union. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |