How Does the Gender Wage Gap Vary Over the Life Course and Across Cohorts?
Lead Research Organisation:
University College London
Department Name: Social Science
Abstract
Nearly half a century after Britain's Equal Pay Act the convergence of men's and women's pay is slow and incomplete. Although the trend in the gender wage gap (GWG) is towards convergence, for any given birth cohort the GWG rises as people age from their twenties to mid-life, growing upon family formation. Thus, explanations of the GWG tend to focus on the time women spend away from paid work after childbirth and the difficulties they face in establishing their previous pay level on returning to the labour market. Pay penalties are particularly pronounced for women returning to part-time employment. Some people maintain that these patterns reflect women's preferences for work-life balance and conventional norms about the division of domestic labour, while others point to discriminatory practices in the workplace.
By analysing nationally representative cohort data for people born in Britain in 1958, 1970 and 1989/90 this study addresses three gaps in knowledge. First, evidence will be extended to wages and employment at later ages than has been studied hitherto. Second, it will be extended backwards to explore linkages from childhood years to labour market experience, making innovative use of under-utilised material including biometric indicators. Third, we will be able to distinguish between the effects of ageing and of having been born male or female at different points in history. This is something that is only possible with data tracking more than one cohort. There are three reasons to anticipate cohort effects:
(i) People born at different times are exposed to different labour market and policy conditions during their lifetimes. For instance, the 1958 cohort left school when the Equal Pay and other Equal Opportunities provisions were first being implemented whereas these had been in place for a decade when the 1970 cohort finished school.
(ii) The education gap between men and women has disappeared and even reversed, such that the pay-off due to qualifications will have shifted markedly between men and women across the generations.
(iii) Attitudes to women's participation in the labour market and to men's in domestic labour have shifted. These changes in social norms, together with attendant changes in public policy, have created opportunities for men and women to combine paid work, parenthood and leisure in ways not hitherto possible, with uncertain consequences for the life choices and earnings patterns of men and women across the life course.
The study will address five related questions:
1. What does the GWG look like over the life course and across birth cohorts? Does it change later in life and how does it compare across cohorts for people at the same points in their life?
2. How much of the GWG is accounted for by differences in human capital (qualifications and work experience) accumulated over the life course? How different does the course of the wage gap look across ages for men and women with similar human capital attributes?
3. What role do parenthood and caring responsibilities play in the emergence of differences between men and women in employment and pay and how the GWG persists over the life-course?
4. How much of the GWG is attributable to the sorts of jobs undertaken by men and women, particularly in respect of occupation and part-time hours?
5. What role do childhood attributes and experiences play in determining the subsequent GWG and do childhood influences still matter having accounted for early adulthood experiences?
The study will provide a comprehensive anatomy of the GWG across individuals' life-times, up to the age of 61 in the case of the 1958 cohort, and across three generations with births spanning 40 years, offering numerous insights into wage formation which will assist in efforts to mitigate the consequences of unequal treatment in the past and promote gender equality in the present and future.
By analysing nationally representative cohort data for people born in Britain in 1958, 1970 and 1989/90 this study addresses three gaps in knowledge. First, evidence will be extended to wages and employment at later ages than has been studied hitherto. Second, it will be extended backwards to explore linkages from childhood years to labour market experience, making innovative use of under-utilised material including biometric indicators. Third, we will be able to distinguish between the effects of ageing and of having been born male or female at different points in history. This is something that is only possible with data tracking more than one cohort. There are three reasons to anticipate cohort effects:
(i) People born at different times are exposed to different labour market and policy conditions during their lifetimes. For instance, the 1958 cohort left school when the Equal Pay and other Equal Opportunities provisions were first being implemented whereas these had been in place for a decade when the 1970 cohort finished school.
(ii) The education gap between men and women has disappeared and even reversed, such that the pay-off due to qualifications will have shifted markedly between men and women across the generations.
(iii) Attitudes to women's participation in the labour market and to men's in domestic labour have shifted. These changes in social norms, together with attendant changes in public policy, have created opportunities for men and women to combine paid work, parenthood and leisure in ways not hitherto possible, with uncertain consequences for the life choices and earnings patterns of men and women across the life course.
The study will address five related questions:
1. What does the GWG look like over the life course and across birth cohorts? Does it change later in life and how does it compare across cohorts for people at the same points in their life?
2. How much of the GWG is accounted for by differences in human capital (qualifications and work experience) accumulated over the life course? How different does the course of the wage gap look across ages for men and women with similar human capital attributes?
3. What role do parenthood and caring responsibilities play in the emergence of differences between men and women in employment and pay and how the GWG persists over the life-course?
4. How much of the GWG is attributable to the sorts of jobs undertaken by men and women, particularly in respect of occupation and part-time hours?
5. What role do childhood attributes and experiences play in determining the subsequent GWG and do childhood influences still matter having accounted for early adulthood experiences?
The study will provide a comprehensive anatomy of the GWG across individuals' life-times, up to the age of 61 in the case of the 1958 cohort, and across three generations with births spanning 40 years, offering numerous insights into wage formation which will assist in efforts to mitigate the consequences of unequal treatment in the past and promote gender equality in the present and future.
Planned Impact
This project will inform policy on women's pay relative to men's, and the factors that determine any discrepancy. It is timely given the new requirements for large organisations to report their gender wage gaps. We will examine changes in the gap across the life-cycle and across cohorts, offering insights into a range of policy-related issues. First and foremost, it will provide a clear and robust set of estimates regarding the evolution of the gender pay gap five decades after the passage of the Equal Pay Act. Policy-makers will be able to benchmark progress that has been made towards gender equality whilst variance in that gap across sub-groups of the population (eg. by education level and social class) will help inform where policy makers should focus their efforts in future. Regression analyses will introduce potential determinants of the gender wage gap in a step-wise fashion to help account for the size of the gap. In doing so, it will quantify the importance of various factors, again helping policy-makers focus their efforts on factors that appear to account for most of the variance. Similar analyses will be undertaken for different parts of the earnings distribution, thus going beyond the usual focus on differences in mean earnings. Estimating gender gaps in different parts of the wage distribution will help in analysing any impact of existing policies which "bite" at different points, such as the national minimum wage.
All government departments should find our results useful because they are now all under a statutory duty to monitor and report on equality among their own departmental employees. Public sector bodies also have a statutory duty to eliminate discrimination and advance equality of opportunity. But the government agencies who are most likely to benefit from this knowledge about the size and sources of the gender wage gap are those with direct responsibility for the promotion and enforcement of equal treatment across the workforce, including the Government Equalities Office, the Department for International Development (its Secretary of State is currently Minister for Women and Equalities), the Equality and Human Rights Commission, the Low Pay Commission, the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (responsible for issues such as flexible working and parental leave), Acas (who provide guidance on equal pay), and the Department for Work and Pensions (responsible for pension policy). Beyond the UK, researchers in the OECD and the European Commission will want to know what the implications of the study are for policy formation internationally.
Women's groups and those promoting women's rights, such as the Women's Equality Party and the Women's Budget Group, can refer to our evidence on potential discrimination against women at work, in terms of recruitment, pay and progression. Evidence of changes in the size of the gender wage gap over the life-course will be of interest to groups lobbying on their behalf, such as Age Concern who are interested in older workers and pensions, while Mumsnet may focus on findings about family formation.
Trade unions seek to promote equality at work and eliminate employer discriminatory behaviour. They have a special interest in gender equality with women now constituting the majority of union members. They will examine our research to further their understanding of what lies behind the gender wage gap and use the evidence to promote further government and societal action to eliminate it. As the professional body for personnel managers, the Chartered Institute for Personnel Development will look to the study to help promote and encourage gender equality at work.
The one day workshop will bring together these practitioner and policy beneficiaries with academics in the field to discuss early findings from the study and their implications for policy and practice which will be reflected in our policy report.
All government departments should find our results useful because they are now all under a statutory duty to monitor and report on equality among their own departmental employees. Public sector bodies also have a statutory duty to eliminate discrimination and advance equality of opportunity. But the government agencies who are most likely to benefit from this knowledge about the size and sources of the gender wage gap are those with direct responsibility for the promotion and enforcement of equal treatment across the workforce, including the Government Equalities Office, the Department for International Development (its Secretary of State is currently Minister for Women and Equalities), the Equality and Human Rights Commission, the Low Pay Commission, the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (responsible for issues such as flexible working and parental leave), Acas (who provide guidance on equal pay), and the Department for Work and Pensions (responsible for pension policy). Beyond the UK, researchers in the OECD and the European Commission will want to know what the implications of the study are for policy formation internationally.
Women's groups and those promoting women's rights, such as the Women's Equality Party and the Women's Budget Group, can refer to our evidence on potential discrimination against women at work, in terms of recruitment, pay and progression. Evidence of changes in the size of the gender wage gap over the life-course will be of interest to groups lobbying on their behalf, such as Age Concern who are interested in older workers and pensions, while Mumsnet may focus on findings about family formation.
Trade unions seek to promote equality at work and eliminate employer discriminatory behaviour. They have a special interest in gender equality with women now constituting the majority of union members. They will examine our research to further their understanding of what lies behind the gender wage gap and use the evidence to promote further government and societal action to eliminate it. As the professional body for personnel managers, the Chartered Institute for Personnel Development will look to the study to help promote and encourage gender equality at work.
The one day workshop will bring together these practitioner and policy beneficiaries with academics in the field to discuss early findings from the study and their implications for policy and practice which will be reflected in our policy report.
Organisations
Publications

Bachan R
(2022)
The Gender Wage Gap Among University Vice Chancellors in the UK
in Labour Economics

Bachan R.
(2021)
The Gender Wage Gap Among University Vice Chancellors in the UK

Bryson A
(2020)
A Short History of the Gender Wage Gap in Britain
in SSRN Electronic Journal

Bryson A
(2020)
A short history of the gender wage gap in Britain
in Oxford Review of Economic Policy

Foliano, F.
(2023)
Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts

Joshi H
(2020)
The gender gap in wages over the life course: Evidence from a British cohort born in 1958
in Gender, Work & Organization

Joshi H
(2019)
The Gender Gap in Wages Over the Life Course: Evidence from a British Cohort Born in 1958
in SSRN Electronic Journal


Joshi H
(2022)
Placing context in longitudinal research.
in Longitudinal and life course studies : international journal
Description | The paper "The Gender Gap in Wages over the Life Course: Evidence from a British Cohort Born in 1958" is the first to trace the gender wage gap (GWG) faced by those in employment through to age 55 using six survey sweeps from the National Child Development Study. Previous studies had only gone up to age 42. The raw GWG among this birth cohort follows an inverse U-shape. In line with previous studies we find a modest but significant pay gap at age 23 in 1981 (before most of the cohort had become parents), which increased up to age 42. Extending the analysis to age 55 highlights that the gender pay gap declines somewhat for people in their fifties. The increase in the raw (unadjusted) GWG as family building proceeded to mid-life was mainly accounted for by a divergence in work experience - women's slower accumulation of experience in full-time employment, which was an indirect consequence of family building. For this cohort the GWG did not start (or end) with family formation. After allowing for the widening differences in experience over the life-cycle there is still a residual wage gap which starts at age 23 indicating a significant price for being female, around 16 log points (or 15% of male pay), and ends at around 11 log points at 55. Much of this residual gap is associated with asymmetric remuneration of men and women with family responsibilities, but unequal treatment is not wholly due to parenthood. There was a wage penalty for being female before parenthood and women who never had children did not entirely escape it in later periods of their life. The paper "A Short History of the Gender Wage Gap in Britain" extends the analysis in the first paper to consider two cohort studies, the 1958 NCDS and the 1970 BCS, to investigate the GWG over the lifetime and across cohorts. It introduces a method to correct for non-random participation in employment that was not considered in the previous paper. The results also show that the GWG increases until employees reach their forties, after which it falls. In addition it shows that the GWG has closed across these two birth cohorts at all points so far observed in the adult life-cycle. Furthermore failure to correct for non-random participation in employment - both within and across birth cohorts - leads to an underestimate in the rate at which men's and women's earnings have converged over recent decades. The paper "Are women doing it for themselves? Gender segregation and the gender wage gap" focuses on the workplace and uses matched employer-employee data from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Surveys (WERS). It shows that the GWG declines substantially with the increasing share of female managers in the workplace. The gap closes because women's wages rise with the share of female managers in the workplace while men's wages fall. Additional estimates suggest the share of female managers in the workplace has a causal impact in reducing gender inequalities in earnings particularly when employees are paid for performance. This is consistent with the proposition that women are more likely to be paid equitably when managers have discretion in the way they reward performance and those managers are women. In the paper "Exploring the Reasons for Labour Market Gender Inequality a Year into the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the UK Cohort Studies" we examined the impact of COVID on men's and women's labour market participation across four birth cohorts. We find adverse labour market effects of COVID-19 for women a year into the pandemic. These effects were the most severe for women who lived with a partner and children, even if they were key workers. We show that adjusting for pre-pandemic job characteristics attenuates the gaps, suggesting that women were over-represented in jobs disproportionately affected by covid-19 pandemic. However, the remaining gaps are not further attenuated by adjusting for the partner's job and ages of any children present, suggesting that the adversities experienced by women were driven by their relative labour market position, rather than their family responsibilities. The residual gender differences observed in the rates of active, paid work and furlough for those who live with partner and children point to the importance of unobserved factors such as social norms, preferences, or discrimination. In the paper "The gender wage gap among young adults" we examine trends in the gender wage gap among young people in their 20s across four birth cohorts between 1972 and 2015. We find the gap has converged substantially among non-graduates and that the rate of convergence is understated if one does not adjust for selection into employment. However, the gap has grown among graduates. We find occupational gender segregation accounts for a sizeable part of the gap in later cohorts. In "The gender wage gap among university Vice Chancellors in the UK" we track convergence in the gender wage gap within this elite group over the two decades through to 2020.The closure in the VC gap is accounted for by change in the observed attributes of male and female Vice Chancellors and the universities they lead. A "new starter "wage penalty VC women faced in the early 2000's disappeared. Similarly, in the first decade women received a lower wage when replacing an outgoing male Vice Chancellor, whereas no differential was apparent between incoming male Vice Chancellors and the women they replaced. This differential was no longer apparent after 2010. |
Exploitation Route | The above papers have been submitted to academic journals. These papers and other work in progress have been accepted for presentation at major international conferences. Thus our work will contribute to academic debate and will hopefully influence future research. Our advisory group also has academic members as well as representatives from government (GEO), non-departmental public bodies (EHRC and ACAS) and trades unions (TUC) who are committed to taking forward the findings in the public policy community. We are submitting evidence to EHRC's Statutory Review on a fairer Britain. |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Agriculture Food and Drink Chemicals Communities and Social Services/Policy Construction Creative Economy Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software) Education Electronics Energy Environment Financial Services and Management Consultancy Healthcare Leisure Activities including Sports Recreation and Tourism Government Democracy and Justice Manufacturing including Industrial Biotechology Culture Heritage Museums and Collections Pharmaceu |
URL | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/departments-and-centres/centres/quantitative-social-science/gender-wage-gap-evidence-cohort-studies |
Description | This project aims to inform policy on women's pay relative to men's, and the factors that determine any discrepancy. It is expected to benefit government, public sectors, charities and NGOs, Trade Unions, and professional bodies, such as Chartered Institute for Personnel Development. In this section we summarise the work done in order to achieve this aim. Since the start of the project in September 2019, we have established an advisory board which has now met three times (twice virtually). The group provides input on what practitioners and policy makers know about the causes of the gender wage gap which informs the analyses we perform. The academics provide early feedback on new papers we have begun. All advisory group members provide feedback on early findings and assist in the effective dissemination of final results to all stakeholder groups. The board consists of: • Julie Denis (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service; more information available at https://www.acas.org.uk/about-us) • Jane Waldfogel (Columbia University) • Hena Thorne and Eleanor Gall and Rebecca Thomas (Equality and Human Rights Commission; more information available at https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/about-us) • James Heagerty (Government Equalities Office; more information available at https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/government-equalities-office/about) • Monica Costa-Dias (Institute for Fiscal Studies) • Gregory Thwaites (The Resolution Foundation; more information available at https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/about-us/mission/) • Nikki Pound (Trades Union Congress; more information available at https://www.tuc.org.uk/national/about-tuc) The third advisory group meeting took place in November 2021. We obtained feedback on three papers we are working on: - decomposing the gender wage gap at age 42 across two birth cohorts; - the gender wage gap among young people across four birth cohorts; and the impact of COVID on gender gaps in the labour market. To date we have written 14 papers and have 48 engagement activities. These include podcasts, blogs, national newspaper articles, and presentations at academic conferences and seminars. All of our publications and news coverage can be found at our dedicated website (https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/departments-and-centres/centres/quantitative-social-science/gender-wage-gap-evidence-cohort-studies). |
Sector | Communities and Social Services/Policy,Education,Healthcare,Government, Democracy and Justice,Other |
Impact Types | Societal Economic Policy & public services |
Description | Evidence Submitted to EHRC Statutory Review |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
URL | https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/our-statutory-review |
Description | Alex Bryson magazine article "Has the pandemic changed how to motivate employees?" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Article in the magazine Employee Benefits on whether COVID has changed ways in which employers motivate employees. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://employeebenefits.co.uk/professor-alex-bryson-pandemic-changed-motivate-employees/ |
Description | Alex Bryson presentation at 2021 Royal Economic Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Alex Bryson's presentation to RES 2021 entitled "The gender wage gap among young adults: a comparison across British cohorts" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10125887/ |
Description | Alex Bryson's UCL Lunchtime Lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | 9 February 2021 Alex Bryson's UCL lunchtime lecture entitled "The gender wage gap among university vice chancellors in the UK" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/events/2021/feb/virtual-event-gender-wage-gap-among-university-vice-chance... |
Description | Alex Bryson's UCL Podcast |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | UCL podcast where Alex Bryson discussed the issue of "Discrimination and the Gender Wage Gap" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/news/2021/dec/highlights-five-things-we-learned-2021-rftrw-s12e04 |
Description | Alex Bryson's conference presentation, University of Essex |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation of a paper entitled "Examining the size of the gender wage gap within and across birth cohorts: some reflections on methodological challenges" at the Conference on Life course Analysis: Data and Methodological Challenges, University of Essex, July 2021 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10130893/ |
Description | Alex Bryson's podcast on discrimination and the gender wage gap |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | UCL podcast on the role discrimination plays in the gender wage gap |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/news/2021/mar/discrimination-and-gender-pay-gap-rftrw-s08e04 |
Description | Alex Bryson's presentation at seminar at Queen Mary's, London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | seminar presentation to CRED, Queen Mary's, London, 8 December 2021 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021,2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10140014/ |
Description | Alex Bryson's presentation to an academic seminar to Nuremberg University economists |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | 2nd February 2022: Seminar entitled "examining the size of the gender wage gap within and across cohorts", Nuremberg Research Seminar in Economics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, School of Economics, Business and Society, Nuremberg, Germany |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10142894/ |
Description | Alex Bryson's talk entitled "Are Women Doing it For Themselves? Female Managers and the Gender Wage Gap" |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Seminar presentation to labour economists at Paris School of Economics. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10095842/ |
Description | Bozena Wielgoszewska's presentation at the Society of Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Conference, 20 September 2021 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation at the Society of Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Conference, 20 September 2021, on the impact of COVID on gender experiences in the labour market |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://mediacentral.ucl.ac.uk/Player/Ji298H4B |
Description | Bozena Wielgoszewska's seminar presentation on the impact of COVID on the gender wage gap |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Paper entitled "Labour Market Gender Equality in the UK a year after the Covid-19 outbreak" presented on 17 June 2021 to CLS, UCL |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFP4XD56nI8&t=4835s |
Description | Conference presentation, Colloquium of Personnel Economics, Aarhus University, Denmark |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Conference presentation entitled "The gender wage gap among Vice Chancellors in the UK", Colloquium on Personnel Economics, Aarhus University, Herning, Denmark |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10145532/ |
Description | Conference presentation, Society of the Economics of the Household Conference, London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation of findings from "Labour Market Gender Inequality a Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the UK Cohort Studies" to fellow academics |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10149130/ |
Description | Conference presentation, University of Essex |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation entitled "Examining the size of the gender wage gap within and across birth cohorts: some reflections on methodological challenges" Conference on Life course Analysis: Data and Methodological Challenges, ISER, University of Essex |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10130893/ |
Description | Conference presentation, Work Pensions and Economic Group |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presented findings on "Labour Market Gender Inequality a Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the UK Cohort Studies" to policy makers and academics |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10152944/ |
Description | Daily Telegraph article covering our analysis of the gender wage gap among Vice Chancellors |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | National newspaper article on the closure of the gender wage gap among UK Vice Chancellors |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/26/female-academics-become-first-profession-break-glass-cei... |
Description | David Wilkinson presentation at 2020 EALE-SOLE-AASLE Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | David Wilkinson's presentation to EALE-SOLE-AASLE 2020 entitled "A Short History of the Gender Wage Gap in Britain |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://rps.ucl.ac.uk/viewobject.html?cid=1&id=1850734 |
Description | ESRC Data Impact Blog |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | ESRC hosted blog |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | http://blog.ukdataservice.ac.uk/the-gender-pay-gap-from-the-perspective-of-people-born-in-1958/ |
Description | ESRC Data Impact Blog |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Dr Bozena Wielgoszewska, one of our #DataImpactFellows, discusses the recent research she has undertaken with colleagues at UCL on the gender wage gap project |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | http://blog.ukdataservice.ac.uk/women-equal-pay/ |
Description | European association of Labour Economists Conference 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation of the paper "Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts" during one of the parallel sessions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Francesca Foliano's presentation at the Society of Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Conference, 20 September 2021 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Francesca Foliano's presentation at the Society of Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Conference, 20 September 2021 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://mediacentral.ucl.ac.uk/Player/7gDJ9jBE |
Description | Gender and paid work in the pandemic: do women pay for working from home? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Research has been presented at Quantitative Social Science "away day" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10180860/ |
Description | Heather Joshi's presentation to the UCL Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, 7th June 2021. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation to the Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology Seminar entitled "The Gender Pay Gap in the British cohort studies, past, present and future", 7 June 2021 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10129266/ |
Description | Important discoveries from the 1970 British Cohort Study - The gender wage gap |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Prof Heather Joshi describes important discoveries from the 1970 British Cohort Study using our research on the gender wage gap as an illustration. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://bcs70.info/important-discoveries-from-the-1970-british-cohort-study-the-gender-wage-gap/ |
Description | Institute of Education blog |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Blog explaining rate of convergence in gender wage gap and the role of policy. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/2021/02/02/how-long-must-women-wait-for-equal-pay/ |
Description | Invited Lecture as John Bynner Prizewinner - Placing Context in Longitudinal Research. SLLS Annual Conference. Ohio State University, October 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | An international audience of creators and analyst of longitudinal data. Delivered online. Text available afterwards in Society's journal, Longitudinal and Life Course studies. Argues for using contextual data in the study of both neighbourhood effects and labour market trajectories. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Italian Association of Labour Economists |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation of "Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts" during a parallel session |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Podcast, part of UCL Minds series |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Podcast entitled "Labour Market Gender Inequality a Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the UK Cohort Studies" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://soundcloud.com/uclsound/covid-19-and-gender-equality?in=uclsound/sets/ucl-minds-lunch-hour-7 |
Description | Presentation at UCL Social Research Institute gender inequality workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presentation entitled "The Gender Wage Gap Among Those Born in 1958: A Matching Estimator Approach" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10148340/7/Session%203.1_Alex.pdf |
Description | Presentation of Wiegoleszewska paper to SLLS confernence by Heather Joshi |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Paper became a contribution to an international collection about the consequences of natural disasters. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10161243/ |
Description | Presentation of research at practitioner conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Presentation of research findings to Chartered Institute of Personnel Development |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10089689/2/Bryson_CIPD%20ARC%202020%20-%20John%20Forth.pdf |
Description | Presentation to European Association of Labour Economics |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Feedback from colleagues and international networking |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Press coverage, Financial Times |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Reference to our research on female managers in "If you want to know why people are reluctant to be leaders, ask them", Amanda Goodall, Financial Times |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://on.ft.com/3BKIgin |
Description | Seminar at University of Bournemouth |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Between 10-20 academics engaging with our research on the gender wage gap among Vice Chancellors |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10114786/ |
Description | Seminar at École Normale Supérieure, Paris |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Conference presentation to academics at ENS, Paris |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10168851/ |
Description | Seminar presentation IAB, Germany |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Seminar presentation to the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) in Nuremberg, Germany |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10182233/ |
Description | Seminar presentation, Queen Mary's, University of London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talk entitled "Examining the size of the gender wage gap within and across birth cohorts" to Centre for Research in Equality and Diversity, Queen Mary University of London |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021,2022 |
Description | Seminar presentation, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, School of Economics, Business and Society |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Seminar presentation entitled "Examining the size of the gender wage gap within and across birth cohorts", University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, School of Economics, Business and Society, Germany |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10142894/ |
Description | Seminar, Maynooth University (Ireland), Department of Economics |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Presented findings "Examining the size of the gender wage gap within and across birth cohorts" at Maynooth University (Ireland), Department of Economics |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10147732/ |
Description | Social mobility, the 2000s and the gender pay gap | 50 Years of Life in Britain |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | Podcast about social mobility, the 2000s and the gender pay gap - part of celebrating 50 Years of Life in Britain |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://soundcloud.com/ioelondon/social-mobility-the-2000s-and-the-gender-pay-gap-50-years-of-life-i... |
Description | The Gender Wage Gap Among Those Born in 1958: A Matching Estimator Approach |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | conference presentation to Colloquium of Personnel Economics Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10167294/ |
Description | The gender furlough gap: Why did women stop working at higher rates than men? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | A blog post summarising one of our research paper in non-academic language has been published at Transforming Society website (https://www.transformingsociety.co.uk/2023/09/28/the-gender-furlough-gap-why-did-women-stop-working-at-higher-rates-than-men/). This blog has subsequently been re-posted also on UKDS website (https://blog.ukdataservice.ac.uk/the-gender-furlough-gap/). Both links were also shared on social media. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.transformingsociety.co.uk/2023/09/28/the-gender-furlough-gap-why-did-women-stop-working-... |
Description | UCL Lunchtime Seminar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | UCL lunchtime seminar, on line, entitled "Labour Market Gender Inequality a Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the UK Cohort Studies" |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAhMCHl--HI |
Description | blog on IoE website |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Blog reporting our study showing women managers close the gender pay gap. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://ioelondonblog.wordpress.com/2019/10/24/how-women-managers-close-the-gender-wage-gap/ |
Description | conference presentation at 2019 European Association for Labour Economists |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | conference presentation |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10082941/1/Bryson_uppsala_v3.pdf |
Description | national newspaper coverage |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Financial Times article reporting findings from the study on the role of female managers in reducing the size of the gender wage gap |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.ft.com/content/4e4f467a-5bef-44a6-bf19-7442f4b78abb |
Description | on-line ISER policy event on Gender Wage Gap |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Third sector organisations |
Results and Impact | This was an online policy discussion event, presenting new research on the gender pay gap, and debating the potential policy responses with a panel that included think tank and charity representatives. It was attended by around 75 people. The event was chaired by Gillian Unsworth, Head of Gender and Workplace Equality at the Cabinet Office. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/research/news/2022/02/10/why-can-t-we-close-the-gender-pay-gap-new-rese... |
Description | seminar presentation on the gender wage gap to HM Treasury |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Seminar at HM Treasury to present findings from the project |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10166954/ |
Description | website for project |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | project website providing full information on the project |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/departments-and-centres/centres/quantitative-social-science/gender-wage-ga... |