Antimicrobial resistance as a social dilemma: Approaches to reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic use in acute medical patients internationally
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Leicester
Department Name: Health Sciences
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the largest and most widely-acknowledged problems in 21st century medicine. Attempts to change the ways antibiotics are prescribed, in order to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance, have met with variable success. This is partly because the prescription of antibiotics is influenced by many social, cultural and organisational factors, and those prescribing antibiotics have to balance competing interests, values and short and long term benefits when making decisions. Healthcare providers have a responsibility both to individual patients and to "society at large", and since there is often not a "technical" solution to problems with prescribing, decisions are usually based on moral values and the customs of the healthcare community. Therefore attempts to change the ways antibiotics are prescribed will be more effective if they take these social factors into account.
These social factors, and thus decisions made by individuals about prescribing antibiotics, are strongly influenced by the local and national context. By comparing attitudes to prescribing antibiotics in England, Sri Lanka, and South Africa this study will consider and predict the influence of different contextual factors on various attempts to change the ways antibiotics are prescribed. This will make it easier to assess which attempts will be successful and could be repeated in different international contexts. Models, which take these factors into account, can be used to predict how changes in individual behaviour, social, cultural, or economic factors will impact on decisions about prescribing antibiotics, and the broader problem of antimicrobial resistance.
The project has three main aims:
1. To develop an international group of academics and clinicians who will work together to use social science theory and methods to look at the use of antibiotics in treating seriously ill patients. Close collaboration will make sure that the work of the project will be relevant to many contexts in which people are trying to improve antimicrobial resistance, particularly in non-high income countries.
2. To use theory to build a model that describes the use of broad spectrum antibiotics in treating seriously ill patients. The model will identify the risks, tensions, and elements of social and cultural context that effect the way antibiotics are prescribed. To find ways to improve antibiotic prescribing, and to consider the potential of various actions to address problems with the use of antibiotics in treating seriously ill patients in different parts of the world.
3. To begin work on a future proposal which would use two types of mathematical models to predict the effect of various attempts to try and improve the use of antibiotics in different contexts.
The model or models developed within the grant could be used to improve the success of attempts to influence antibiotic prescription, by making it clearer which actions have the best chance of success in different contexts, particularly in non-high income countries. This would reduce the risk of investing finances, time, and energy in unsuccessful projects.
The work will lay the ground work for future international collaborations, and for the development of larger projects to research and test attempts to improve the way antibiotics are prescribed. This might involve a study which interviews patients to explore their role in the prescription of antibiotics. The study will also involve training local researchers in Sri Lanka and South Africa in interviewing skills
These social factors, and thus decisions made by individuals about prescribing antibiotics, are strongly influenced by the local and national context. By comparing attitudes to prescribing antibiotics in England, Sri Lanka, and South Africa this study will consider and predict the influence of different contextual factors on various attempts to change the ways antibiotics are prescribed. This will make it easier to assess which attempts will be successful and could be repeated in different international contexts. Models, which take these factors into account, can be used to predict how changes in individual behaviour, social, cultural, or economic factors will impact on decisions about prescribing antibiotics, and the broader problem of antimicrobial resistance.
The project has three main aims:
1. To develop an international group of academics and clinicians who will work together to use social science theory and methods to look at the use of antibiotics in treating seriously ill patients. Close collaboration will make sure that the work of the project will be relevant to many contexts in which people are trying to improve antimicrobial resistance, particularly in non-high income countries.
2. To use theory to build a model that describes the use of broad spectrum antibiotics in treating seriously ill patients. The model will identify the risks, tensions, and elements of social and cultural context that effect the way antibiotics are prescribed. To find ways to improve antibiotic prescribing, and to consider the potential of various actions to address problems with the use of antibiotics in treating seriously ill patients in different parts of the world.
3. To begin work on a future proposal which would use two types of mathematical models to predict the effect of various attempts to try and improve the use of antibiotics in different contexts.
The model or models developed within the grant could be used to improve the success of attempts to influence antibiotic prescription, by making it clearer which actions have the best chance of success in different contexts, particularly in non-high income countries. This would reduce the risk of investing finances, time, and energy in unsuccessful projects.
The work will lay the ground work for future international collaborations, and for the development of larger projects to research and test attempts to improve the way antibiotics are prescribed. This might involve a study which interviews patients to explore their role in the prescription of antibiotics. The study will also involve training local researchers in Sri Lanka and South Africa in interviewing skills
Planned Impact
Who will benefit from this research?
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to society, being highlighted in a recent World Economic Forum report as a global risk on the scale of global economic meltdown or severe climate change. Efforts to avoid overuse of existing antibiotics and preserve their efficacy are critical in mitigating this threat. Our research has potential benefit to patients; clinicians and those involved in delivering antimicrobial stewardship programmes; hospital managers; and policy makers . The immediate impact will be within the three participating countries but the outputs from the research will have international significance; through dissemination we will maximise the reach of the learning from this project.
How will they benefit from the research?
We will engage with clinicians involved in stewardship activities and in developing and implementing policies and guideline related to broad spectrum antibiotics. Our research has the potential to feed into the development and implementation of guidelines. The study will contribute to the theory-base around the design of context-specific interventions targeted at reducing the use of broad spectrum antibiotics. This will enable those involved in stewardship programmes to select, design, and implement interventions that are more effectively tailored to their local organisational and cultural context, and hence more likely to be effective and efficient. Our work will also help clinicians to reflect on the tensions and influences on their prescribing behaviour, and to gain insight into their own practices. In addition, we will support networking between researchers, clinicians and policy-makers within each country with an interest in the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials. The study will build research capacity in the participating middle-income countries by training local researchers.
How will we provide opportunities to engage?
We will establish links with key stakeholders internationally through the visits proposed as the first stage of the study; key stakeholders will be invited to be involved in a virtual advisory stakeholder group and will be kept informed by email at regular intervals. We will involve established contacts in organisations involved in national stewardship research and practice, including the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, which has global links. We will maintain a project website and will upload interim updates, a full final report and a plain English summary. We will promote the website widely on social media and at workshops and conferences. We have costed for a small amount of time for a communications assistant to set up the advisory group, website and social media presence, and communication plan. We will provide training in qualitative methods to researchers in participating middle income countries, helping to build capacity for future local research into optimising the use of antibiotics. We will run a national post-project workshop in each of the three participating countries, bringing together researchers, policymakers and clinicians with an interest in reducing broad spectrum antibiotic use in acute medical patients, to disseminate findings of the project, to discuss implications for practice, and to facilitate the development of future collaboration around developing and implementing interventions. As well as presenting findings at an academic conference to disseminate our application of the specific theoretical perspective to the problem of antimicrobial stewardship, we will present the findings at two international conferences aimed at practitioner audiences involved in stewardship and quality improvement, such as the International Forum for Quality and Safety in Healthcare, and the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. We will aim to publish one output from the study in a practice-oriented academic journal such as the Journal of Hospital Infection.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to society, being highlighted in a recent World Economic Forum report as a global risk on the scale of global economic meltdown or severe climate change. Efforts to avoid overuse of existing antibiotics and preserve their efficacy are critical in mitigating this threat. Our research has potential benefit to patients; clinicians and those involved in delivering antimicrobial stewardship programmes; hospital managers; and policy makers . The immediate impact will be within the three participating countries but the outputs from the research will have international significance; through dissemination we will maximise the reach of the learning from this project.
How will they benefit from the research?
We will engage with clinicians involved in stewardship activities and in developing and implementing policies and guideline related to broad spectrum antibiotics. Our research has the potential to feed into the development and implementation of guidelines. The study will contribute to the theory-base around the design of context-specific interventions targeted at reducing the use of broad spectrum antibiotics. This will enable those involved in stewardship programmes to select, design, and implement interventions that are more effectively tailored to their local organisational and cultural context, and hence more likely to be effective and efficient. Our work will also help clinicians to reflect on the tensions and influences on their prescribing behaviour, and to gain insight into their own practices. In addition, we will support networking between researchers, clinicians and policy-makers within each country with an interest in the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials. The study will build research capacity in the participating middle-income countries by training local researchers.
How will we provide opportunities to engage?
We will establish links with key stakeholders internationally through the visits proposed as the first stage of the study; key stakeholders will be invited to be involved in a virtual advisory stakeholder group and will be kept informed by email at regular intervals. We will involve established contacts in organisations involved in national stewardship research and practice, including the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, which has global links. We will maintain a project website and will upload interim updates, a full final report and a plain English summary. We will promote the website widely on social media and at workshops and conferences. We have costed for a small amount of time for a communications assistant to set up the advisory group, website and social media presence, and communication plan. We will provide training in qualitative methods to researchers in participating middle income countries, helping to build capacity for future local research into optimising the use of antibiotics. We will run a national post-project workshop in each of the three participating countries, bringing together researchers, policymakers and clinicians with an interest in reducing broad spectrum antibiotic use in acute medical patients, to disseminate findings of the project, to discuss implications for practice, and to facilitate the development of future collaboration around developing and implementing interventions. As well as presenting findings at an academic conference to disseminate our application of the specific theoretical perspective to the problem of antimicrobial stewardship, we will present the findings at two international conferences aimed at practitioner audiences involved in stewardship and quality improvement, such as the International Forum for Quality and Safety in Healthcare, and the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. We will aim to publish one output from the study in a practice-oriented academic journal such as the Journal of Hospital Infection.
Publications
Chattoe-Brown E
(2020)
Advances in Social Simulation - Looking in the Mirror
Tarrant C
(2022)
Antibiotic overuse: managing uncertainty and mitigating against overtreatment.
in BMJ quality & safety
Krockow EM
(2019)
Balancing the risks to individual and society: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research on antibiotic prescribing behaviour in hospitals.
in The Journal of hospital infection
Tarrant C
(2021)
Drivers of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Overuse across Diverse Hospital Contexts-A Qualitative Study of Prescribers in the UK, Sri Lanka and South Africa.
in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
Tarrant C
(2021)
Editorial: Optimising Antibiotic Use: Social and Contextual Issues
in Frontiers in Sociology
Tarrant C
(2020)
Editorial: Optimising Antibiotic Use: Social and Contextual Issues.
in Frontiers in sociology
Tarrant C
(2020)
Moral and Contextual Dimensions of "Inappropriate" Antibiotic Prescribing in Secondary Care: A Three-Country Interview Study.
in Frontiers in sociology
Tarrant C
(2019)
Optimizing antibiotic prescribing: collective approaches to managing a common-pool resource.
in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Krockow EM
(2022)
Prosociality in the social dilemma of antibiotic prescribing
in Current Opinion in Psychology
Description | 1. We have built on existing links with Sri Lankan and South African researchers to identify key challenges to tackling antibiotic overuse in LMICs (Sri Lanka and South Africa), to identify impactful areas to develop future research of benefit to these LMICs. We have also established a new collaboration with an interdisciplinary research group based in Sweden, thus surpassing our project expectations around the development of wider research networks. The CeCAR group at the University of Gothenburg consists of political scientists, economists, and philosophers, who investigate collective action problems including antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The CeCAR group invited the project researcher to give two seminars in Sweden, and subsequently attended our end-of-project workshop in the UK. Members of our two research groups will be co-editing a special issue of Frontiers in Sociology on AMR (with a specific focus on building knowledge about antibiotic use in LMICS), and we are currently planning a visit of the UK group to Gothenburg in order to discuss future partnerships. The PI's success in building interdisciplinary links and networks was recognised by the University of Leicester shortlisting her for the "Discovering Excellence 2018: Interdisciplinary Excellence" award. 2. We conducted the first cross-cultural interview study with hospital prescribers of antibiotics in the UK, Sri Lanka and South Africa. As set out in our project objectives, our qualitative analysis identified key contextual factors that shape antibiotic prescribing choices internationally. These include symbolic factors such as the cultural role of doctors and the meaning of antibiotics; material factors such as hospital size, sanitation levels, laboratories facilities and availability of high-quality drugs; and relational factors including social hierarchies of hospital staff and complex doctor-patient relationships. The findings are currently being prepared for publication in a high-ranking peer-reviewed journal, are being fed back to participating organisations, and are feeding into plans for future research to develop interventions and approaches for tackling antibiotic overuse that are contextually sensitive and of benefit in LMIC settings. 3. Our project was the first to apply novel theoretical approaches and methodologies to the problem of AMR. We conducted a game-theoretic analysis of antibiotic prescribing and provided the first formal proof that-no matter the probability of a bacterial infection-it is always in a prescribers' personal interest to prescribe antibiotics. This is a crucial finding because it suggests we need to change the existing incentive structures around antibiotic prescribing to optimise prescribing choices. As detailed in our third project objective, we also developed an initial agent-based model, which has the potential to predict what factors may reduce overprescribing and help to address AMR. Both the game-theoretic model and the agent-based model are mostly descriptive at the current stage, but we are planning to build on these models in the future and turn them into predictive tools used to inform new antibiotic prescribing interventions. |
Exploitation Route | Our research has the potential to inform the development of new approaches to reducing the use of broad spectrum antibiotics in healthcare. Our pump-priming project has identified promising areas for further research including intervention development. We intend to continue to develop and test the agent-based model in terms of its value for informing intervention development; the model will be made publicly available for use by others with an interest in ABM & AMR. |
Sectors | Healthcare |
Description | We are in the process of feeding back our findings to participating healthcare organisations, providing organisation-specific feedback and identifiy areas for potential improvement and development. To date we have provided feedback to one participating hospital in South Africa, and the three participating hospitals in Sri Lanka. We intend to complete feedback to the remaining South African and UK hospitals in 2019, as well as reporting to our partner organisation in Sri Lanka, the Sri Lankan College of Microbiologists. The feedback to date has been warmly received, and has generated discussions about improvements to practice at local level, as well as informing future plans for research into the development of interventions to address the particular issues faced with optimising antibiotic overuse in LMIC, including plans to study the use of audit and feedback in LMIC settings. We have also presented our findings at conferences aimed at healthcare practitioners including clinicians, microbiologists, infection control nurses etc; this includes sessions on the role of social and behavioural science in tackling antibiotic overuse in Sri Lanka (Annual Scientific Sessions of the Sri Lankan College of Microbiology, 2017), and South Africa (The Infection Control Africa Network Congress, 2018), and the International Federation of Infection Control Conference 2018. Generating a better understanding of prescribing behaviours and AMR is critical for efforts to improve benefits to the welfare of the population (health impacts from better treatment of infections) and will generate economic value (better value for money from stewardship interventions and prescribed medication) of not only South Africa and Sri Lanka but in LMICs more widely. |
Sector | Healthcare |
Impact Types | Policy & public services |
Description | Strategies to Reduce the Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in China. |
Amount | £1,960,054 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MR/S013717/1 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2019 |
End | 12/2021 |
Description | Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund Fellowship |
Amount | £59,438 (GBP) |
Funding ID | Fellowship award to Eva Krockow |
Organisation | University of Leicester |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2019 |
End | 12/2019 |
Description | Leicester Institute for Advanced Studies Tiger Team - Acute Frailty |
Organisation | University of Leicester |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | This is an Interdisciplinary collaboration to develop a network and funding applications related to aging and frailty |
Collaborator Contribution | The network will collaborate to develop ideas for research |
Impact | The group comprises clinicians, and academics from a variety of disciplines including economics, social science, law, physics, media and communications, and engineering and technology |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | AMR Future leaders seminar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Seminar for AMR future leaders cohort |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Antimicrobial resistance as a social dilemma: Evidence from multi-national qualitative data. CeCaR |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | CeCaR invited seminar, University of Gothenburg, May 2018. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Antimicrobial resistance as a social dilemma: an international interdisciplinary project. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Interdisciplinary Research and AMR workshop, Bristol, March 2017 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Antimicrobial resistance: a social dilemma problem? Invited talk at Geary Institute for Public Policy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Invited talk at Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, October 2018. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Antimicrobial resistance: a social dilemma problem? Invited talk at London Judgment and Decision Making seminar series |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Invited talk at London Judgment and Decision Making seminar series, University College London, London, October 2018. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Antimicrobial stewardship: Optimising antibiotic prescribing: Collective approaches to managing a common-pool resource |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | British Sociological Association MedSoc, Glasgow, Sept 2018 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Antimicrobial stewardship: a principal-agent problem? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Poster presentation at: Social Research on Antimicrobial Resistance, Symposium and Networking Event: British Academy, London, UK, Sept 2018.Interdisciplinary, international workshop |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | BSAC blog: Superbugs & game theory |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Blog on British Society for Antimicrobial resistance webpage |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | https://bsac.org.uk/superbugs-game-theory-rates-of-resistance-will-continue-to-increase-unless-we-ch... |
Description | Balancing the risks to individual and society: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research on antibiotic prescribing behaviour in hospitals, Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund Symposium, |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | , Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund Symposium, University of Leicester, Leicester, September 2018 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Balancing the risks to individual and society: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research on antibiotic prescribing behaviour in hospitals. BSA MedSoc |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
Results and Impact | BSA MedSoc, Glasgow, September 2018. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Balancing the risks to individual and society: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research on antibiotic prescribing behaviour in hospitals. CeCAR |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | CeCAR invited seminar, University of Gothenburg, May 2018. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Balancing the risks to individual and society: A systematic review of qualitative research on antibiotic prescribing for acute medical patients |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | 18th Congress of the International Federation of Infection Control, Krakow, April 2018. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Balancing the risks to individual and society: A systematic review of qualitative research on antibiotic prescribing for acute medical patients. HSRUK |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | HSRUK, Nottingham, July 2018 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Barriers to optimising prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics in hospitals: A qualitative study in UK, South Africa and Sri Lanka, ICAN |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | ICAN, Cape Town, South Africa, July 2018 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Barriers to optimising prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics in hospitals: a qualitative study in UK, South Africa and Sri Lanka |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Understanding and tackling medical overuse, HSRUK, Nottingham, July 18 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Behavioural change in Antimicrobial Stewardship |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | ICAN congress, Cape Town, South Africa. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Blog: Exploring antibiotic prescribing in South Africa and Sri Lanka: A brief travel report |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Blog sharing initial reflections on the issues around antibiotic stewardship in Sri Lanka & South Africa |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/sapphire/2017/09/27/exploring-antibiotic-prescribing-in-south-africa-and... |
Description | Blog: SAPPHIRE hosts successful interdisciplinary workshop on antibiotic prescribing |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Blog about our international workshop |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/sapphire/2018/10/16/sapphire-hosts-successful-interdisciplinary-workshop... |
Description | Blog: Studying antimicrobial resistance: Interdisciplinary research is critical, but challenging |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Blog on interdisciplinary research on AMR |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/sapphire/2017/07/04/studying-antimicrobial-resistance-interdisciplinary-r... |
Description | ESRC Festival of Social Science |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Festival of Social Science event 'window on the world of healthcare', November 2019 - interactive event about the use of qualitative methods ion healthcare research - was attended by around 50 people including the general public and people in higher and further education |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Images of research competition 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Photograph from the project shortlisted for the public "Images of Research Competition" at the University of Leicester in 2017 and included as part of a public exhibition. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/doctoralcollege/researchimages/2017-competition/visual-community-o... |
Description | Images of research competitionn 2018 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Photograph from the project shortlisted for the public "Images of Research Competition" at the University of Leicester in 2018, and included as part of a public exhibition. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/doctoralcollege/researchimages/2017-competition/visual-community-o... |
Description | Medical Prescribing and Antibiotic Resistance: A Game-theoretic Model. Models to Decisions (M2D) Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Models to Decisions (M2D) Conference, Cambridge, July 2018. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Presentation at 26th Annual Scientific Sessions, Sri Lankan College of Microbiologists |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presentation given on the research project to microbiologists and other international members of the audience, which generated questions and discussion. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | http://slmicrobiology.net/26th-annual-scientific-sessions-2017/ |
Description | Presentation to participating hospital, South Africa |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Hospital visit, with a presentation and discussion about the project findings and implication, with participating hospital in South Africa, July 2018 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Presentation to participating hospitals, Sri Lanka |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Meeting with a presentation and discussion of research findings and implications, with hospital teams in the 3 participating hospitals in Sri Lanka, October 2018 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Psychology Today: Can You Trust Your Doctor? |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Article for online journal Psychology Today on trust in doctors and antibiotic prescribing |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/stretching-theory/201901/can-you-trust-your-doctor |
Description | So You Got Two Ologies? The Challenge of Empirically Modelling Medical Prescribing Behaviour and its Effect on Anti-Microbial Resistance as a Case Study |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Social Simulation Conference, Stockholm, Aug 2018 |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Talk to Leicester Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Network |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Presented the study to diverse group of scientists and clinicians involved in a local network, which generated discussion and useful feedback |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Theory and practice in optimising antibiotic use in hospitals internationally: Interdisciplinary Workshop, University of Leicester, Leicester, October 2018. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Theory and practice in optimising antibiotic use in hospitals internationally: Interdisciplinary Workshop, University of Leicester, Leicester, October 2018, inlcuding presentations by Sri Lanka and South Africa leads. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Twitter: onoing social media presence for project |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Project researcher Eva Krockow maintains an active twitter account to tweet about the project |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017,2018,2019 |
URL | https://twitter.com/em_krockow?lang=en |