Coordination of anti-epileptic inhibitory mechanisms in neocortex
Lead Research Organisation:
Newcastle University
Department Name: Institute for Ageing and Health
Abstract
Epilepsy is among the most common serious neurological conditions, affecting over a half million people in the UK, and over 50 million worldwide. Given its prevalence, it is important to ask how epileptic and normal brains differ. One hypothesis is that normal brains are protected by a particular set of inhibitory neurons, which act like circuit breakers: they fire in response to surges of activity, when the risk of a seizure is high, and prevent activity spreading out from its site of origin. The importance of this idea is that it can explain many different facets of epilepsy, from how genetic mutations give rise to seizures, right up to the nature of EEG rhythms.
Recently we have developed new ways of studying epilepsy, using the latest microscopy and electrophysiology technology to film epileptiform activity with unprecedented resolution. This work has highlighted the unusual activity patterns of certain inhibitory neurons. These cells are connected by unusual electrical contacts called gap junctions. Other evidence also points to the importance of gap junctions in epilepsy, and thus they represent a potential new target for anti-epileptic drugs. We will therefore investigate how gap junctions affect the behaviour of this important group of neurons.
Our studies will initially involve a very detailed study of the electrical properties of these unusual networks of cells, coupled by gap-junctions. These are very important baseline studies because they will show how normal brain activity spreads. By charcterizing these normal activity patterns, we can then determine how activity changes in epilepsy. To do this, we will use one of the best mouse models of epilepsy, in which mice have the same genetic mutation which has been identified as the cause of a particularly severe type of epilepsy, called Dravets syndrome. These animals, which mimic exactly real human conditions, because they derive from the exact same genetic mutations, are about the best models there are of human epilepsy. We are entering a period when such models may be created with increasing ease, yet we do not have a good way of characterizing their epilepsy. Our studies will show how to do this, by characterizing different facets of epileptic activity with exquisite detail using latest electrophyiological and microscopy techniques.
Finally we will move from mouse to humans, making use of a truly unique set of recordings taken from real people who are undergoing neurosurgical treatment for their epilepsy. These recordings have been made at a top American hospital, and have already allowed us to uncover new ways of interpreting one of the most important neurological diagnostic tools, the EEG.
Recently we have developed new ways of studying epilepsy, using the latest microscopy and electrophysiology technology to film epileptiform activity with unprecedented resolution. This work has highlighted the unusual activity patterns of certain inhibitory neurons. These cells are connected by unusual electrical contacts called gap junctions. Other evidence also points to the importance of gap junctions in epilepsy, and thus they represent a potential new target for anti-epileptic drugs. We will therefore investigate how gap junctions affect the behaviour of this important group of neurons.
Our studies will initially involve a very detailed study of the electrical properties of these unusual networks of cells, coupled by gap-junctions. These are very important baseline studies because they will show how normal brain activity spreads. By charcterizing these normal activity patterns, we can then determine how activity changes in epilepsy. To do this, we will use one of the best mouse models of epilepsy, in which mice have the same genetic mutation which has been identified as the cause of a particularly severe type of epilepsy, called Dravets syndrome. These animals, which mimic exactly real human conditions, because they derive from the exact same genetic mutations, are about the best models there are of human epilepsy. We are entering a period when such models may be created with increasing ease, yet we do not have a good way of characterizing their epilepsy. Our studies will show how to do this, by characterizing different facets of epileptic activity with exquisite detail using latest electrophyiological and microscopy techniques.
Finally we will move from mouse to humans, making use of a truly unique set of recordings taken from real people who are undergoing neurosurgical treatment for their epilepsy. These recordings have been made at a top American hospital, and have already allowed us to uncover new ways of interpreting one of the most important neurological diagnostic tools, the EEG.
Technical Summary
This project is part of a long-running research agenda to determine what stops focussed bursts of activity spreading out to become full epileptic seizures. Once recruited to an epileptic event, pyramidal cells fire intensely on the crest of large rhythmic depolarizations. Prior to this however, is a period when they experience similarly large depolarizations but do not fire, suggestive of a powerful restraint. This inhibitory veto is a strong candidate for regulating activity at this critical juncture in the evolution of a seizure.
How is this inhibitory response to a network crisis coordinated? Undoubtedly synaptic mechanisms are involved, but an underexplored role is also likely played by gap-junctions (GJs). We hypothesize that the exact pattern of intense discharge of INs is determined by the electrotonic structure of the syncytia. We hypothesize also that the likelihood of activity spreading through the syncytial network is modulated by factors such as rising intracellular Ca2+, shifts in K+ balance and altered membrane K+ permeability. These factors will therefore determine the extent of the inhibitory surround effect. We will further explore the complementary role of discharges in syncytia of different interneuronal classes, and how these are coordinated.
To test these hypotheses, we will establish:
1. The electrotonic structure of gap-junction coupled, interneuronal syncytia
2. How ionic concentrations and neuromodulators influence syncytial behaviour
3. How syncytial behaviour is altered in transgenic mouse models of myoclonic epilepsy.
4. Whether "signature" electrophysiological features of syncytia activity can be seen in human recordings.
How is this inhibitory response to a network crisis coordinated? Undoubtedly synaptic mechanisms are involved, but an underexplored role is also likely played by gap-junctions (GJs). We hypothesize that the exact pattern of intense discharge of INs is determined by the electrotonic structure of the syncytia. We hypothesize also that the likelihood of activity spreading through the syncytial network is modulated by factors such as rising intracellular Ca2+, shifts in K+ balance and altered membrane K+ permeability. These factors will therefore determine the extent of the inhibitory surround effect. We will further explore the complementary role of discharges in syncytia of different interneuronal classes, and how these are coordinated.
To test these hypotheses, we will establish:
1. The electrotonic structure of gap-junction coupled, interneuronal syncytia
2. How ionic concentrations and neuromodulators influence syncytial behaviour
3. How syncytial behaviour is altered in transgenic mouse models of myoclonic epilepsy.
4. Whether "signature" electrophysiological features of syncytia activity can be seen in human recordings.
Planned Impact
Our research impacts directly on one of the most common serious neurological conditions: epilepsy. The WHO estimates that, worldwide, more than 50 million people are diagnosed with epilepsy; to put this in context, about half this number suffer from any form of dementia. Over the last 8 years, we have developed sophisticated new approaches to understanding various simple in vitro animal models of epileptic propagation, but importantly, our recent collaborations with Dr Catherine Schevon have shown clearly that these studies have direct relevance to epilepsy in humans. Furthermore, our detailed understanding of the spatial pattern of activity during in vitro epileptiform discharges indicated a potential pitfall for EEG localization of seizures. We have now confirmed this from human recordings, and this will lead to a revision of how epileptic activity is localized for neurosurgical procedures. Other parallel studies are seeking to translate our basic research findings to clinical practice by developing visual tests for assessing seizure risk. These studies provide a clear proof of principle showing how simple animal research impacts directly on clinical practice.
We also outline a comprehensive approach to characterizing epileptic phenotypes in transgenic mice. This can form a template for all future epilepsy studies on such mice, and further impact on related studies examining pharmacological approaches to managing epilepsy in these animals. AT is a core member of an application to form an MRC Mouse Network Research Consortium advising on the generation and research of transgenic mice. These initiatives will impact on pharmaceutical companies designing and testing novel anti-epileptics. It is notable that the main focus of our proposal, gap junctions, are not currently targeted by any anti-epileptic medication.
We also outline a comprehensive approach to characterizing epileptic phenotypes in transgenic mice. This can form a template for all future epilepsy studies on such mice, and further impact on related studies examining pharmacological approaches to managing epilepsy in these animals. AT is a core member of an application to form an MRC Mouse Network Research Consortium advising on the generation and research of transgenic mice. These initiatives will impact on pharmaceutical companies designing and testing novel anti-epileptics. It is notable that the main focus of our proposal, gap junctions, are not currently targeted by any anti-epileptic medication.
Organisations
- Newcastle University (Lead Research Organisation)
- Columbia University (Collaboration)
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (Collaboration)
- Columbia University Medical Center (Collaboration)
- Medical Research Council (MRC) (Collaboration)
- University of Cape Town (Collaboration)
- IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON (Collaboration)
Publications
Alfonsa H
(2016)
Cl-out is a novel cooperative optogenetic tool for extruding chloride from neurons.
in Nature communications
Alfonsa H
(2015)
The contribution of raised intraneuronal chloride to epileptic network activity.
in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
Burman RJ
(2019)
Excitatory GABAergic signalling is associated with benzodiazepine resistance in status epilepticus.
in Brain : a journal of neurology
Codadu N
(2019)
Region-specific differences and areal interactions underlying transitions in epileptiform activity
in The Journal of Physiology
Codadu N
(2019)
Divergent paths to seizure-like events
Codadu NK
(2019)
Divergent paths to seizure-like events.
in Physiological reports
Currin C
(2019)
Chloride dynamics alter the input-output properties of neurons
Currin CB
(2020)
Chloride dynamics alter the input-output properties of neurons.
in PLoS computational biology
Lidster K
(2016)
Opportunities for improving animal welfare in rodent models of epilepsy and seizures.
in Journal of neuroscience methods
Merricks EM
(2021)
Neuronal Firing and Waveform Alterations through Ictal Recruitment in Humans.
in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
Merricks EM
(2015)
Single unit action potentials in humans and the effect of seizure activity.
in Brain : a journal of neurology
Papasavvas C
(2020)
Propagating Activity in Neocortex, Mediated by Gap Junctions and Modulated by Extracellular Potassium
in eneuro
Papasavvas CA
(2020)
Divisive gain modulation enables flexible and rapid entrainment in a neocortical microcircuit model.
in Journal of neurophysiology
Papasavvas CA
(2015)
Gain control through divisive inhibition prevents abrupt transition to chaos in a neural mass model.
in Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics
Parrish R
(2018)
Simultaneous profiling of activity patterns in multiple neuronal subclasses
in Journal of Neuroscience Methods
Parrish RR
(2018)
Graphical user interface for simultaneous profiling of activity patterns in multiple neuronal subclasses.
in Data in brief
Parrish RR
(2018)
Pyramidal cell activity levels affect the polarity of activity-induced gene transcription changes in interneurons.
in Journal of neurophysiology
Parrish RR
(2019)
Feedforward inhibition ahead of ictal wavefronts is provided by both parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons.
in The Journal of physiology
Parrish RR
(2018)
Stress-testing the brain to understand its breaking points.
in The Journal of physiology
Piguel NH
(2014)
Scribble1/AP2 complex coordinates NMDA receptor endocytic recycling.
in Cell reports
Pouille F
(2013)
The contribution of synaptic location to inhibitory gain control in pyramidal cells.
in Physiological reports
Schevon CA
(2012)
Evidence of an inhibitory restraint of seizure activity in humans.
in Nature communications
Schevon, C. And Trevelyan, A.J.
(2013)
Current Practice of Clinical Electroencephalography
Schroeder GM
(2020)
Seizure pathways change on circadian and slower timescales in individual patients with focal epilepsy.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Smith EH
(2016)
The ictal wavefront is the spatiotemporal source of discharges during spontaneous human seizures.
in Nature communications
Stanic J
(2015)
Rabphilin 3A retains NMDA receptors at synaptic sites through interaction with GluN2A/PSD-95 complex.
in Nature communications
Trevelyan A
(2013)
Why do some brains seize? Molecular, cellular and network mechanisms.
in The Journal of physiology
Trevelyan AJ
(2013)
How inhibition influences seizure propagation.
in Neuropharmacology
Trevelyan AJ
(2015)
The role of inhibition in epileptic networks.
in Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
Trevelyan AJ
(2013)
The information content of physiological and epileptic brain activity.
in The Journal of physiology
Trevelyan AJ
(2016)
Do Cortical Circuits Need Protecting from Themselves?
in Trends in neurosciences
Wang Y
(2017)
Mechanisms underlying different onset patterns of focal seizures.
in PLoS computational biology
Weiss S
(2013)
Ictal high frequency oscillations distinguish two types of seizure territories in humans
in Brain
Weiss SA
(2013)
Field effects and ictal synchronization: insights from in homine observations.
in Frontiers in human neuroscience
Weiss SA
(2015)
Seizure localization using ictal phase-locked high gamma: A retrospective surgical outcome study.
in Neurology
Yazdani P
(2015)
Two common psychophysical measures of surround suppression reflect independent neuronal mechanisms.
in Journal of vision
Yazdani P
(2017)
Assessment of epilepsy using noninvasive visual psychophysics tests of surround suppression.
in Physiological reports
Zhang J
(2020)
Modulation of brain cation-Cl- cotransport via the SPAK kinase inhibitor ZT-1a.
in Nature communications
Title | Tsunami in the brain |
Description | I transcribed an electrophysiological recording of a seizure into a piece of music, by equating different frequency bands of the signal to particular notes played by different musical instruments. I did the initial analysis using Matlab software, and then transcribed this into a written piece of music using the composing software, Sibelius, and also using this to create an audio file of the piece. This was the centrepiece of a presentation that we made at the British Science Festival in 2013, and is now posted online in efforts to raise money for epilepsy research at the following URL: http://www.epilepsyresearch.org.uk/tsunamis-in-the-brain/ |
Type Of Art | Performance (Music, Dance, Drama, etc) |
Year Produced | 2013 |
Impact | The video has been viewed several hundred times |
URL | http://www.epilepsyresearch.org.uk/tsunamis-in-the-brain/ |
Description | NC3Rs report on epilepsy research |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Impact | Our study collated information pertaining to the use of animals in epilepsy research and provided guidance on such matters, as a published review. |
URL | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26376175 |
Description | Project Grant |
Amount | £147,334 (GBP) |
Funding ID | P1504 |
Organisation | Epilepsy Research UK |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2015 |
End | 09/2017 |
Description | Research grant, responsive mode |
Amount | £594,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | BB/P019854/1 |
Organisation | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2017 |
End | 09/2020 |
Description | Schaefer Research Scholarship |
Amount | $250,000 (USD) |
Organisation | Columbia University |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United States |
Start | 05/2016 |
End | 10/2017 |
Title | Cl-out |
Description | We developed a new optogenetic protein tool, which allows chloride to be actively removed from the cytosol of neurons, driven by light. since chloride levels are integral for functional synaptic inhibiiton, this tool serves to improve inhibition. |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Publication of proof of principle for this new optogenetic tool (Alfonsa et al, Nature Communications, 2016) |
URL | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27853135 |
Description | Collaboration with Dr Cathy Schevon |
Organisation | Columbia University |
Department | Department of Neurology |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Consultant on RO1 award (April 2013) This award is now active. We are submitting a paper in November 2014, first author Merricks, and with myself as corresponding author. |
Collaborator Contribution | Analysis of data and co-authoring of papers and grant proposal |
Impact | Several publications already, but the RO1 will only activate in autumn, 2013 |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | Collaboration with Prof Gian-Michele Ratto |
Organisation | Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa |
Country | Italy |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We are working with Prof Ratto to develop strategies for imaging and manipulating chloride in neurons |
Collaborator Contribution | We are developing novel optogenetic tools for manipulating chloride, while Prof Ratto is developing tools for measuring chloride. |
Impact | We now have multiple manuscripts being considered for publication, and which we have posted on to preprint servers. Additionally, we were awarded a Royal Society Collaboration grant (in association with Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy) in 2021. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | FLAIR collaborative award: Joseph Raimondo |
Organisation | University of Cape Town |
Country | South Africa |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | £50000 award from Royal Society to facilitate collaborative work between the UK and existing FLAIR fellows. Joe Raimondo has one of these fellowships and he and I will collaborate on a project trying to understand the source of epileptic seizures in patients with neurocystercicosis. |
Collaborator Contribution | This collaborative award is only open to FLAIR fellows, so was very much initiated by Joe. Having said that, he and I have been collaborating on a variety of projects for a few years. |
Impact | We have already published two collaborative papers: Excitatory GABAergic signalling is associated with benzodiazepine resistance in status epilepticus. Burman RJ, Selfe JS, Lee JH, van den Berg M, Calin A, Codadu NK, Wright R, Newey SE, Parrish RR, Katz AA, Wilmshurst JM, Akerman CJ, Trevelyan AJ, Raimondo JV. Brain. 2019 Nov 1;142(11):3482-3501. doi: 10.1093/brain/awz283. PMID: 31553050 Divergent paths to seizure-like events. Codadu NK, Graham RT, Burman RJ, Jackson-Taylor RT, Raimondo JV, Trevelyan AJ, Parrish RR. Physiol Rep. 2019 Oct;7(19):e14226. doi: 10.14814/phy2.14226. PMID: 31587522 |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Macromolecular-Ionic-Compensation team |
Organisation | Imperial College London |
Department | Department of Infectious Disease |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have shared the DNA constructs for our novel optogenetic chloride pumps with Dr John O'Neill (LMB), and Rachel Edgar (ICL) in order to investigate the effects of chloride manipulation on protein biochemistry |
Collaborator Contribution | as above |
Impact | none to date |
Start Year | 2021 |
Description | Macromolecular-Ionic-Compensation team |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Department | MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have shared the DNA constructs for our novel optogenetic chloride pumps with Dr John O'Neill (LMB), and Rachel Edgar (ICL) in order to investigate the effects of chloride manipulation on protein biochemistry |
Collaborator Contribution | as above |
Impact | none to date |
Start Year | 2021 |
Description | Schaefer Research Scholarship (Columbia University) |
Organisation | Columbia University Medical Center |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | A personal award to myself, from Columbia University, to facilitate continued collaborative work on epilepsy. |
Collaborator Contribution | Award was for collaboration with Profs Cathy Schevon and Wayne Frankel (both at Columbia University Medical School). |
Impact | None yet |
Start Year | 2016 |
Title | Novel optogenetic protein |
Description | Development of new optogenetic protein, Cl-out, which is a light-sensitive, membrane bound protein, which drives chloride out of cells, when activated by light. |
IP Reference | GB1601008.4 |
Protection | Patent application published |
Year Protection Granted | 2016 |
Licensed | No |
Impact | Publication of description of the technique in Nature Communications, in 2016. |
Description | 1st IBRO-UCT African Advanced School of Epilepsy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | I gave 3 seminars, ran tutorial groups and also ran practical classes to a group of about 40 students gathered from all across Africa. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://ibro.info/events/ibro-uct-african-advanced-school-on-epilepsy/ |
Description | 6th International Workshop on Seizure Prediction |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I presented my research to an audience of experts in my field. A PhD student of mine, Edward Merricks, also spoke at the meeting. Arising from this, I co-authored a review article that has recently been accepted for publication in the journal, Clinical Neurophysiology. I am first and corresponding author. Pending |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
URL | http://www.iwsp6.org |
Description | Columbia University |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Neurology grand rounds at Columbia University Medical Center |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Epilepsy workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | A small workshop including mathematicians, physicists, computational modellers and biologists to discuss the nature of network activity in the brain, with particular reference to epilepsy |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
Description | IBRO 2016 Workshop - Budapest |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited symposium speaker |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.ibro2016.hu/ |
Description | ICTALS 2022 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Conference about seizure prediction, in Bern, Switzerland |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | IWSP6 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Type Of Presentation | Keynote/Invited Speaker |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Collaborations pending |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
URL | http://www.iwsp6.org/ |
Description | NC3Rs Epilepsy Working Group |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This has now been disbanded, following completion of our review, and the publication of our findings in the Journal of Neuroscience Methods (Lidster et al, doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.007) Pending |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012,2013,2014,2015 |
Description | Neuromouse |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Type Of Presentation | Workshop Facilitator |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Ongoing creation of new mouse models of neurological disease arising from genetic mutations. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2012,2013 |
URL | http://mrcmousenetwork.har.mrc.ac.uk/all-consortiums/neuromouse-integrated-and-translational-researc... |
Description | North East Epilepsy Research Meeting |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | 2014: About 100 delegates attended including senior research figures from Harvard (USA), Pisa (Italy) and Erasmus University (Rotterdam, Holland) 2015: similar size meeting. I chaired the session of talks by postdoctoral researchers Pending - research collaborations |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013,2014,2015 |
URL | http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ion/news/neernm.htm |
Description | Tsunamis in the Brain:The science and sociology of Epilepsy |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The event, held in Newcastle on 12th September, was attended by over 100 people, and there was an enthusiastic smaller group who relocated to a local cafe for further conversations. The event was filmed and has now been posted on the Epilepsy Research UK website for fund raising purposes.(http://www.epilepsyresearch.org.uk/tsunamis-in-the-brain/) It is also posted on youtube as a single 18min film, and also as a collection of 6 short separate sections (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1dunq_ABlM) |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
URL | http://www.epilepsyresearch.org.uk/tsunamis-in-the-brain/ |
Description | WONOEP |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | Yes |
Type Of Presentation | Keynote/Invited Speaker |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Talk at a closed workshop meeting attended by 100 senior epilepsy researchers. Collaborations pending |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2013 |
URL | http://www.aesnet.org/events/2013-06-19/xii-workshop-on-neurobiology-of-epilepsy-wonoep-2013 |
Description | Yale University |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Seminar at Yale University Medical School |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |