MICA: STRATA - Schizophrenia: Treatment Resistance And Therapeutic Advances
Lead Research Organisation:
King's College London
Department Name: Inst of Psychiatry School Offices
Abstract
People with schizophrenia suffer from a range of symptoms including hallucinations (such as hearing voices), delusions (false beliefs) and thought disorder (thoughts not flowing in a logical way), as well as 'negative symptoms' such as a lack of motivation and withdrawal from social contact. Currently, antipsychotic medication is the mainstay of treatment of schizophrenia and all existing antipsychotic medications are thought to work by acting to reduce transmission of a brain chemical called dopamine. However, even after attempts to treat the disorder with two different antipsychotics, around 30% of patients still fail to improve. When this happens, the medical guidelines recommend treatment with a different drug called clozapine. However clozapine has several side effects and requires regular blood tests, so people do not like taking it. It is also ineffective in some patients.
The result is that a large number of patients spend too long on ineffective drugs which impact greatly on their mental health, well-being and quality of life whilst the costs of ineffective treatment is a huge financial burden to the NHS, consuming 25-50% of the total national mental health budget.
This set of studies aims to build on new evidence from neuroimaging and genetics studies suggesting that those who do not respond may actually have a completely different neurochemical abnormality causing their symptoms, involving a different chemical called glutamate. There are some new medicines under development that we hope will help people whose illness has not responded to standard medicines acting on dopamine.
We aim to develop a method to predict, ultimately as early as first admission, which patients will respond to standard dopamine drugs, and which people are instead more likely to respond to the new glutamate drugs. This will allow people to receive the medicines they need straight away, without having to try ineffective drugs first.
The proposed research programme is broken down into several parts. The first set of studies will use cutting edge brain scans to confirm that those patients who don't respond to standard treatments have higher glutamate levels, but normal dopamine levels. We will then develop tests, using genetic markers and other information, to identify in advance which people will respond to which medication types. If this is successful, we will then conduct a clinical trial to see whether prescribing medicines according to the test results gives better outcomes for patients than the 'trial and error' method by which we prescribe medicines at present. Lastly we will investigate economic benefits and, with Service User groups, investigate the acceptability of an early identification tool from the patient perspective.
The result is that a large number of patients spend too long on ineffective drugs which impact greatly on their mental health, well-being and quality of life whilst the costs of ineffective treatment is a huge financial burden to the NHS, consuming 25-50% of the total national mental health budget.
This set of studies aims to build on new evidence from neuroimaging and genetics studies suggesting that those who do not respond may actually have a completely different neurochemical abnormality causing their symptoms, involving a different chemical called glutamate. There are some new medicines under development that we hope will help people whose illness has not responded to standard medicines acting on dopamine.
We aim to develop a method to predict, ultimately as early as first admission, which patients will respond to standard dopamine drugs, and which people are instead more likely to respond to the new glutamate drugs. This will allow people to receive the medicines they need straight away, without having to try ineffective drugs first.
The proposed research programme is broken down into several parts. The first set of studies will use cutting edge brain scans to confirm that those patients who don't respond to standard treatments have higher glutamate levels, but normal dopamine levels. We will then develop tests, using genetic markers and other information, to identify in advance which people will respond to which medication types. If this is successful, we will then conduct a clinical trial to see whether prescribing medicines according to the test results gives better outcomes for patients than the 'trial and error' method by which we prescribe medicines at present. Lastly we will investigate economic benefits and, with Service User groups, investigate the acceptability of an early identification tool from the patient perspective.
Technical Summary
A third of patients with schizophrenia fail to respond to standard dopamine-blocking antipsychotic drugs. This is a major clinical problem, causing immense personal and family suffiering and costing billions in health, social care and lost productivity. Two converging streams of findings from our consortium suggest that abnormalities of the glutamate system may identify patients who are non-responsive to dopamine blockers (T-Non-Resp). Imaging studies have shown that T-Non-Resp patients have abnormal glutamate systems, but seemingly normal dopamine systems. Meanwhile, genetic research has demonstrated that T-Non-Resp patients have an excess of genetic abnormalities in glutamate system pathways, but fewer abnormalities in dopamine pathways, than typical patients with schizophrenia. Fortunately, several pharmaceutical companies in our consortium are already developing drugs acting on the glutamate system which are currently in phase II/III.
OBJECTIVES: (1) To develop an imaging and/or genetic based stratification strategy that will help identify patients who do not respond well to current dopamine-blocking treatments; (2) To develop a multi-centre clinical trials network to deliver standardised stratified clinical trials; (3) To develop a quantitative understanding of the health economic implications, patient and clinician acceptability of such an approach; (4) Using this network, to conduct a proof-of-concept stratified medicine trial, to test the ability of the stratifier to predict response to an add-on glutamatergic drug and improvements that a stratified approach would make to both clinical and pharmacoeconomic outcomes.
OBJECTIVES: (1) To develop an imaging and/or genetic based stratification strategy that will help identify patients who do not respond well to current dopamine-blocking treatments; (2) To develop a multi-centre clinical trials network to deliver standardised stratified clinical trials; (3) To develop a quantitative understanding of the health economic implications, patient and clinician acceptability of such an approach; (4) Using this network, to conduct a proof-of-concept stratified medicine trial, to test the ability of the stratifier to predict response to an add-on glutamatergic drug and improvements that a stratified approach would make to both clinical and pharmacoeconomic outcomes.
Planned Impact
The broad aims of the current project are to develop a means to identify predictors of treatment-resistance in patients with schizophrenia, who may hence require a different type of medication; and then to work with Pharma collaborators to examine efficacy of novel medications which act on that neurochemical system. This research program has significant and far-reaching implications to a wide variety of interest groups, and could have potentially profound effects on patients' well-being, illness course and patient outcome, financial burden to the NHS, investment and development focus of Industry, NICE guidelines, as well as our understanding of schizophrenia.
Impact on Patients
At present, patients with schizophrenia may spend many years taking ineffective medication. During this time, patients experience persistent clinical symptoms, which coupled with medication side-effects, profoundly affect their quality of life, subjective well-being, and broader functional and social status. This time should be shortened as a result of this work.
Clozapine, which is currently the only medication currentllicenced for "treatment resistant" schizophrenia, is also associated with serious side-effects, such as agranulocytosis. Less clozapine will be used as more patients will receive novel 'glutamate' drugs which do not produce these side effects. Improvements in clinical efficacy may improve adherence. The new glutamate drugs are already being developed thus positive findings could contribute to acceleration of the clinical availability of these medicines to patients.
Clinical trials
Clinical trials typically exclude patients with "treatment resistant" schizophrenia, as pharmaceutical companies see them as unlikely to respond to new drugs and therefore a "bad bet" for trialling their new medicines. Patients with treatment non-response are therefore severely disadvantaged, as there is little research carried out in this group, and thus little evidence on which to base treatment decisions in this group. However our findings suggest that such patients are precisely those most likely to benefit from glutamatergic agents. We hope that this will lead to the inclusion of such patients in drug trials in the future.
NHS
About 30% of schizophrenia patients treated with antipsychotics are resistant to first-line 'dopaminergic' medication. Long-term ineffective treatment is both time-consuming and enormously costly to the NHS. Treatment non-responsive patients consume 25-50% of the total national mental health budget. Early identification and appropriate treatment of patients with the correct medicines (patients would otherwise have been deemed "treatment Resistant") would profoundly reduce financial burden to the NHS.
NICE guidelines
Identification of a subgroup of patients who respond to glutamatergic and not dopaminergic compounds would necessary lead to a revision of NICE guidelines of treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Stratification of patients with glutamatergic abnormalities, and medicines that act on this system, would likely result in NICE recommending that new patents are screened (according to the stratification tool classifier we will develop) and hence prescribed either a dopaminergic or glutamatergic compound accordingly.
Drug Development by Pharmaceutical Industry
There has been little advance in the development of novel antipsychotics over the past decade. The potential for novel antipsychotics which act on a different neurotransmitter has several implications. Positive findings would open a new avenue of drug development using stratification to identify patients who will respond to novel drugs. Consequent investment in this direction of pharmaceutical development would lead to novel discoveries and greater understanding of glutamate in schizophrenia. There is also clear financial incentive to develop novel drugs which target populations previously seen to be non-responsive to treatment.
Impact on Patients
At present, patients with schizophrenia may spend many years taking ineffective medication. During this time, patients experience persistent clinical symptoms, which coupled with medication side-effects, profoundly affect their quality of life, subjective well-being, and broader functional and social status. This time should be shortened as a result of this work.
Clozapine, which is currently the only medication currentllicenced for "treatment resistant" schizophrenia, is also associated with serious side-effects, such as agranulocytosis. Less clozapine will be used as more patients will receive novel 'glutamate' drugs which do not produce these side effects. Improvements in clinical efficacy may improve adherence. The new glutamate drugs are already being developed thus positive findings could contribute to acceleration of the clinical availability of these medicines to patients.
Clinical trials
Clinical trials typically exclude patients with "treatment resistant" schizophrenia, as pharmaceutical companies see them as unlikely to respond to new drugs and therefore a "bad bet" for trialling their new medicines. Patients with treatment non-response are therefore severely disadvantaged, as there is little research carried out in this group, and thus little evidence on which to base treatment decisions in this group. However our findings suggest that such patients are precisely those most likely to benefit from glutamatergic agents. We hope that this will lead to the inclusion of such patients in drug trials in the future.
NHS
About 30% of schizophrenia patients treated with antipsychotics are resistant to first-line 'dopaminergic' medication. Long-term ineffective treatment is both time-consuming and enormously costly to the NHS. Treatment non-responsive patients consume 25-50% of the total national mental health budget. Early identification and appropriate treatment of patients with the correct medicines (patients would otherwise have been deemed "treatment Resistant") would profoundly reduce financial burden to the NHS.
NICE guidelines
Identification of a subgroup of patients who respond to glutamatergic and not dopaminergic compounds would necessary lead to a revision of NICE guidelines of treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Stratification of patients with glutamatergic abnormalities, and medicines that act on this system, would likely result in NICE recommending that new patents are screened (according to the stratification tool classifier we will develop) and hence prescribed either a dopaminergic or glutamatergic compound accordingly.
Drug Development by Pharmaceutical Industry
There has been little advance in the development of novel antipsychotics over the past decade. The potential for novel antipsychotics which act on a different neurotransmitter has several implications. Positive findings would open a new avenue of drug development using stratification to identify patients who will respond to novel drugs. Consequent investment in this direction of pharmaceutical development would lead to novel discoveries and greater understanding of glutamate in schizophrenia. There is also clear financial incentive to develop novel drugs which target populations previously seen to be non-responsive to treatment.
Organisations
- King's College London (Lead Research Organisation)
- H. Lundbeck A/S (Collaboration)
- Aarhus University (Collaboration)
- University of Manchester (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM (Collaboration)
- QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (Collaboration)
- Cardiff University (Collaboration)
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (Project Partner)
- University College London (Project Partner)
- University of Cantabria (Project Partner)
- Roche (Switzerland) (Project Partner)
- Eli Lilly (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- Amgen (United States) (Project Partner)
- Universidade de São Paulo (Project Partner)
- Janssen (Belgium) (Project Partner)
Publications
Pardiñas AF
(2022)
Interaction Testing and Polygenic Risk Scoring to Estimate the Association of Common Genetic Variants With Treatment Resistance in Schizophrenia.
in JAMA psychiatry
De Freitas DF
(2022)
Ethnic inequalities in clozapine use among people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a retrospective cohort study using data from electronic clinical records.
in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
Kadra-Scalzo G
(2022)
A predictor model of treatment resistance in schizophrenia using data from electronic health records.
in PloS one
Millgate E
(2023)
Cognitive performance at first episode of psychosis and the relationship with future treatment resistance: Evidence from an international prospective cohort study.
in Schizophrenia research
Griffiths K
(2023)
Treatment resistance NMDA receptor pathway polygenic score is associated with brain glutamate in schizophrenia.
in Schizophrenia research
Jones R
(2023)
Early neutrophil trajectory following clozapine may predict clozapine response - Results from an observational study using electronic health records.
in Brain, behavior, and immunity
Fenn-Moltu S
(2023)
The association between peripheral inflammation, brain glutamate and antipsychotic response in Schizophrenia: Data from the STRATA collaboration.
in Brain, behavior, and immunity
Nordio G
(2023)
An automatic analysis framework for FDOPA PET neuroimaging.
in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
Pardinas Antonio F.
(2023)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of clozapine in an ancestrally diverse sample: a longitudinal analysis and genome-wide association study using UK clinical monitoring data
in LANCET PSYCHIATRY
Lynham AJ
(2023)
DRAGON-Data: a platform and protocol for integrating genomic and phenotypic data across large psychiatric cohorts.
in BJPsych open
Egerton A
(2023)
Anterior cingulate glutamate metabolites as a predictor of antipsychotic response in first episode psychosis: data from the STRATA collaboration.
in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
Kappel D
(2023)
Genomic Stratification of Clozapine Prescription Patterns Using Schizophrenia Polygenic Scores
in Biological Psychiatry
Astle DE
(2023)
We need timely access to mental health data: implications of the Goldacre review.
in The lancet. Psychiatry
Griffiths K
(2024)
Changes in immunoglobulin levels during clozapine treatment in schizophrenia.
in Brain, behavior, and immunity
Description | Consultant to POMH |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to a national consultation/review |
Impact | The UK prescribing observatory on Mental Health asked for our expertise in developing and reviewing their national audit of clozapine prescribing oin the UK |
Description | Contribution to National guidelines on antipsychotic prescribing from the British Association of Psychopharmacology |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Membership of a guideline committee |
Description | Membership of Nordic Research Board |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Participation in a guidance/advisory committee |
Impact | These impacts arise through the research programmes funded by the Nordic Research Council. |
Description | Clinical training Fellowship |
Amount | £243,384 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MR/P001378/1 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 10/2016 |
End | 09/2019 |
Description | Commercial grant |
Amount | £208,425 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 418952 |
Organisation | H. Lundbeck A/S |
Sector | Private |
Country | Denmark |
Start | 12/2017 |
End | 06/2019 |
Description | Commercial study (RCT) |
Amount | £85,436 (GBP) |
Organisation | H. Lundbeck A/S |
Sector | Private |
Country | Denmark |
Start | 04/2018 |
End | 11/2019 |
Description | EME: Mechanisms of action of clozapine in schizophrenia |
Amount | £477,801 (GBP) |
Funding ID | NIHR150308 |
Organisation | National Institute for Health Research |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2023 |
End | 02/2028 |
Description | KCL Application for a Mental Health Data Pathfinder award |
Amount | £1,497,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MC_PC_17214 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2018 |
End | 03/2021 |
Description | MRC Mental Health Data Pathfinder |
Amount | £1,497,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MC_PC_17214 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2018 |
End | 03/2020 |
Description | MRC Project Grant |
Amount | £68,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MR/L003988/1 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2017 |
End | 08/2018 |
Description | NIHR131175 - CLEAR: (CLozapine in EARly psychosis) A Multi- Centre, Randomised Controlled trial of Clozapine for Young People with Treatment Resistant Psychosis in Real World Settings |
Amount | £198,473,521 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 131175 |
Organisation | National Institute for Health Research |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2021 |
End | 03/2027 |
Title | STRATA database |
Description | The STRATA database comprises all the data collected as part of the STRATA collaboration |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | The study is ongoing but the data will be made available at the close of the study. |
Description | ANEW clinical trial |
Organisation | H. Lundbeck A/S |
Country | Denmark |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | National coordinating investigator for the UK (3 sites). Access to patient populations. |
Collaborator Contribution | Financial |
Impact | Outputs will be generated in 2019 |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Cardiff University |
Organisation | Cardiff University |
Department | Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | As the lead partner in the collaboration we provide leadership, management, clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Collaborator Contribution | Expertise in genetics, infrastructure for genetic sample processing and analyses, clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Impact | See main STRATA outputs |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Cardiff University |
Organisation | Cardiff University |
Department | Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | As the lead partner in the collaboration we provide leadership, management, clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Collaborator Contribution | Expertise in genetics, infrastructure for genetic sample processing and analyses, clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Impact | See main STRATA outputs |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Collaboration with Lundbeck |
Organisation | H. Lundbeck A/S |
Country | Denmark |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | Expertise in treatment resistant schizophrenia, access to data, access to patient cohorts, research infrastructure, background IP |
Collaborator Contribution | Expertise in data analysis, expertise in psychopharmacology, opportunity to work with industry and to translate our research. |
Impact | Research has just started, uotputs will be available by end 2018 |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Collaboration with University of Aarhus |
Organisation | Aarhus University |
Country | Denmark |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Leadership, clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Collaborator Contribution | Research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Impact | See main STRATA outputs |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Edinburgh University |
Organisation | University of Edinburgh |
Department | Division of Psychiatry |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | As the lead partner in the collaboration we provide leadership, management, clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Collaborator Contribution | Clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Impact | see main list of STRATA outputs |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Queens University Belfast |
Organisation | Queen's University Belfast |
Department | Centre for Public Health (CPH) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | As the lead partner in the collaboration we provide leadership, management, clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Collaborator Contribution | Clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Impact | See main STRATA outputs |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | University of Manchester |
Organisation | University of Manchester |
Department | Community-Based Medicine |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | As the lead partner in the collaboration, we provide leadership, management, clinical and research expertise and patient populations. |
Collaborator Contribution | Clinical and Research expertise and patient populations. |
Impact | see STRATA outputs |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | University of Nottingham |
Organisation | University of Nottingham |
Department | School of Medicine |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | As the lead partner in the collaboration we provide leadership, management, clinical and research expertise, and access to patient cohorts. |
Collaborator Contribution | Access to patient cohorts. |
Impact | See main STRATA outputs |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Article in YourVoice |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A magazine, newsletter or online publication |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Patients, carers and/or patient groups |
Results and Impact | An article describing our research was published in Your Voice, the magazine of the mental health charity, Rethink Mental Illness. The research was the main item featured on the front cover. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | STRATA cited in House of Lords discussion |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | A member of the House of Lords identified our study as indicative of the type of research that should be prioritised in the UK. He made reference to the study in a speech to the House of Lords. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |