Relationship between early and late events in the cardiac cycle as control points for therapeutic intervention
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bristol
Department Name: Physiology and Pharmacology
Abstract
Heart failure is a major cause of disability and death worldwide, and approximately 50% of heart failure-related deaths are sudden and may be explained by abnormal electrical signals in the heart (arrhythmias). Heart failure patients have a 6- to 9-fold increased risk of sudden cardiac death compared to the general population. According to the "Heart of England screening study" the mortality risk for heart failure patients is 9% per year with a prevalence of ~6.6% of the population at 50 years of age (and which increases rapidly with age). In this study we will examine the interrelationships between electrical signals and calcium metabolism in heart cells with special emphasis on an integrative approach to understanding cell signalling. There is good evidence that heart failure is linked to changes in calcium signalling within cells which not only controls the force of contraction (and the ability of the heart to pump blood) but also affects electrical activity. The contraction of the heart, which is compromised in heart failure, is initiated by an electrical signal which causes calcium to be released inside the cell and it is the time course and amplitude of this calcium signal which is a major determinant of contraction force. However, the signal is not one way since calcium also affects electrical activity, especially later when the cell has to return its voltage to normal levels before the next beat. Our goal is to develop the scientific understanding needed to optimise both electrical and calcium signalling with drugs and/or by manipulation of key protein expression in the cell.
Using biophysical techniques, we will examine how the cell responds to measured changes in the expression of proteins that control heart cell voltage and how these changes affect the later electrical and calcium signalling events that occur in the cell. Using pharmacological agents we will dissect the electrical causes of normal and abnormal electrical activity together with how they are modulated by changes in calcium signalling. At the same time, we will probe how changes in voltage affect the calcium signalling mechanisms by using computer-generated electrical currents and feeding them into the cell to break feedback loops between calcium signalling and electrical currents to allow analysis. All of the data will be incorporated into computer models to allow us to re-integrate and test our understanding of how the electrical and calcium signalling changes work together to contribute to the disease state. At this point we will be able to identify how mixtures of drugs can be used to improve contraction strength while, at the same time, minimise arrhythmia risk.
It is also known that signalling pathways between the heart cell surface membrane and the intracellular store of calcium may become disrupted due to micro-anatomical changes in cell structure. It is not clear how heart cells adapt to these changes although we know that the intracellular calcium store release system becomes more 'leaky'. Using a novel form of illumination inside the cell (namely 2-photon excited flash photolysis) with special molecules that can react to the illumination, we will probe how microscopic elements of the calcium store respond to our artificially generated trigger signals. This will reveal the extent of this subcellular problem and therefore identify the utility of developing new therapeutic agents to ameliorate the leaky calcium store release. We will also be examining how subcellular signal transduction systems/pathways affect the integrated response of the system, to further refine possible points of control in the defective electrical and calcium signalling systems in the failing heart.
Using biophysical techniques, we will examine how the cell responds to measured changes in the expression of proteins that control heart cell voltage and how these changes affect the later electrical and calcium signalling events that occur in the cell. Using pharmacological agents we will dissect the electrical causes of normal and abnormal electrical activity together with how they are modulated by changes in calcium signalling. At the same time, we will probe how changes in voltage affect the calcium signalling mechanisms by using computer-generated electrical currents and feeding them into the cell to break feedback loops between calcium signalling and electrical currents to allow analysis. All of the data will be incorporated into computer models to allow us to re-integrate and test our understanding of how the electrical and calcium signalling changes work together to contribute to the disease state. At this point we will be able to identify how mixtures of drugs can be used to improve contraction strength while, at the same time, minimise arrhythmia risk.
It is also known that signalling pathways between the heart cell surface membrane and the intracellular store of calcium may become disrupted due to micro-anatomical changes in cell structure. It is not clear how heart cells adapt to these changes although we know that the intracellular calcium store release system becomes more 'leaky'. Using a novel form of illumination inside the cell (namely 2-photon excited flash photolysis) with special molecules that can react to the illumination, we will probe how microscopic elements of the calcium store respond to our artificially generated trigger signals. This will reveal the extent of this subcellular problem and therefore identify the utility of developing new therapeutic agents to ameliorate the leaky calcium store release. We will also be examining how subcellular signal transduction systems/pathways affect the integrated response of the system, to further refine possible points of control in the defective electrical and calcium signalling systems in the failing heart.
Technical Summary
This integrative study aims to produce new insight into the complex interplay between early and late events in electrical excitation and Ca metabolism of healthy hearts and those in heart failure (HF). We will elucidate processes that lead to a reduced repolarization reserve in cardiomyocytes from an animal model chosen for similarity to humans. In particular we will examine: (1) the interplay of Ito with other currents and the effects of CaMKII and adrenergic stimulation on the time course of Ca release from the SR; (2) how modulation of early currents by drugs and expression changes impact later currents. We will develop drug combinations to limit early after-depolarization generation, control action potential (AP) duration and improve the uniformity of the Ca transient to improve cell contractile performance in HF.
Dynamic clamping will be used to measure AP responses to ionic current changes by injection or withdrawing currents generated by Hodgkin-Huxley model formulations. AP clamping will be used to directly measure repolarization reserve. Changes in ion channel expression in epi- and endo-cardial cells will be measured by qPCR and Western blotting. For both tubulated and detubulated regions of the cells (since failure also leads to t tubule loss), local RyR sensitivity will be probed by 3 dimensionally resolved 2-photon flash photolysis and measurement of release latency and its L-type Ca current dependence. This will be repeated in the presence of CaMKII stimulation, PKA stimulation for cells derived from both normal and failing hearts. Changes in location of proteins will be measured by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. The interplay of subunit expression between ion channels will be examined by forced expression or knockdown of selected ion channel subunits in short term culture and IPSCs. Dose response curves for selected phamcological agents with be obtained in isolated myocytes and IPSCs.
Dynamic clamping will be used to measure AP responses to ionic current changes by injection or withdrawing currents generated by Hodgkin-Huxley model formulations. AP clamping will be used to directly measure repolarization reserve. Changes in ion channel expression in epi- and endo-cardial cells will be measured by qPCR and Western blotting. For both tubulated and detubulated regions of the cells (since failure also leads to t tubule loss), local RyR sensitivity will be probed by 3 dimensionally resolved 2-photon flash photolysis and measurement of release latency and its L-type Ca current dependence. This will be repeated in the presence of CaMKII stimulation, PKA stimulation for cells derived from both normal and failing hearts. Changes in location of proteins will be measured by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. The interplay of subunit expression between ion channels will be examined by forced expression or knockdown of selected ion channel subunits in short term culture and IPSCs. Dose response curves for selected phamcological agents with be obtained in isolated myocytes and IPSCs.
Planned Impact
Understanding how the heart works in health and disease is an important topic of great public and academic interest. The activity of cardiac ion channels and electrogenic transporters both underpins normal cardiac electrical and contractile function and, when altered in disease states including heart failure, contributes to morbidity and mortality. Heart failure affects three quarters of a million people in the UK, with the incidence likely to increase. Better understanding of the interaction between cardiac Ca2+ handling and ion channels involved in repolarization therefore offers new opportunities for rational drug design and, in particular, the development of new approaches to the treatment of arrhythmias and heart failure. This project is thus timely and should have major impact at both academic and social levels. To deliver that impact, we appreciate the importance of effective research is dissemination. The target audiences are academics, pharmaceutical industry, health professionals, schools and the wider public.
ACADEMICS: Electrophysiologists and those concerned with cardiac EC coupling, postdoctoral scientists employed on the project and the very wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate students benefit from this project. The state of the art methods being employed in the program will provide a rich training ground for young scientists at Bristol as well as help others address the biomedical problems they are working on through reading our Journal articles.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: Mutually beneficial collaboration with industry is an integral part of the way that we achieve our aims. Both applicants have a track record of industrial engagement/collaboration. JCH has previously collaborated with Pfizer in the area of cardiac safety pharmacology, whilst MBC has consulted on optical methods for live cell imaging. This track record will be exploited to commercialise and distribute, as appropriate, new intellectual property and tools developed during this project. Our initial work will involve the use of existing pharmacological tools. Where specific, commercially exploitable findings arise from their use, these will first be protected by the development of patents (including use patents), then exploited through industrial liaison. There is significant potential for novel approaches to the treatment of heart failure that do not exacerbate arrhythmia risk and our results are likely to have an impact in this area.
HEALTH PROFESSIONALS: Heart failure is common and current pharmacological treatments are limited in scope and efficacy. The increased understanding of mechanisms of repolarization reserve and early-after-depolarizations this programme will provide will aid development of rational approaches to arrhythmia treatment, whilst combination approaches involving transient outward current modulation may offer new possibilities for therapeutic exploitation. Therefore, the medical community will also benefit from any new developments in the field.
SCHOOLS: The future of science depends on enthusiastic young scientists. University open days provide opportunities for explaining science in a way that is accessible to prospective students and their parents. MBC already contribute to school science activities via the "Big Bang" program and our contributions are likely to increase as we increase our research profile in this important medical area.
THE WIDER PUBLIC: Both applicants are committed to engage public interest and to shape public perception about the benefits of scientific discovery. We will take every opportunity to directly engage the public and schools through initiatives coordinated by the Bristol University Centre for Public Engagement, Bristol Heart Institute and by local attractions (e.g. the science activity centre '@Bristol'). Our published findings will be promoted to the public through the Bristol Heart Institute, University web sites and the University Press Office.
ACADEMICS: Electrophysiologists and those concerned with cardiac EC coupling, postdoctoral scientists employed on the project and the very wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate students benefit from this project. The state of the art methods being employed in the program will provide a rich training ground for young scientists at Bristol as well as help others address the biomedical problems they are working on through reading our Journal articles.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: Mutually beneficial collaboration with industry is an integral part of the way that we achieve our aims. Both applicants have a track record of industrial engagement/collaboration. JCH has previously collaborated with Pfizer in the area of cardiac safety pharmacology, whilst MBC has consulted on optical methods for live cell imaging. This track record will be exploited to commercialise and distribute, as appropriate, new intellectual property and tools developed during this project. Our initial work will involve the use of existing pharmacological tools. Where specific, commercially exploitable findings arise from their use, these will first be protected by the development of patents (including use patents), then exploited through industrial liaison. There is significant potential for novel approaches to the treatment of heart failure that do not exacerbate arrhythmia risk and our results are likely to have an impact in this area.
HEALTH PROFESSIONALS: Heart failure is common and current pharmacological treatments are limited in scope and efficacy. The increased understanding of mechanisms of repolarization reserve and early-after-depolarizations this programme will provide will aid development of rational approaches to arrhythmia treatment, whilst combination approaches involving transient outward current modulation may offer new possibilities for therapeutic exploitation. Therefore, the medical community will also benefit from any new developments in the field.
SCHOOLS: The future of science depends on enthusiastic young scientists. University open days provide opportunities for explaining science in a way that is accessible to prospective students and their parents. MBC already contribute to school science activities via the "Big Bang" program and our contributions are likely to increase as we increase our research profile in this important medical area.
THE WIDER PUBLIC: Both applicants are committed to engage public interest and to shape public perception about the benefits of scientific discovery. We will take every opportunity to directly engage the public and schools through initiatives coordinated by the Bristol University Centre for Public Engagement, Bristol Heart Institute and by local attractions (e.g. the science activity centre '@Bristol'). Our published findings will be promoted to the public through the Bristol Heart Institute, University web sites and the University Press Office.
Publications
Wang N
(2022)
Inducing Ito,f and phase 1 repolarization of the cardiac action potential with a Kv4.3/KChIP2.1 bicistronic transgene.
in Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology
Rog-Zielinska EA
(2021)
Nano-scale morphology of cardiomyocyte t-tubule/sarcoplasmic reticulum junctions revealed by ultra-rapid high-pressure freezing and electron tomography.
in Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology
Rog-Zielinska E
(2018)
Species differences in the morphology of transverse tubule openings in cardiomyocytes
in EP Europace
Laver D
(2017)
Modelling Calcium-Induced-Calcium-Release from Measurements of RyR Gating
in Biophysical Journal
Lainez S
(2018)
Regulation of Kv4.3 and hERG potassium channels by KChIP2 isoforms and DPP6 and response to the dual K+ channel activator NS3623.
in Biochemical pharmacology
Kong CHT
(2019)
Cardiac-specific overexpression of caveolin-3 preserves t-tubular ICa during heart failure in mice.
in Experimental physiology
Kong CHT
(2017)
Sub-microscopic analysis of t-tubule geometry in living cardiac ventricular myocytes using a shape-based analysis method.
in Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology
Kong CHT
(2018)
Solute movement in the t-tubule system of rabbit and mouse cardiomyocytes.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Kong C
(2023)
Ca2+ spark latency and control of intrinsic Ca2+ release dyssynchrony in rat cardiac ventricular muscle cells
in Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
Kong C
(2017)
Diffusion in the Transverse-Axial Tubule System of Cardiac Myocytes
in Biophysical Journal
Description | Interactions between microscopic Ca2+ signalling and electrical stability in the heart |
Amount | £265,156 (GBP) |
Funding ID | PG/20/5/34801 |
Organisation | British Heart Foundation (BHF) |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2020 |
End | 11/2023 |
Title | Application of high pressure freezing to cardiomyocytes |
Description | We have successful applied high pressure freezing to cardiac myocytes for subsequent electron microscopy of structure etc. |
Type Of Material | Biological samples |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | The structure of internal membrane is quite different from that deduced from conventional aldehyde fixation. |
Title | Bicistronic construct to express Ito,f in cells |
Description | We developed and validated a bicistronic gene to express a human-like transient outward current (Ito,f) in cells. This may be applicable to treat some typeds of heart failure where Ito,f is down regulated and this down regulation appears to worsen cardiac performance |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | We are hoping to work this towards pre-clinical trials |
Title | Shape based analysis method for t-tubules in heart |
Description | In cardiac muscle, the transverse-axial tubules (TTs) are invaginations of the surface sarcolemma (SS) that form a complex network throughout the cell. TTs enable rapid propagation of the action potential throughout the cell, and permit near synchronous excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling in ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes. Although optical measurement of TTs is frequently employed to assess TT abundance and regularity, TT dimensions are generally below the diffraction limit of optical microscopy so determination of tubule size is problematic. TT diameter was measured by labeling both local surface membrane area and volume with fluorescent probes (FM4-64 and calcein, respectively), correcting image asymmetry by image processing and using the relationship between surface area and volume for a geometric primitive. This method shows that TTs have a mean (± SEM) diameter of 356 ± 18 nm in rabbit and 169 ± 15 nm in mouse (p b 0.001). Rabbit TT diameters were more variable than those of mouse (p b 0.01) and the smallest TT detected was 41 nm in mouse and the largest 695 nm in rabbit. These estimates are consistent with TT diameters derived from the more limited sampling of high-pressure frozen samples by electron tomography (which examines only a small fraction of the cell volume). Other measures of TT abundance and geometry (such as volume, membrane fractions and direction) were also derived. On the physiological time scale of E-C coupling (milliseconds), the average TT electrical space constant is ~175 µm in rabbit and ~120 µm in mouse and is ~50% of the steady-state space constant. The image processing strategy and shape-based 3D approach to feature quantification is also generally applicable to other problems in quantification of sub-cellular anatomy. |
Type Of Material | Physiological assessment or outcome measure |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Faster quantification of a ket cell metric known to underly disease |
Title | hDDP6 plasmid |
Description | Plasmid for expression of human DPP6 |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | This plasmid has been requested by at least two other research groups worldwide |
URL | https://www.addgene.org/117272/ |
Title | Induction decay model |
Description | Monte-Carlo simulation of EC coupling implemented in Matlab |
Type Of Material | Computer model/algorithm |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Similar models have been developed from the data included in this model |
Description | Dr Laver Computer models for arrhythmogenesis |
Organisation | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
Country | Australia |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We are collaborating on the development of our previous induction decay model for studying arrhythmogeneic initiation |
Collaborator Contribution | Prof. Laver is an expert in RyR gating and we use his knowledge/data in the formulation of more accurate biophysical models for excitation-contraction coupling. These models are one arm of out MRC program grant to understand how Ca signalling impacts arrhythmias |
Impact | Laver, D.R., Kong, C.H.T., Imtiaz, M.S., Cannell, M.B. (2013) Termination of calcium-induced calcium release by induction decay: An emergent property of stochastic channel gating and molecular scale architecture J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 54: 98-100 doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.10.009. DR Laver, CHT Kong, MB Cannell (2017) Modelling Calcium-Induced-Calcium-Release from Measurements of RyR Gating Biophysical Journal 3 (112), 540a-541a |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Dr. Kong: Computer modelling and image processing |
Organisation | University of Bristol |
Department | School of Clinical Sciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We are supplying raw data as input to model and for analysis. |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr CHT Kong provides advice and assistance with computer model coding and image processing in own time. She is full time employed within the cardiac research group, funded by the British Heart Foundation. |
Impact | Diffusion in the Transverse-Axial Tubule System of Cardiac Myocytes CHT Kong, EA Rog-Zielinska, CH Orchard, P Kohl, MB Cannell Biophysical Journal 2017 112 (3), 122a Modelling Calcium-Induced-Calcium-Release from Measurements of RyR Gating DR Laver, CH Kong, MB Cannell Biophysical Journal 2017 3 (112), 540a-541a |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | New probes for Ca measurement |
Organisation | Georgia State University |
Department | Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We are testing a new type of Ca indicator that is genetically expressed in heart cells |
Collaborator Contribution | We will use and develop a new type of Ca indicator for studying Ca signalling in cells |
Impact | This collaboration is multi-disciplinary between Chemistry, Cell Biology and Biophysics |
Start Year | 2016 |
Title | IPSC stimulator |
Description | This is a micro controller based 12 channel stimulator for electrical stimulation of cells grown in 1-12 well plates. |
Type | Support Tool - For Fundamental Research |
Current Stage Of Development | Initial development |
Year Development Stage Completed | 2018 |
Development Status | Under active development/distribution |
Impact | This device should be useful for research as well as drug development/safety testing. Being entirely software controlled it is amenable to further development/extension |
Title | Sub-microscopic analysis of t-tubule geometry in living cardiac ventricular myocytes using a shape-based analysis method |
Description | We show that knowledge of the underlying object shape can be used to improve and quantify objects even when they are not resolved by an imaging system |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
Impact | We were able to agin new information on the size of transverse tubules in cardiac myocytes, changes in which are contributory to disease. |
URL | http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=28483597&retmode=ref&cmd=pr... |
Description | Europhysiology 2018 plenary |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited seminar/plenary talk at Europhysiology 2018 held in London UK. This meeting brought together researchers from across the EU and outside the EU who work on various aspects of cardiac muscle function |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.europhysiology2018.org/programme/satellite-meetings/satellite-meeting-cardiac-physiology |
Description | Gordon Conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited speaker to Gordon Conference in USA |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2023 |
URL | https://www.grc.org/muscle-excitation-contraction-coupling-conference/2023/ |
Description | Invited seminar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited seminar and informal discussions over 3 days at University of Wisconsin, Madison USA |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://cvrc.wisc.edu/event/cvrc-seminar-series-outside-speaker-9-2019-03-19/ |
Description | Invited seminar |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited to give seminar at Oxford university (Dept. of pharmacology) and visit members of Department |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | Invited seminar and Departmental tour |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Invited to give a talk at the University of Wisconsin (Madison USA). They paid fro flight and accomodation |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Invited seminar for best paper of the month in JMCC |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | After publishing our paper on applying high pressure freezing techniques to cardiac muscle cells the Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 9JMCC) editors decided that it was so note worthy they decided to further promote our work via the International society for heart research web seminar series. Well received and ran over time due to interest and questions. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Tn1yIJDzlg |
Description | Post graduate workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | This symposium brought together postdoctoral researchers from the five Schools to highlight shared interests, common goals and likeminded research questions. The function of the symposium was to motivate collaborative conversation across the various disciplines within the new Faculty by providing an informal platform to showcase techniques, describe equipment available, discuss practices, identify needs, stimulate ideas and create new research relationships and opportunities. It was organized by Ewan Fowler is is part of the project team and with my approval. Symposium outline This one-day event took place on Friday 2nd February 2018. The meeting included a combination of short presentations and poster displays, covering a range of research topics and techniques from across the disciplines within the Faculty of Life Sciences. Registration was free, thanks to funding contributions from each of the five Faculty of Life Sciences Schools. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://www.bristol.ac.uk/science/events/life-sciences-symposium/ |
Description | Public Lecture (Bristol) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | This public lecture was to educate on current research methodology involving microscopy and show how the evolution of the microscope has led to increased understanding of how the heart works |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://www.bristol.ac.uk/phys-pharm-neuro/events/2016/public-lecture-by-professor-mark-cannell.html |
Description | Research consortium presentation |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Presentation on current work and how it suggests new therapy for heart failure |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/bristol-heart-institute-3rd-annual-specialist-research-institute-meet... |
Description | Seminar Leeds University |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited seminar focussed to people interested in cardiac muscle research in Leeds. Dr. Micahlael Colman ws the point of contact and it was recorded for people who could not attend at the time. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Seminar for School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University. |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Postgraduate students |
Results and Impact | Ewan Fowler gave a seminar on the MRC funded work to the School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Virtual conference |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited seminary by Dr. Kong to the Joint Meeting of Asociación Latinoamericana de Ciencias Fisiológicas (SCHCF) and Sociedad Chilena de Ciencias Fisiológicas (ALACF) Santiago, Chile (changed to online meeting). 18 Nov 2020. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
URL | http://www.cienciasfisiologicas.cl |