Dynamics of the Oligocene cryosphere: mid-to-high latitude climate variability and ice sheet stability
Lead Research Organisation:
Imperial College London
Department Name: Earth Science and Engineering
Abstract
The sensitivity of global climate to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is one of the biggest issues currently facing humanity. Quantifying the sensitivity of the Earth's climate system to changes in CO2 levels in the geologic past is one way of reducing the uncertainty in future climate predictions. If man-made (anthropogenic) CO2 emissions to the atmosphere follow projected rates, by 2100 concentrations will reach values not seen on Earth since the Oligocene epoch ~23 to 34 million years ago (Ma). Back then, geologists infer that Earth was warmer than today, featuring a genuinely green Greenland and a waxing and waning East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) that drove high amplitude sea level change (~40 m). These startling observations provide a powerful incentive to improve our understanding of the workings of that past climate system.
The focus of this proposal is on an important, but understudied, interval of time (~26 to 28 Ma) for which published palaeoclimate records indicate the biggest repeated (100 thousand-year time scale) changes in Antarctic ice volume and high-latitude temperatures of the entire Oligocene epoch. Our proposed study will generate geological data to both test this interpretation of Oligocene high-latitude climate instability and further elucidate the nature of ice-sheet and temperature variability. Validation of the existence of dynamic Antarctic ice sheets, however, would present a major scientific problem because numerical analysis of ice sheet behavior suggests that, in the absence of big changes in CO2 levels, a large Antarctic ice sheet should be stable once formed because of strong hysteresis properties associated with ice sheet geometry.
Several important questions are therefore raised:
1. How resilient were the early Antarctic ice sheets to CO2 change?
2. Do the numerical models give a false sense of the stability of both the Oligocene and, by extension, present day East Antarctic Ice Sheet?
3. Was Oligocene CO2 variability much greater than indicated in existing reconstructions?
4. Is it possible that ice sheets existed beyond Antarctica during the Oligocene?
The main factor that has limited progress in tackling these questions has been a lack of suitable sedimentary sections on which to work. We propose to exploit new deep-sea sediment archives recovered from the Antarctic and Newfoundland margins during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 318 and 342, respectively, on which our investigator team played significant roles (see Part 1, Case for Support). Our project will use (i) the Antarctic cores to test for the erosive products of dynamic behaviour (advance and retreat) on the East Antarctic margin, and (ii) the Newfoundland cores to test if high-latitude climatic conditions in the Northern Hemisphere were conducive to ice-sheet growth. Intriguingly, the drill cores from the Newfoundland margin contain abundant conspicuous angular sand sized lithic fragments that have been interpreted to be of ice-rafted origin-hinting at the presence of some form of nearby ice in the Oligocene. Our work will be accomplished through novel investigation of detrital isotope geochemistry on the Antarctic margin and application of organic geochemical temperature proxies in the high-latitude North Atlantic. Critical to our approach will be generation of high-resolution datasets that can be precisely dated and correlated to one another, as well as other high-resolution datasets around the globe.
The focus of this proposal is on an important, but understudied, interval of time (~26 to 28 Ma) for which published palaeoclimate records indicate the biggest repeated (100 thousand-year time scale) changes in Antarctic ice volume and high-latitude temperatures of the entire Oligocene epoch. Our proposed study will generate geological data to both test this interpretation of Oligocene high-latitude climate instability and further elucidate the nature of ice-sheet and temperature variability. Validation of the existence of dynamic Antarctic ice sheets, however, would present a major scientific problem because numerical analysis of ice sheet behavior suggests that, in the absence of big changes in CO2 levels, a large Antarctic ice sheet should be stable once formed because of strong hysteresis properties associated with ice sheet geometry.
Several important questions are therefore raised:
1. How resilient were the early Antarctic ice sheets to CO2 change?
2. Do the numerical models give a false sense of the stability of both the Oligocene and, by extension, present day East Antarctic Ice Sheet?
3. Was Oligocene CO2 variability much greater than indicated in existing reconstructions?
4. Is it possible that ice sheets existed beyond Antarctica during the Oligocene?
The main factor that has limited progress in tackling these questions has been a lack of suitable sedimentary sections on which to work. We propose to exploit new deep-sea sediment archives recovered from the Antarctic and Newfoundland margins during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 318 and 342, respectively, on which our investigator team played significant roles (see Part 1, Case for Support). Our project will use (i) the Antarctic cores to test for the erosive products of dynamic behaviour (advance and retreat) on the East Antarctic margin, and (ii) the Newfoundland cores to test if high-latitude climatic conditions in the Northern Hemisphere were conducive to ice-sheet growth. Intriguingly, the drill cores from the Newfoundland margin contain abundant conspicuous angular sand sized lithic fragments that have been interpreted to be of ice-rafted origin-hinting at the presence of some form of nearby ice in the Oligocene. Our work will be accomplished through novel investigation of detrital isotope geochemistry on the Antarctic margin and application of organic geochemical temperature proxies in the high-latitude North Atlantic. Critical to our approach will be generation of high-resolution datasets that can be precisely dated and correlated to one another, as well as other high-resolution datasets around the globe.
Planned Impact
1. Who will benefit from this research?
This project will benefit the following specific users: Palaeoceanographers & Palaeoclimatologists; Climate and Cryosphere scientists; Earth System Scientists; the industrial hydrocarbon exploration sector of the UK economy; the wider community of scientists working on the problem of anthropogenic climate change; school children and the wider public interested in the exploration of the oceans and Earth.
2. How will they benefit from this research?
This project will make a significant scientific advancement towards understanding the stability of an interval in Earth's history when existing records suggest that Antarctic ice sheets underwent repeated large scale growth and retreat despite little apparent change in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and the ice sheet stability predicted by numerical climate models. The records to be generated are from the Antarctic and Newfoundland margins in the Southern and North Atlantic Oceans, respectively, and will be of higher fidelity (time resolution) than those previously obtained for this interval. We will sample drillcores of sediments recovered from the deep ocean by Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 318 (Bohaty, sedimentologist and van de Flierdt, inorganic geochemist) and 342 (Wilson, Co Chief Scientist). These sediments have unusually high rates of deposition and crucially, are well-suited, not only to record the terrestrial and marine imprint of high-latitude climate variability but also to the construction of these records with excellent age control (benthic stable isotope, palaeomagnetic and cyclostratigraphies). Improved knowledge of the stratigraphy of the Newfoundland sediment drifts and global glacial-interglacial cycles acquired during our project will also be used to improve the UK Industrial knowledge base that underpins techniques used to discover new petroleum reserves in deep-water settings.
3. What will be done to ensure that they benefit?
i) Our results will be made available for peer and public scrutiny by presentation in scientific meetings and publication in the
scientific literature.
ii) Follow-up dissemination to the wider public will be achieved in the first instance through media interviews to national and global news networks (eg., AP, Reuters); this is the most efficient channel for high impact and can ultimately result in spin-out feature articles (e.g., http://www.newscientist.com/issue/2661).
iii) Working with our Knowledge Exchange Officer, we will prepare summaries of important findings for press releases to new wires and postings on the University of Southampton and NOCS news websites (http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/index.php).
iv) Rapid dissemination to the Earth System Science community during the course of the project will be achieved by presentations at international meetings and participation in workshops.
v) Meetings in Soton and Abingdon with Dr Andrew Davies (Neftex, UoS Ocean & Earth Sci departmental Stakeholder Advisory Board) to discuss the implications of our work for improving the knowledge base that underpins training in the key skill set used to discover new hydrocarbon reserves in deep-water settings.
vi) Our results will be incorporated into NOCS "Ocean & Earth" day activities used to enthuse young people in science and wider participation in Higher Education.
vii) We will leverage UK/NERC Impact from ANDRILL and IODP investment in high-profile science impact activities. For example, two dedicated scientific outreach professionals participated in IODP Exp 342 and Mr D. Brinkhuis produced and disseminated a series of 10 min-long video clips during the expedition and post-cruise plus a 20 min. documentary that debuted at Fall AGU 2012. Available online, these videos have already resulted in >27,750 viewings (25/6/13).
This project will benefit the following specific users: Palaeoceanographers & Palaeoclimatologists; Climate and Cryosphere scientists; Earth System Scientists; the industrial hydrocarbon exploration sector of the UK economy; the wider community of scientists working on the problem of anthropogenic climate change; school children and the wider public interested in the exploration of the oceans and Earth.
2. How will they benefit from this research?
This project will make a significant scientific advancement towards understanding the stability of an interval in Earth's history when existing records suggest that Antarctic ice sheets underwent repeated large scale growth and retreat despite little apparent change in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and the ice sheet stability predicted by numerical climate models. The records to be generated are from the Antarctic and Newfoundland margins in the Southern and North Atlantic Oceans, respectively, and will be of higher fidelity (time resolution) than those previously obtained for this interval. We will sample drillcores of sediments recovered from the deep ocean by Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 318 (Bohaty, sedimentologist and van de Flierdt, inorganic geochemist) and 342 (Wilson, Co Chief Scientist). These sediments have unusually high rates of deposition and crucially, are well-suited, not only to record the terrestrial and marine imprint of high-latitude climate variability but also to the construction of these records with excellent age control (benthic stable isotope, palaeomagnetic and cyclostratigraphies). Improved knowledge of the stratigraphy of the Newfoundland sediment drifts and global glacial-interglacial cycles acquired during our project will also be used to improve the UK Industrial knowledge base that underpins techniques used to discover new petroleum reserves in deep-water settings.
3. What will be done to ensure that they benefit?
i) Our results will be made available for peer and public scrutiny by presentation in scientific meetings and publication in the
scientific literature.
ii) Follow-up dissemination to the wider public will be achieved in the first instance through media interviews to national and global news networks (eg., AP, Reuters); this is the most efficient channel for high impact and can ultimately result in spin-out feature articles (e.g., http://www.newscientist.com/issue/2661).
iii) Working with our Knowledge Exchange Officer, we will prepare summaries of important findings for press releases to new wires and postings on the University of Southampton and NOCS news websites (http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/index.php).
iv) Rapid dissemination to the Earth System Science community during the course of the project will be achieved by presentations at international meetings and participation in workshops.
v) Meetings in Soton and Abingdon with Dr Andrew Davies (Neftex, UoS Ocean & Earth Sci departmental Stakeholder Advisory Board) to discuss the implications of our work for improving the knowledge base that underpins training in the key skill set used to discover new hydrocarbon reserves in deep-water settings.
vi) Our results will be incorporated into NOCS "Ocean & Earth" day activities used to enthuse young people in science and wider participation in Higher Education.
vii) We will leverage UK/NERC Impact from ANDRILL and IODP investment in high-profile science impact activities. For example, two dedicated scientific outreach professionals participated in IODP Exp 342 and Mr D. Brinkhuis produced and disseminated a series of 10 min-long video clips during the expedition and post-cruise plus a 20 min. documentary that debuted at Fall AGU 2012. Available online, these videos have already resulted in >27,750 viewings (25/6/13).
Publications
Arndt J
(2018)
Bathymetric controls on calving processes at Pine Island Glacier
in The Cryosphere
Colleoni F
(2022)
Antarctic Climate Evolution
Coxall H
(2018)
Export of nutrient rich Northern Component Water preceded early Oligocene Antarctic glaciation
in Nature Geoscience
Dziadek R
(2019)
Elevated geothermal surface heat flow in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Evangelinos D
(2020)
Late Oligocene-Miocene proto-Antarctic Circumpolar Current dynamics off the Wilkes Land margin, East Antarctica
in Global and Planetary Change
Evangelinos D
(2022)
Absence of a strong, deep-reaching Antarctic Circumpolar Current zonal flow across the Tasmanian gateway during the Oligocene to early Miocene
in Global and Planetary Change
Gohl K
(2017)
MeBo70 Seabed Drilling on a Polar Continental Shelf: Operational Report and Lessons From Drilling in the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica
in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
Huck C
(2017)
Antarctic climate, Southern Ocean circulation patterns, and deep water formation during the Eocene
in Paleoceanography
Huck C
(2016)
Robustness of fossil fish teeth for seawater neodymium isotope reconstructions under variable redox conditions in an ancient shallow marine setting
in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
McKay R
(2018)
Developing community-based scientific priorities and new drilling proposals in the southern Indian and southwestern Pacific oceans
in Scientific Drilling
Noble T
(2020)
The Sensitivity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to a Changing Climate: Past, Present, and Future
in Reviews of Geophysics
Pierce E
(2017)
Evidence for a dynamic East Antarctic ice sheet during the mid-Miocene climate transition
in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Sangiorgi F
(2018)
Southern Ocean warming and Wilkes Land ice sheet retreat during the mid-Miocene.
in Nature communications
Stokes CR
(2022)
Response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to past and future climate change.
in Nature
Uenzelmann-Neben G
(2022)
Deep water inflow slowed offshore expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene transition
in Communications Earth & Environment
Van De Flierdt T
(2016)
Neodymium in the oceans: a global database, a regional comparison and implications for palaeoceanographic research.
in Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
Title | Grantham art prize |
Description | Melanie King created spinach anthotype of the B46 iceberg that calved off Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica. |
Type Of Art | Artwork |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Impact | Great interactions with the general audience at the award ceremony and following reception. |
URL | https://www.melaniek.co.uk/pine-island-glacier#! |
Description | This research project was focused on understanding the climate system during the early stages of the modern 'Icehouse' climate phase, which first developed during the Oligocene epoch following rapid global cooling and the onset of Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT, 34 million years ago). Results point to a highly dynamic Antarctic ice-sheet that repeatedly advanced and retreated on orbital (20 to 400 thousand year) timescales. These oscillations are linked to carbonate dissolution cycles throughout the deep ocean basins, indicating a direct connection between high-latitude climate and ocean chemistry. In detail, the Imperial component of the project produced a large amount of new detrital neodymium isotope data from three different ODP and IODP sites in the Southern Ocean around the margins of the East Antarctic ice sheet (Maud Rise, Kerguelen Plateau, offshore Adelie Land). An abrupt change in sediment provenance is observed at all three locations across the EOT. The timing of the provenance change coincides with the onset of major Antarctic glaciation and supports the theory of rapid and continent-wide glaciation across the EOT as proposed by far-field records. High resolution records for the Oligocene target interval (~26-28 Ma) show that ice waxing and waning happened with a strong cyclicity, with the most pronounced glacial retreat on Antarctica occurring on the longer 400 kyr orbital cycle. Our results have important implications for the Oligocene carbon cycle, ocean temperature and past mechanisms of climate change. Integration and publication of the data sets collected by all partner institutions is ongoing. |
Exploitation Route | To inform policy on human-driven climate change. |
Sectors | Education Environment |
Description | Grantham Briefing paper |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Implementation circular/rapid advice/letter to e.g. Ministry of Health |
URL | https://www.imperial.ac.uk/grantham/publications/briefing-papers/what-ancient-climates-tell-us-about... |
Description | Ocean-ice Interaction in the Ross Sea during Past Warm Periods |
Amount | £25,152 (GBP) |
Funding ID | NE/R018219/1 |
Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2018 |
End | 12/2019 |
Description | Royal Society International Exchange grant |
Amount | £11,650 (GBP) |
Funding ID | IE161090 |
Organisation | The Royal Society |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2017 |
End | 02/2019 |
Description | Authigenic and detrital Nd isotope analysis, USC, Howie Scher |
Organisation | University of South Carolina |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Authigenic and detrital Nd isotope analysis on several sites around the East Antarctic margin. Exchange on methodology. |
Collaborator Contribution | Authigenic and detrital Nd isotope analysis on several sites around the East Antarctic margin. Exchange on methodology. |
Impact | Close interaction with Howie Scher's laboratory in South Carolina, and a visit by PDRA Claire Huck, has let to a larger data set for the project than otherwise possible. Comparison of methodologies between USC and Imperial College London, led to important modifications of our analytical procedures that will be documented in a publication. |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Evening lecture in Cardiff |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Sparked questions and discussion. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
Description | Great Exhibition Road Festival |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Penguin mask workshop - >50 people attended this family and kids events to engage with Antarctic exploration and science by making Penguin masks |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
URL | https://www.greatexhibitionroadfestival.co.uk/event/penguin-mask-workshop/ |
Description | Great Exhibition Road Festival - Blast from the Past |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | The Great Exhibition Road Festival is a new three day celebration of curiosity, discovery and exploration that brings together science and the arts in the spirit of the Great Exhibition of 1851.We had a stand to bring the science done by the International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) closer to a general audience. From climate change, over earthquakes, to impacts that killed the dinosaurs. We had truly fantastic interactions with countless member of the public, young and old, scientifically-inclined and intrigued. The festival was visited by 60,000 people and our stand was on the main road. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/193776/great-exhibition-road-festival-2019-earns/ |
Description | Great Exhibition Road Festival - Uncovering our future in Antarctica's past |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Sparked questions and discussion afterwards. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.greatexhibitionroadfestival.co.uk/event/uncovering-our-future-antarcticas-past/?backto=w... |
Description | History of Antarctic drilling video |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Participated in filming for a video on the history of Antarctic drilling. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GN9faSiGUZQ |
Description | IODP planning workshop, Sydney 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Australasian IODP Planning Workshop to develop proposals for research expeditions for the next phase of IODP drilling. Co-chaired the climate and ocean theme (plenary presentation and guidance and summary of discussions). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
URL | https://www.iodp.org/australasian-workshop-report-june-2017 |
Description | Inaugural lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Inaugural lecture to a broad audience of colleagues, friends, and the general public. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.imperial.ac.uk/events/96929/drilling-for-our-future-in-antarcticas-past/ |
Description | MAGIC Elements |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Hundreds of under-12s visited the Imperial Festival stand on MAGIC Elements with their parents. They dressed up as scientists, learned about elements and isotopes, and even about how Antarctica once was a continent with palm trees at its shorelines. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/185986/imperial-festival-transforms-under-12s-into-mini/ |
Description | Media contact Grantham |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Part of a small group of Grantham affiliates that helps with media requests. My expertise is in the are of palaeoclimate and Antarctic ice sheets |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016,2017,2018,2019 |
Description | Ocean-ice interaction workshop, Hobart, 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | This small workshop was aimed to bring together people from different communities to understand the sensitivity of the Antarctic ice sheet to marine climate change. Presentations on observations from the ocean,ice, solid earth were followed by an integration of all components. The key outcome of this workshop will be a review article in Reviews of Geophysics (confirmed). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | PROCEED workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
Results and Impact | >50 international scientist attended the PROCEED workshop (Expanding Frontiers of Scientific Drilling) in Vienna. I co-led the workshop discussion on expanding IODP science in the context of the IPCC. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Pint of Science 2018 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Outreach talk in a pub to explain science to the general public in a friendly environment. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://pintofscience.co.uk/event/understanding-antarctica |
Description | Podcast interview |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | 1 hour interview for the forecast, a podcast about climate science and climate scientists. Long format interviews with Nature's editor for climate science, Michael White. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016 |
URL | http://forecastpod.org/?s=tina+van+de+Flierdt |
Description | Talk for year 4 in Judith Kerr primary school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | I talked to school pupils who had discussed Antarctic discovery as part of their curriculum about my experiences on research expeditions to Antarctica. I probably have never answer more questions in one hour than from these enthusiastic 7-year olds. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Tweets about climate change, Antarctica, women in science, STEM related topics and (Earth) Science in general. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020 |
Description | UK IODP conference 2014 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.) |
Results and Impact | Keynote speaker at the UK IODP conference. Reported results of IODP Expedition 318 to date. Great feedback on how successful this particular expedition was, and great discussions about the work done in my group. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014 |
Description | Year 9 girls summer school |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Webinar to enthuse year 9 girls for engineering - sparked questions and discussions |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |