Constraints on terrestrial differentiation from the isotopic fractionation of major elements
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bristol
Department Name: Earth Sciences
Abstract
We live on the crust, the outer skin of the Earth. Determining the composition of the Earth's interior that lies below this crustal barrier is a huge challenge. Some fragments of the silicate mantle (80% of the Earth, which lies beneath the crust and above the central core) are transported to the surface a quirk of plate tectonic fate. These fragments gives us precious clues about the Earth's interior. We need to glean as much as possible from this limited resource to gain an understanding of the deeper planet. One scientific game that can be played is to consider if the composition of these mantle fragments can reasonably represent the whole of the interior. If so, then plausibly the mantle convects as a whole. If not there needs to be an untapped, 'hidden' reservoir locked from our means of sampling. Such information therefore provides critical information on the structure of the mantle. To test if the observed mantle can reasonably represent the whole mantle requires a comparison with a composition that plausibly represents the raw material from which the Earth was made. Such a reference exists in the form of so-called primitive meteorites. These samples from asteroids record the compositions of small bodies that never grew large enough to melt and 'differentiate' into the chemically distinct layers which make estimating the overall make-up of the Earth so difficult. A problem in simply comparing primitive meteorites with the Earth is that many processes potentially change the composition of the bits of mantle sampled at the surface. Thus we need to select a chemical characteristic that is not readily altered, changed only by the specific process we are looking to investigate. This is the aim of our project. We will make highly precise Mg isotope measurements on accessible fragments of the Earth's mantle and primitive meteorite. Magnesium is comprised of 3 stable isotopes (with masses 24, 25 and 26) and the ratio of 26/24Mg is expected to be the same in meteorites and the Earth. However, our initial measurements suggest that this is not the case. We need to investigate this surprising and notable observation in more detail. Firstly, we want to check the accuracy of our measurements. There are known potential problems with making Mg isotope measurements to the precision we require. We have developed a novel technique to circumvent these problems and ensure we get accurate measurements. The first part of the project is to make a set of measurements on the Earth and meteorites using this approach. Secondly, we believe that the difference in the Mg isotope ratios on Earth and in the primitive meteorites is likely a fingerprint of the history of the earliest Earth. The Earth accreted via a series of giant impacts, the last of which likely produced the Moon. After these impacts the Earth was likely molten and the solidification of this magma ocean likely occurred from the bottom upward. Aspects of the chemistry of some of the minerals that grow during such high-pressure crystallisation make us believe that they may have formed with a different Mg isotope ratio to the liquid from which they grew. If these crystals sunk to the bottom of the magma ocean and have remained there over earth history, the Mg isotope ratio of the mantle we occasionally glimpse in geological samples would be different from the primitive meteorites. We will test this idea with laboratory experiments which grow such high pressure crystals under conditions appropriate to the global magma ocean. We will analyse Mg isotope ratios the products of the experiments to see if our theory is correct. Although we will concentrate on Mg and similar story pertains to Si and its isotopes. Thus at the same time, using the same samples and experiments we will investigate Si, which also casts light on the formation of the core.
Planned Impact
We will continue to use tested routes of dissemination to the public, via successful schemes in place within the Department, existing contacts with the local and national media and our own web presence. We will have impact on industry through our close collaboration with Thermo-Fisher, sharing expertise and providing application notes to spread our procedures to a wider field than just academic institutes.
Publications
Coath C
(2017)
Double-spike inversion for three-isotope systems
in Chemical Geology
Hin RC
(2017)
Magnesium isotope evidence that accretional vapour loss shapes planetary compositions.
in Nature
Chen S
(2019)
Molybdenum systematics of subducted crust record reactive fluid flow from underlying slab serpentine dehydration.
in Nature communications
Hin R
(2019)
Molybdenum isotope fractionation between Mo4+ and Mo6+ in silicate liquid and metallic Mo
in Chemical Geology
Hin R
(2022)
The influence of crustal recycling on the molybdenum isotope composition of the Earth's mantle
in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Liu X
(2022)
Equilibrium olivine-melt Mg isotopic fractionation explains high d26Mg values in arc lavas
in Geochemical Perspectives Letters
Liu X
(2023)
The magnesium isotopic composition of the mantle
in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Klaver M
(2024)
Titanium-rich basaltic melts on the Moon modulated by reactive flow processes
in Nature Geoscience
Description | We have turned the proof of concept method of double spiking for making accurate mass dependent isotopic measurements of Mg into a working technique. We have measured a wide range of terrestrial (range of peridotite samples and primitive mantle melts) and meteoritic samples (chondrites from three main groups, eucrites, diogenites, Martian meteorites and an angrite). We show that the Earth is systematically heavier than the primitive meteorites (chondrites) but not the differentiated meteorites (Martian meteorites, eucrites and diogenites and angrite). This implies that Mg is fractionated at an early stage of planetary accretion, by partial vaporisation. This is documentary evidence that planetary composition changes from that of its building blocks during the process of accretion. |
Exploitation Route | We are seeking further means to experimentally reproduce and numerically model of vapour melt fractionation to account for the isotopic variations observed. The work has generated experimental and numerical work of others, notably Young et al Icarus 2018, who notably concurred with our inferences. |
Sectors | Education Environment |
URL | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-7dMsWFmA0&feature=youtu.be |
Description | Within the academic community the 'critical double spiking' approach that forms the technical basis of this study has attracted considerable attention. The scientific rationale of this proposal has also formed the basis of a high profile, award lecture (Gast lecture) made by the PI at the Goldschmidt conference. It has also formed the basis of a talk at a Gordon Research conference (2015) by the PI and at Fall AGU (2015) by the PDRA. The findings of this grant formed the basis of two well-received Public lectures at the Geology Society London and so has help to inform the public on new ideas on the way in which the composition of our planet is shaped. |
First Year Of Impact | 2015 |
Sector | Education |
Impact Types | Cultural |
Description | Gave Public Lecture at Geology Society of London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | The Public Lectures are presented in Burlington House, London with an afternoon and evening sitting to attract different audiences (afternoon to attract schools and evening to attract professionals). Both talks were given to a near full auditorium of ~100 people. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
URL | https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gslpubliclectures19 |
Description | Presentation to West Midlands Regional Group of Geological Society of London |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I gave an hour presentation on formation of the Earth, using evidence gathered in this grant, to a local geological group |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |