Mobilising magma in the largest eruptions: Quantifying critical processes using in situ real time x-ray tomography
Lead Research Organisation:
Durham University
Department Name: Earth Sciences
Abstract
Volcanic eruptions are one the most powerful and impressive natural phenomena, and even relatively small eruptions can have major global impacts. The magma stored beneath volcanoes is an evolving mixture of molten rock (liquid), crystals (solid) and bubbles (gas). As magma cools the number of crystals increases and in principle, when magma reaches ~45% crystals the crystals jam together, 'locking up' and making it too stiff to move: the magma becomes 'uneruptible'. However, some of the most devastating explosive eruptions (including the largest super-eruption ever known) erupt large volumes (100-5000 km3) of this 'uneruptible' crystal-rich (45-60%) magma. So how do these crystal-rich eruptions happen? What lets the magma move?
As we cannot visit a magma chamber, laboratory experiments with natural rock samples and synthetic approximations (analogues) are used to simulate what is happening beneath the volcano. From these experiments, we have developed models that describe how crystal-poor magma will flow when a force is applied (its rheology). However, these rheological models fail for more crystal-rich magma (concentrated suspensions). It is thought that in crystal-rich systems the magmas ability to move is critically controlled by the crystal-crystal, crystal-bubble and bubble-bubble interactions, and the variable spatial distribution of the crystals, bubbles and melt within the sample. In one hypothesis a build-up of pressure drives bubbles through the crystal network, and causes the network to break into pieces. Despite still having the same high crystal content, deformation can then occur in the crystal-poor regions between the pieces, and the magma becomes mobile.
Crystal-rich magmas and their analogues are opaque, and conventional experimental methods do not allow us to observe the internal micro-scale processes. Therefore we have only been able to quantify the average behaviour of a volume of magma. While many possible microstructural interaction processes have been hypothesised, they remain untested. In this project the equipment used for conventional rheological experiments will be modified to allow the collection of 3D images in real time using X-ray computed Micro-Tomography (XMT). At the Diamond Light Source synchrotron facility this revolutionising imaging technology can capture the 3D internal structure of a sample (i.e. the distribution of crystals, bubbles and melt in a magma) in as little as a few seconds: producing a 3D 'movie' of what happens when the magma is deformed. By applying standard image analysis techniques to the 3D images captured over the course of an experiment, the distribution of bubbles, crystals, and melt can be quantified; every crystal and bubble can be tracked through time; and the nature of every interaction can be identified. For the first time we will be able to see what is happening inside the magma in 4D (3D + time).
By working with analogue materials, and systematically testing the microstructural behaviour as we change the crystal content, crystal shape, bubble volume and a range of other parameters known to vary in magma chambers (e.g. temperature, pressure) the high speed 4D data will be used to map out the nature and importance of the different interactions, and define the role of micro-scale variability (phase distributions and interactions) on flow. These data will be used to build a new generation of rheological models that describe the mobility of complex two- and three-phase concentrated magmatic suspensions based on an accurate understanding of the microstructural physics and micro-scale variability. By running 4D experiments on natural samples and testing the model against the results, the project will identify the conditions under which crystal-rich magmas can erupt, and begin to identify the magmatic processes that lead to the most devastating eruptions.
As we cannot visit a magma chamber, laboratory experiments with natural rock samples and synthetic approximations (analogues) are used to simulate what is happening beneath the volcano. From these experiments, we have developed models that describe how crystal-poor magma will flow when a force is applied (its rheology). However, these rheological models fail for more crystal-rich magma (concentrated suspensions). It is thought that in crystal-rich systems the magmas ability to move is critically controlled by the crystal-crystal, crystal-bubble and bubble-bubble interactions, and the variable spatial distribution of the crystals, bubbles and melt within the sample. In one hypothesis a build-up of pressure drives bubbles through the crystal network, and causes the network to break into pieces. Despite still having the same high crystal content, deformation can then occur in the crystal-poor regions between the pieces, and the magma becomes mobile.
Crystal-rich magmas and their analogues are opaque, and conventional experimental methods do not allow us to observe the internal micro-scale processes. Therefore we have only been able to quantify the average behaviour of a volume of magma. While many possible microstructural interaction processes have been hypothesised, they remain untested. In this project the equipment used for conventional rheological experiments will be modified to allow the collection of 3D images in real time using X-ray computed Micro-Tomography (XMT). At the Diamond Light Source synchrotron facility this revolutionising imaging technology can capture the 3D internal structure of a sample (i.e. the distribution of crystals, bubbles and melt in a magma) in as little as a few seconds: producing a 3D 'movie' of what happens when the magma is deformed. By applying standard image analysis techniques to the 3D images captured over the course of an experiment, the distribution of bubbles, crystals, and melt can be quantified; every crystal and bubble can be tracked through time; and the nature of every interaction can be identified. For the first time we will be able to see what is happening inside the magma in 4D (3D + time).
By working with analogue materials, and systematically testing the microstructural behaviour as we change the crystal content, crystal shape, bubble volume and a range of other parameters known to vary in magma chambers (e.g. temperature, pressure) the high speed 4D data will be used to map out the nature and importance of the different interactions, and define the role of micro-scale variability (phase distributions and interactions) on flow. These data will be used to build a new generation of rheological models that describe the mobility of complex two- and three-phase concentrated magmatic suspensions based on an accurate understanding of the microstructural physics and micro-scale variability. By running 4D experiments on natural samples and testing the model against the results, the project will identify the conditions under which crystal-rich magmas can erupt, and begin to identify the magmatic processes that lead to the most devastating eruptions.
Planned Impact
This project will deliver methodologies, equipment and techniques with cross-disciplinary impact, and marks a world-wide academic advancement - in line with RCUKs impact objective. The volcanology impacts will help develop more robust forecasting models with associated economic and societal impact. Beyond volcanology, it will produce a new generation of models that describe the behaviour of concentrated two- and three-phase suspensions that will be applicable to other fields (civil engineering, materials science, food science). It enables in situ observation during rheometric tests and provides an image analysis 'toolbox' for analysing these data. Specific societal and economic impacts include:
1) Industries using complex multi-phase fluids/suspensions (concrete, foodstuffs, ceramics casting etc.) will gain new models of rheological behaviours that are applicable to other systems. They also gain a technical capability to perform in situ rheometry experiments for understanding other complex multiphase fluids (XRheo). Better understanding of rheological behaviour allows proceses optimisation, targeted design, and efficiency/energy savings.
2) The XRheo has the potential to become a widely used technology for industrial and academic applications. Leading UK based equipment manufacturers [Severn (furnace design), Brookfield & Malvern (rheometric testing), Deben & Instron (precision in situ testing)] could commericalse this technology; enhancing their economic competitiveness. Alternatively, Durham University could develop a spin out company for commercialisation.
3) The scientific outputs from the project will ultimately contribute to improving volcanic forecasting and hazard assessment models. This will support policy-makers, government agencies, NGO's and disaster relief charities, the insurance, aviation & transport industries, and will deliver more effective of public services and policy implementation both nationally and internationally. Volcanic forecasting is a highly visible element in managing the commercial transport networks (passenger and freight airlines) needed to maintain UK and international economic performance. Ultimately impact in this sector will mean improved risk mitigation, and reduced danger to life. The applicant already has links to several volcanic risk stakeholder-focussed consortia (STREVA, FutureVolc, Vuelco), and associated agencies (INGV, Icelandic Meteorological Office, BGS, USGS) which will be maintained.
4) The UK suffers from a lack of numerate graduates for the wider workforce. This project will deliver wider UK socio-economic by maintaining the international profile of UK research PLC, thereby attracting the best UK and international staff and students. It provides training on world class facilities to undergraduate and postgraduate students, delivering technical and analytical skills that will make them highly employable in any sector. The Fellow will also gain managerial, networking and communication skills to support her future career, and the future generations of students that she will help train.
5) Volcanic awareness within the general public has increased significantly in recent years, and access to cutting edge research through the highly interactive outreach activity will help increases scientific engagement, encourage analytical thinking and inspire the next generation of researchers.
1) Industries using complex multi-phase fluids/suspensions (concrete, foodstuffs, ceramics casting etc.) will gain new models of rheological behaviours that are applicable to other systems. They also gain a technical capability to perform in situ rheometry experiments for understanding other complex multiphase fluids (XRheo). Better understanding of rheological behaviour allows proceses optimisation, targeted design, and efficiency/energy savings.
2) The XRheo has the potential to become a widely used technology for industrial and academic applications. Leading UK based equipment manufacturers [Severn (furnace design), Brookfield & Malvern (rheometric testing), Deben & Instron (precision in situ testing)] could commericalse this technology; enhancing their economic competitiveness. Alternatively, Durham University could develop a spin out company for commercialisation.
3) The scientific outputs from the project will ultimately contribute to improving volcanic forecasting and hazard assessment models. This will support policy-makers, government agencies, NGO's and disaster relief charities, the insurance, aviation & transport industries, and will deliver more effective of public services and policy implementation both nationally and internationally. Volcanic forecasting is a highly visible element in managing the commercial transport networks (passenger and freight airlines) needed to maintain UK and international economic performance. Ultimately impact in this sector will mean improved risk mitigation, and reduced danger to life. The applicant already has links to several volcanic risk stakeholder-focussed consortia (STREVA, FutureVolc, Vuelco), and associated agencies (INGV, Icelandic Meteorological Office, BGS, USGS) which will be maintained.
4) The UK suffers from a lack of numerate graduates for the wider workforce. This project will deliver wider UK socio-economic by maintaining the international profile of UK research PLC, thereby attracting the best UK and international staff and students. It provides training on world class facilities to undergraduate and postgraduate students, delivering technical and analytical skills that will make them highly employable in any sector. The Fellow will also gain managerial, networking and communication skills to support her future career, and the future generations of students that she will help train.
5) Volcanic awareness within the general public has increased significantly in recent years, and access to cutting edge research through the highly interactive outreach activity will help increases scientific engagement, encourage analytical thinking and inspire the next generation of researchers.
Organisations
- Durham University (Lead Research Organisation)
- Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen (Collaboration)
- University College London (Collaboration)
- NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE (Collaboration)
- Newcastle University (Collaboration)
- Swiss Light Source (SLS) (Collaboration)
- University of Strathclyde (Fellow)
People |
ORCID iD |
Katherine Dobson (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
Wasielka N
(2019)
Reservoir Quality Evolution in Tight Gas Sandstones
Jerram D
(2018)
Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems
Jerram D.A,,
(2018)
Volcanic and Igneous plumbing systems
Description | This award has now ended, and has supported the development and application of the XRheo equipment to perform in situ observation of the microstructural evolution of complex fluids using x-ray tomography during standard rheological testing. The system was successfully deployed at the Swiss Light Source and at Diamond Light Source and the main phase of the experimental acquisition work has now been competed. This capability is now available to other UK researchers. Because of COVID data processing remains ongoing (despite the end of the award) using image analysis, particle tracking and digital volume correlation to develop new understanding of the evolving microstructures. From synthetic sample of natural materials and low temperature analogues, data have shown substantial variability and localisation of deformation, controlled by the local crystal, fluid and gas contents. The methodology developed (acquisition and analysis) has now been published and is available for all. |
Exploitation Route | The XRheo and high temperature furnace system are available to all collaborative research users who may wish to use it. The data and image processing workflows and methods are also available (some restrictions on data access during embargo period). |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Agriculture Food and Drink Construction Environment Manufacturing including Industrial Biotechology Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | Hysteresis processes in large volcanic eruptions: the evolution from pumice to obsidian |
Amount | SFr. 60,000 (CHF) |
Funding ID | 20161526 |
Organisation | Swiss Light Source (SLS) |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | Switzerland |
Start | 05/2017 |
End | 06/2017 |
Description | In situ observation of foaming, coalescence and collapse in magmatic foams using ultrafast x-ray tomography |
Amount | £95,940 (GBP) |
Funding ID | ee12402-2 |
Organisation | Diamond Light Source |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 02/2017 |
End | 02/2017 |
Description | Mobilising magma in the largest eruptions: In situ observation of micro-structural controls on multi-phase fluid rheology |
Amount | £95,940 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EE15898 |
Organisation | Diamond Light Source |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2017 |
End | 09/2017 |
Description | Programme Grant |
Amount | £5,976,490 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/R034575/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2018 |
End | 11/2022 |
Description | Real Time Ultra-High-Speed Tomography of a Novel Hydrogen Storage Pellet |
Amount | £57,564 (GBP) |
Funding ID | ee15701 |
Organisation | Diamond Light Source |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 04/2017 |
End | 05/2017 |
Description | The GeoX Suite: Environmental cells for NERC research using in situ imaging |
Amount | £271,363 (GBP) |
Funding ID | NE/T00908X/1 |
Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2019 |
End | 03/2020 |
Description | Understanding the rheology of concentrated two and three phase suspensions using in situ tomography: development of the XRheo at TOMCAT |
Amount | SFr. 180,000 (CHF) |
Funding ID | 20150413 |
Organisation | Swiss Light Source (SLS) |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | Switzerland |
Start | 12/2015 |
End | 10/2017 |
Title | XRheo |
Description | THe XRheo is a modified rotational rheometer thatcan be used on an x-ray synchrotron or laborator imaging system to capture the microstructural evolution of the fluid during deformation while also recording the traditioanl stress-strain-displacement data |
Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | The newly developed tool has enabled me to capture the deformation that occurs in two and three phase flow in a torsional system. It will be made available to otehrs now development is complete. |
Title | 3D X-ray tomography scans of analogues for magmatic mushes with different particle geometries |
Description | Each of this set of 3D X-ray tomography datasets show a particle "bead pack" developed as a magmatic mush analogues but of use to anyone investigating non-spherical systems. The stack of tiff images in each 3D dataset show either cuboid, rod and disc/plate like particles as well as irregular shapes and mixtures of these. The data were used to measure packing geometries, contact areas, and pore volumes, surface areas and connectivity, and perform permeability simulation used to develop advanced porosity-permeability relationships for any bead packing geometry. The data were collected on a Nikon XCT scanner with the exact imaging condition for each scan presented in the txt settings file in each folder (including x-ray energy, flux and resolution information). The data may be of use to those developing advanced finite element, discrete element or flow models in complex packed beds. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Paper in review |
URL | http://data.bgs.ac.uk/id/dataHolding/13607993 |
Description | Achilles |
Organisation | Newcastle University |
Department | School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I am the CoI leading the appliction of X-ray tomography as part of this EPSRC platform grant,. |
Collaborator Contribution | Glendinning S., Rouainia M., Kilsby C., Wilkonson D., Utili S., SmethurstJ., Powrie W., Preston J., Chambers J., Dobson K.J., Hughes P., Toll D., Dixon N., Smith A., Loveridge F., Briggs K., EPSRC Programme Grant Assessment, Costing and enHancement of long lIfe, Long Linear assEtS (ACHILLES) |
Impact | Glendinning S., Rouainia M., Kilsby C., Wilkonson D., Utili S., SmethurstJ., Powrie W., Preston J., Chambers J., Dobson K.J., Hughes P., Toll D., Dixon N., Smith A., Loveridge F., Briggs K., EPSRC Programme Grant Assessment, Costing and enHancement of long lIfe, Long Linear assEtS (ACHILLES) |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | Assessment of the mineral resource potential of Atlantic ferromanganese crusts |
Organisation | National Oceanography Centre |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Designing study (in collaboratio with PI) helping define sampling strategy, performing analysis and interpretation |
Collaborator Contribution | Lead of study through IODP |
Impact | 10.3390/min8080327 |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Tomography for Energy Applications: Hydrogen Pellets |
Organisation | University College London |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I bring the X-ray tomogrpahy expertise to the collaboration |
Collaborator Contribution | THe partners bring the materials and expertise in the hydrogen pellets |
Impact | Skipper et al. Diamond Light Source £57,564 (Dobson as CoPI) i12-JEEP. Real Time Ultra-High-Speed Tomography of a Novel Hydrogen Storage Pellet. |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Tubigen collaboraton |
Organisation | Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen |
Department | Center for Applied Geoscience |
Country | Germany |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | I provided access to XCT facilities and completed and supported data analysis for the collaborative work |
Collaborator Contribution | The project was led by partner institution, who provide all materials, ran the experiments and led the data analysis for all elements except the XCT |
Impact | Collaboration led to new research avenues for all parties, and yielded publication Allabar, A. Dobson, K.J , Bauer, C.C., Nowak, M. (2020) Vesicle shrinkage in hydrous phonolitic melt during quench. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 175, 21. doi: 10.1007/s00410-020-1658-3 |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | X-Rheo development |
Organisation | Swiss Light Source (SLS) |
Country | Switzerland |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Development, commissioning and implementation of new research infrastructure (rheometer capable of simutaneous tomogpahic imaging and rheological testing) and integration of the equipment with the TOMCAT imaging beamline. My role has been the development of the rig and methodology, and designing and performing the experiments. |
Collaborator Contribution | Integration with the beam line and development of associated scripting. Support for the experiments. |
Impact | One xperimental period to come, Data processing on going, No outputs yet. |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | I'm A Scientist (Get me out of here) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Participation in live text based Q&A sessions for primary and secondary schools children of all ages to talk about science, my research and careers in STEM. Each 40-minute session is attended by 30-40 students plus their teachers and/or parents (up to 10 sessions per week). Schools report increased engagement and enthusiasm for STEM subjects by all attending cohorts. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016,2019,2020,2021 |
URL | https://imascientist.org.uk/ |