The UK Earth system modelling project.

Lead Research Organisation: University of Leicester
Department Name: National Centre for Earth Observation

Abstract

Global climate change is one of the leading environmental threats facing mankind. To develop appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies requires accurate projections of the future state of the Earth's climate. To address this, the research community have developed Global Climate Models (GCMs) that describe the main physical processes in the coupled climate system. These mathematical-computer models are integrated forwards in simulated time, from a pre-industrial period (before ~1850) to present-day, forced by observed estimates of key greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane, ozone), aerosols and land-use. The models are then continued into the simulated future forced by a range of greenhouse gas, aerosol and land-use scenarios representing plausible future socio-economic development pathways. Each of the time-evolving model future climates are then compared to the pre-industrial and present-day climates from the same model. This analysis results in an ensemble of climate change estimates, linked to each of the applied development pathways, that can be used to assess potential socio-economic and ecological impacts and aid in the development of climate change mitigation and adaptation policies.

GCMs have recently been further developed into Earth system models (ESMs). A key difference between ESMs and GCMs is the former include an interactive description of the global carbon cycle. Climate change is primarily driven by human emissions of carbon dioxide which traps a fraction of the Earth's emitted radiation in the atmosphere, warming it and the Earth's surface. This direct warming from increasing carbon dioxide can be amplified or damped by various feedbacks in the climate system (e.g. involving water vapour, clouds or sea-ice). A key determinant of the climate change impact of human-emitted carbon dioxide is how much of the emitted gas actually stays in the atmosphere where it can interact with the Earth's emitted radiation. Presently, around 50% of the carbon dioxide emitted by humans stays in the atmosphere, the remaining 50% being taken up, in roughly equal measures, by the terrestrial biosphere and the world oceans. There is increasing evidence to suggest the efficiency of these natural carbon reservoirs in absorbing human-emitted carbon dioxide may change in the future, being sensitive to both the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth system and to the induced climate change. A reduction in the uptake efficiency of Earth's natural carbon reservoirs would result in a larger fraction of emitted carbon dioxide remaining in the atmosphere and thereby a larger climate change (warming) for a given cumulative emission of carbon dioxide.

To address the need to simulate both the changing global climate and the carbon cycle response to a changing climate and changing atmospheric composition, we are developing the 1st UK Earth system model, based on the core physical GCM, HadGEM3, developed at the Met Office. This development is a major collaboration between NERC centres and the Met Office, integrating a large body of core research and development into a single, world-leading ESM. This proposal aims to secure the NERC funding to maintain this collaboration. The project will support the final development and community release of the 1st UKESM models, as well as application of these models to a range of collaborative science experiments carried out at the international level to support the IPCC AR6. The project has a major emphasis on evaluating the full range of climate and biogeochemical processes and interactions simulated by UKESM1 models with an aim to increase confidence in future projections made with the models. The project will also generate and analyse a suite of such projections and deliver a set of robust estimates of Earth system change to UK government, business and the public. Finally, the project will initiate long-term development of a 2nd version of the UKESM model, for release ~2023.

Planned Impact

The main beneficiaries of the project will be:The IPCC and intergovernmental policy makers, including: UK government: particular DEFRA and DECC, DFID, DfT and MoD; UK governmental agencies and industries requiring climate services information.

Maximising the UK Contribution to the IPCC AR6
An important motivation for UKESM1 is the delivery of science to underpin the UK contribution to IPCC AR6, peer reviewed scientific outputs of UKESM1 are expected to contribute to: Working Group (WG) I assessment of the scientific aspects of climate change; WGII assessment of the vulnerability of socio-economic and natural systems to climate change, and adaptation options; WGIII, assessment options for mitigating climate change.

Both the UKESM models themselves and the resulting simulation-data will be made openly available to the NERC research community, supporting a wide spectrum of Earth system science over and above that performed directly in this project. In addition, the UKESM core group will provide support to a number of UK universities planning contributions to other Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) in CMIP6. The result of this national collaboration will be an unprecedented UK contribution to CMIP6 and, through this, also an unprecedented contribution to IPCC AR6. Importantly, this contribution will be a national effort, coordinated across the 8 NERC centres in this project, MOHC and UK universities.

Science into Policy:
The Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) will benefit from this project through an enhanced capacity to investigate future Earth system change and provide knowledge support to UK government . The ensemble of future projections made with UKESM1 will be made available to the UK research community, with an emphasis on supporting the UK climate impacts research. CMIP6 simulation-data will form the backbone of future data sets used by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), charged with providing underpinning climate services data to European governments, business and the public. UKESM1 simulations will therefore constitute the primary UK contribution to C3S. We will ensure a subset of the UKESM1 projections produce output required for dynamical downscaling over the UK using either the Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) Regional Climate Model of the new MOHC-NERC coupled UK Environmental Prediction model. This activity will be carried out external to the UKESM project by MOHC scientists. The resulting high-resolution (~1.5-4km grid box resolution over the UK) projections, covering the UK and adjacent coastal waters, will be a major resource for UK planners and stakeholders concerned with the risks and opportunities associated with global change. The knowledge developed from the combination of UKESM1 projections and accompanying downscaled data will be an important support for UK government departments involved in planning and policy negotiations with respect to future global change.

Wealth Creation:
There is a growing demand for information on potential future climate states, apparent in the emerging 'Climate Services' sector. The UKESM project will feed information into this sector with a wide range of potential beneficiaries, including agriculture/food security, transport and the insurance sector. This This link can be both directly from the project, through downstream research (e.g. in climate impacts) using UKESM1 data, through use of dynamically downscaled UKESM1 data covering various regions of the globe and through UKESM1 projections being part of the Copernicus Climate Change Service.

Media Relations and Public Engagement:
There is an increasing need for the public to be informed about the science of climate change, how climate projections are made, including explanation of where projection uncertainties arise and how they impact our the delivery of robust future climate estimates. We will endeavour to contribute to this requirement through public presentations and information sheets.

Publications

10 25 50

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Boesch H (2021) Monitoring Greenhouse Gases from Space in Remote Sensing

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Buchwitz M (2017) Satellite-derived methane hotspot emission estimates using a fast data-driven method in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

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Folberth G (2022) Description and Evaluation of an Emission-Driven and Fully Coupled Methane Cycle in UKESM1 in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems

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France J (2022) Very large fluxes of methane measured above Bolivian seasonal wetlands in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Gloor E (2018) Tropical land carbon cycle responses to 2015/16 El Niño as recorded by atmospheric greenhouse gas and remote sensing data. in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

 
Description The UK has released its next generation UK Earth System Model: UKESM. This is a state of the art model of the Earth system for predicting the course of climate change due to greenhouse gas warming. It is particularly interesting for investigations of carbon feedbacks in the system. Results from the model are being fed into the Climate-Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and will be presented in the IPCC 6th Assessment Report.
Exploitation Route The model will be used by a range of scientists to test hypotheses on climate models.

Results of UKESM runs will be used to guide statements on likely climate trajectories and hence influence the inter-governmental negotiations through the annual COP meeting associated with international climate agreements.
Sectors Environment

URL https://ukesm.ac.uk/
 
Description The strongest impact has been through engagment activities presenting our analysis of future climate projections at the 26th and 27th U.N Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP) to the general public as well as policy makers. These analyses have affirmed the importance of understanding temperature thresholds such as 1.5 degrees. Multiple training events were conducted for scientists in the international climate modeling community on the use of the open-source tool, Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool). This directly led to the development of novel climate diagnostics and analyses contributing to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
First Year Of Impact 2019
Sector Environment
Impact Types Policy & public services

 
Description Earth System Model eVALuation (ESMVal) Tool Tutorials
Geographic Reach Multiple continents/international 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
Impact Training provided in the use of ESMValTool to scientists and researchers has led to the development of novel diagnostics and analyses including in the IPCC AR6 report.
URL https://github.com/ESMValGroup/ESMValTool
 
Description ESA CCI Climate Modelling User Group
Amount € 1,700,000 (EUR)
Organisation European Space Agency 
Sector Public
Country France
Start 08/2023 
End 08/2026
 
Description Research Experience Placement (REP): Summer placement funding for an undergraduate student to use TROPOMI NO2 data to derive UK NOx emissions
Amount £1,000 (GBP)
Organisation University of Leeds 
Department School of Earth and Environment
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 05/2019 
End 07/2019
 
Description UKRI FLF - The First Environmental Digital Twin Dedicated to Understanding Tropical Wetland Methane Emissions for Improved Predictions of Climate Change - Rob Parker
Amount £1,600,000 (GBP)
Funding ID MR/X033139/1 
Organisation United Kingdom Research and Innovation 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2024 
End 03/2028
 
Title 2010-2018 global methane emissions inferred from GOSAT satellite observations 
Description The dataset includes gridded methane emission fluxes from a global inversion of GOSAT methane (CH4) observations by Zhang et al. (2021) (https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3643-2021). Monthly prior and posterior sectoral emissions from 2010-2018 are reported on a 4x5 degree grid. Source sectors include anthropogenic (oil exploitation, gas exploitation, coal mining, livestock, rice cultivation, wastewater treatment, landfills, and other anthropogenic sources) and natural (wetlands, geological seeps, termites, and biomass burning). The total methane flux is also reported. Usually small differences exist between the total methane flux and the sum of sectoral fluxes, which is due to the soil absorption flux.The monthly gridded sectoral emission flux product presented in this dataset are derived from an inversion by Zhang et al. (2021). Original inversion results (including posterior scaling factors, error covariance, and averaging kernel matrix) are archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4052518 Although monthly gridded sectoral emissions are reported here, this does not mean that the inversion can resolve emissions for each 4x5 degree grid cell by sector on a monthly basis. See the description below and Zhang et al. (2021) for the inversion configuration. The main purpose of creating this dataset is to facilitate follow-up transport model simulations and analysis. A brief description of the inversion configuration: The inversion is performed with the GEOS-Chem model for the period of 2010-2018 with GOSAT CO2-proxy CH4 retrievals from Parker and Boesch (2020). The inversion optimizes mean and trend of non-wetland emissions, monthly wetland emissions for 14 subcontinental regions, and annual hemispheric OH concentrations (methane loss rates). Sector attribution of posterior non-wetland emissions in a 4x5 degree grid cell is done on the basis of the relative contribution of a sector to prior emissions in the grid cell. Detailed description of the methodology can be found in Zhang et al. (2021). 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://www.scidb.cn/en/detail?dataSetId=6af071bd156a46e0974fadb5ebe1209c
 
Title Intital simulation of Hunga-Tonga volcanic aerosol cloud with the UM-UKCA composition-climate model 
Description This dataset is from a series of "forward projection" interactive stratospheric aerosol simulations of the Jan 2022 Hunga-Tonga volcanic aerosol cloud with the UM-UKCA composition-climate model. The model experiments predict how the cloud will disperse through 2022, and apply the UM-UKCA model at GA4 (Walters et al., 2014), with GLOMAP v8.2, as applied for the "MajorVolc" datasets for Agung, El Chichon and Pinatubo (Dhomse et al., 2020), those runs aligned with the Historical Eruption SO2 emissions Assessment experiment within ISA-MIP (Timmreck et al., 2018). The "standard" Hunga-Tonga GA4 UM-UKCA experiment emits 0.4Tg of SO2 at 29-31km, within a 24-hour period, matching the detrainment duration specified for the ISA-MIP HErSEA experiment protocol. Following the stronger than expected mid-visible backscatter ratios (BSR) measured by CALIOP satellite-borne lidar, and from ground-based lidar from Reunion Island (very high BSR values > 200), we also ran UM-UKCA simulations with "scaled-up Hunga-Tonga SO2 emission", at 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 Tg of SO2 emitted. Unexpectedly strong stratospheric AOD observed from the OMPS satellite months after the eruption further strengthens the motivation for these simulations. Several hypotheses for the high AOD from Hunga-Tonga have been suggested: 1) an unusual amount of (or influence from) co-emitted ultra-fine ash particles 2) "in-plume oxidised sulphate" already converted from SO2 at the time of detrainment (e.g. via aqueous-phase oxidation within water droplets within the eruptive plume). 3) co-emitted marine aerosol (e.g. sea-salt aerosol) from seawater vaporized in the plume There are 4 types of netcdf files, Stratospheric AOD (saod), Effective Radius (reff), Extinction (ext) and sulphate aerosol surface area density (sad). For e.g. saod550_HT_0pt4Tg_T2Mz-20220101-20230831.nc contains Stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD) at 550nm (2D-monthly dataset vs latitude and time) with 0.4 Tg SO2 injection Jan2022 to August 2023 Whereas other files reff_HT_0pt4Tg_T2Mz_20220101-20230831.nc, sad_HT_0pt4Tg_T2Mz_20220101-20230831.nc ext550_HT_0pt4Tg_T2Mz-20220101-20230831.nc contain particle effective radius (reff), aerosol surface area density, aerosol extinction as 3D-monthly fields (altitude, latitude , time) from the same simulation. Other saod and extinction files are also available at 870 and 1020 nm. Note that these are preliminary simulations, hence we do not expect good match with the observations. We plan to perform additional UM-UKCA simulations, comparing to the satellite and ground-based lidar measurements, and to in-situ balloon observations from Reunion Island rapid response campaign & upcoming high-altitude balloon sampling flights in Brazil. References : Dhomse SS, Mann GW, Antuña Marrero JC, Shallcross SE, Chipperfield MP, Carslaw KS, Marshall L, Abraham NL, Johnson CE. 2020. Evaluating the simulated radiative forcings, aerosol properties, and stratospheric warmings from the 1963 Mt Agung, 1982 El Chichón, and 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 20(21), pp. 13627-13654 Timmreck, C., Mann, G. W., Aquila, V., Hommel, R., Lee, L. A., Schmidt, A., Brühl, C., Carn, S., Chin, M., Dhomse, S. S., Diehl, T., English, J. M., Mills, M. J., Neely, R., Sheng, J., Toohey, M., and Weisenstein, D.: The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 25812608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018, 2018. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://zenodo.org/record/6621919
 
Title UKESM1 CMIP6 simulation data 
Description UKESM1 simulations constitute the main contribution from the UK to the World Climate Research Program sponsored 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). All UKESM1 CMIP6 data is being made openly available to international researchers at the UK Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) node at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA), see: https://esgf-index1.ceda.ac.uk/search/cmip6-ceda/ 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2019 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact CMIP6 data forms one of the main internation climate modelling supports for the 6th Assessment Report of the IPCC. 
URL https://esgf-index1.ceda.ac.uk/search/cmip6-ceda
 
Description ESA CCI - TOCISE Fellowship 
Organisation European Space Agency
Country France 
Sector Public 
PI Contribution Investigated the long-term differences in multiple ESA CCI tropospheric ozone products in combination with the UK Met Office's Earth system model (UKESM).
Collaborator Contribution Provided funding for my research looking at inconsistencies in ESA CCI tropospheric ozone products.
Impact Multiple publications are currently being written up for submission to scientific journals.
Start Year 2021
 
Description UKESM project 
Organisation Meteorological Office UK
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution NERC members of this project work closely with Met Office colleagues on a daily basis on all aspects of UKESM development and application.
Collaborator Contribution The Met Office contribute eight FTE into the UKESM project. These staff are managed by myself and contribute to the development, application and analysis of UKESM models.
Impact Numerous papers listed in the publications section are joint papers. Developement and release of the UKESM1 model would not have been possible without this collaboration.
Start Year 2013
 
Title Dry spell relative warming rate diagnostics 
Description This is a Python package for calculating the dry spell relative warming rate (RWR) diagnostic from either satellite and reanalysis products or climate model outputs. The RWR is a method for diagnosing the effect of soil moisture limitation on the land surface energy budget. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2019 
Open Source License? Yes  
Impact This code was used in a series of publications already attributed to this award (i.e., Gallego-Elvira et al, 2019; Gallego-Elvira et al, 2016) and is being used in ongoing analysis of UKESM1, HadGEM3 and other CMIP6 models. 
URL https://github.com/ppharris/dry_spell_rwr
 
Title ESMValTool Tutorial 
Description ESMValTool 2.0 Tutorial. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2020 
Open Source License? Yes  
Impact This tutorial enables standardized training for ESMValTool which is a widely used software for climate model evaluation. 
URL https://zenodo.org/record/3974592
 
Title ESMValTool: Scenario Choice Impacts Carbon Allocation Projection at Global Warming Levels 
Description The branch of ESMValTool that was used to create the analysis for the Manuscript "Scenario Choice Impacts Carbon Allocation Projection at Global Warming Levels", submitted to Earth System Dynamics journal, with associated pre-print de Mora, L., Swaminathan, R., Allan, R. P., Blackford, J., Kelley, D. I., Harris, P., Jones, C. D., Jones, C. G., Liddicoat, S., Parker, R. J., Quaife, T., Walton, J., and Yool, A.: Choice of Forecast Scenario Impacts the Carbon Allocation at the Same Global Warming Levels, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1483, 2023.  The base branch of ESMValTool can be found here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6359405  The base branch of ESMValCore can be found here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7764022 Note that this is associated with an older version of ESMValTool. Please use more recent versions of ESMValTool for future work. 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2023 
Open Source License? Yes  
URL https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.7970637
 
Description 2017 Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Presented UK Earth System Modelling at the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition. This was a week long event with thousands of visitors.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2017/summer-science-exhibition/exhibits/a-model...
 
Description Blue Dot Music and Science Festival 2019 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact UKESM participated in the 2019 Blue Dot Music and Science Festival, held at Jodrell Bank Observatory, July 18 to 21 2019. (https://www.discoverthebluedot.com/home).

The festival attracted tens of thousands of visitors and our stand, entitled 'UKESM: A Model Earth' consisted of a brilliant display, with puzzles, an interactive quiz and climate oriented games suitable for children and families. In addition, the primary attraction at the stand was the interactive Pufferfish globe, on which we displayed six videos illustrating different aspects of the coupled Earth system and future Earth system change. Among the videos shown, visitors had the opportunity to explore latest simulation results from the 1st version of the UK Earth system model (UKESM1), released to UK researchers last February 2019 (for more information visit https://ukesm.ac.uk/project-outcomes/model-releases/).
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2019
URL https://www.discoverthebluedot.com/profile/ukesm:-a-model-earth
 
Description Contributed material to NCEO/UKESM stands at COP26 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact I generated material (images, videos, slides) that we used on the UKESM and NCEO/UKRI stands at COP26
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description I'm a Scientist Get me out of here 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact The "I'm a Scientist Get me out of here" program is an online, student led STEM enrichment activity. Scientists sign up for a one month period with any of the "zones" available that are categorised under different sciences or engineering. In that one month, scientists participate in as many 40 minute chat sessions as possible with groups of secondary school students from around the country. I participated in the Yello Zone which was a General Science Zone. I was asked questions related to climate modeling, earth observations, computer science, interdisciplinary research as well as career path related questions. The program serves as a STEM activity as well as a mentoring activity where students understand better how to pursue science and possibly research careers.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2020,2021
URL https://yellow20.imascientist.org.uk/
 
Description Interviewed for UKRI COP26 short film 
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact I was interviewed related to climate modelling as part of the UKRI film produced for COP26
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Participation in the New Scientist Live exhibition 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact Our stand on 'Predicting Climate Change' provided an opportunity for schools and the public to visualise climate processes and how the climate may change in the future and for our team of scientists to hear first hand what the public are most interested in.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://ukesm.ac.uk/portfolio-item/new-scientist-live-engaging-the-public/
 
Description Poster presented at COP27 for Earth Information Day 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact The poster titled "The Physical Climate at 2C vs 4C as seen in the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1)" was presented on Earth Information Day and made available to the public through the course of COP27. The poster was on display to the public, students, policy makers and governments and showcased future climate change at different Global Warming Levels as modeled by the UK's flagship climate model.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://unfccc.int/event/earth-information-day-2022
 
Description Public lecture at Space Park Leicester for COP26 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Gave a presenation as an introduction to climate modelling as part of a Space Park Leicester public event in the lead up to COP26
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact I helped man the UKESM stand "A Model Earth" at the Royal Society Summer Science exhibition as a member of the NCEO-UKESM evaluation group. We engaged with the general public, school children and people associated with the Royal Society, discussing with them climate change, how we model the Earth system, and how we test these models using satellite data.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2017
URL https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2017/summer-science-exhibition/exhibits/a-model...
 
Description The 26th U.N Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26), Glasgow 2021. 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact The COP26 summit brought parties together to accelerate action towards the goals of the Paris Agreement and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Several hundred people attended the event and our research in the form of videos and quizzes helped inform the general public and policy makers on the role played by models and observations to understand the impacts of global warming.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2021
URL https://ukesm.ac.uk/cop26/