Impacts of Photoinitiated Chemical Processing on Climate Relevant Aerosol Properties
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Bristol
Department Name: Chemistry
Abstract
Sunlight and atmospheric aerosols are ever-present in our environment. Aerosols (airborne particles or droplets) can impact air quality and climate. Air pollution costs the UK £15 billion/year in damage to human health. The World Health Organization estimates nearly 12% of all deaths worldwide are due to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Aerosols are the largest uncertainty in our understanding of climate. Aerosols interact with sunlight by scattering or absorbing it, which can reduce visibility (e.g. smog) or create a beautiful sunset. However, we have not studied how sunlight can initiate chemistry in aerosols and change the properties of the particles. Recent experiments indicate that light-initiated chemistry may be a common occurrence. However, the impacts of light-initiated chemistry on a range of aerosol properties relevant to climate and air quality are not understood. These reactions may change the identities of the molecules that make up an aerosol particle and may alter fundamental properties including its size and ability to scatter or absorb light. Moreover, this chemistry may produce molecules that partition into the gas phase and can then undergo further chemistry to form new particles.
This work will investigate the role of light-initiated chemistry on a range of aerosol properties that are relevant to climate (how much they scatter or absorb sunlight) and to air quality (composition and size). This work will be accomplished using a novel combination of single particle measurements and a photochemical aerosol reactor. In single particle studies, an aerosol particle is captured using an optical trap, irradiated with light of a chosen wavelength, and monitored for changes to the particle's properties. Specifically, the impacts on the size, refractive index, hygroscopic properties, and phase of the particle will be determined. Refractive index determines the ability of the particle to scatter and absorb light. Hygroscopicity determines how a particle's size changes with relative humidity, which also ultimately impacts on refractive index. Phase describes whether the particle is a solid, liquid, or between the two, which can affect how the particle responds to its environment. Additionally, the yield of specific light-induced reactions will be determined at different wavelengths and particle sizes. Further experiments will examine how the surface composition of the particle may impact the chemistry. The photochemical aerosol reactor experiments will allow testing of simulations that scale the single particle measurements to ensemble measurements as well as allow precise elucidation of the molecular pathways operative in the experiments.
The results of these experiments will provide a systematic understanding of how light can interact with aerosols to induce chemistry and how that chemistry ultimately impacts climate and air quality relevant particle properties. This systematic understanding will enable predictions of the significance of light induced chemistry on climate and air quality. We then plan to assess some of these impacts by incorporating the newly resolved chemistry into an aerosol chemistry model.
This work will investigate the role of light-initiated chemistry on a range of aerosol properties that are relevant to climate (how much they scatter or absorb sunlight) and to air quality (composition and size). This work will be accomplished using a novel combination of single particle measurements and a photochemical aerosol reactor. In single particle studies, an aerosol particle is captured using an optical trap, irradiated with light of a chosen wavelength, and monitored for changes to the particle's properties. Specifically, the impacts on the size, refractive index, hygroscopic properties, and phase of the particle will be determined. Refractive index determines the ability of the particle to scatter and absorb light. Hygroscopicity determines how a particle's size changes with relative humidity, which also ultimately impacts on refractive index. Phase describes whether the particle is a solid, liquid, or between the two, which can affect how the particle responds to its environment. Additionally, the yield of specific light-induced reactions will be determined at different wavelengths and particle sizes. Further experiments will examine how the surface composition of the particle may impact the chemistry. The photochemical aerosol reactor experiments will allow testing of simulations that scale the single particle measurements to ensemble measurements as well as allow precise elucidation of the molecular pathways operative in the experiments.
The results of these experiments will provide a systematic understanding of how light can interact with aerosols to induce chemistry and how that chemistry ultimately impacts climate and air quality relevant particle properties. This systematic understanding will enable predictions of the significance of light induced chemistry on climate and air quality. We then plan to assess some of these impacts by incorporating the newly resolved chemistry into an aerosol chemistry model.
Planned Impact
Atmospheric aerosols impact air quality, human health, and global climate. Indoor and outdoor air pollution contributes to nearly 12% of all deaths worldwide, and 92% of the world's population lives in areas where air quality exceeds WHO limits (World Health Organization). In the UK, air pollution costs £15 billion/year in damage to human health (NERC Strategy Statement). Aerosols are thought to cool climate but represent one of the largest sources of uncertainty in understanding climate change and future climate. Impacts on health and climate are determined largely by the composition, size distribution, and concentration of the aerosol. In order to understand and predict these aerosol properties, it is key to understand how atmospheric aerosol is processed. The particular type of processing this project will investigate is how solar radiation may induce chemical processing that ultimately impacts the size, refractive index, and hygroscopicity of the aerosol. The effects of photoinitiated chemistry on these properties has not been studied in detail previously, yet may be very important due to the ubiquity of both atmospheric aerosol and solar radiation. Mounting evidence implicates photoinitiated chemistry in changes to climate and air quality relevant aerosol physicochemical properties, changes to reactive gas phase molecule concentrations, and increases in aerosol number concentrations. An improved understanding of photoinitiated chemistry will benefit the atmospheric science and modelling community as well as the general public because it will enable better predictions of aerosol climate effects. Reductions in uncertainties in future climate will have well established social and economic benefits.
One pathway for delivering impact will occur through incorporation of the experimental results into aerosol chemistry models in order to assess the magnitude of atmospheric importance. Although some preliminary studies have suggested its importance, photoinitiated aerosol chemistry is so poorly understood that it currently cannot be included in climate models. To rapidly move the laboratory work into models, Dr. Bzdek will collaborate with Project Partner Hartmut Herrmann to modify an existing and widely used aerosol chemistry model to include the experimental results. The modified model will more accurately describe atmospheric aerosol processing and will be coupled to phase transfer and gas phase models. The magnitude of impact on both aerosol and gas phase product concentrations will be assessed, thereby constraining the impacts on atmospheric chemistry and composition. Future beneficiaries will include climate modellers, as photoinitiated chemistry may represent a key aerosol process that has been previously neglected. The wider science community will also benefit from this work through overlapping research areas, including microdroplet reactivity and synthesis.
Another beneficiary of the proposed experiments includes the commercial sector. WP3 will interface a commercially available optical tweezers instrument (manufactured by Biral) with mass spectrometry in order to determine the molecular composition of the trapped droplet. Successful completion of WP3 will greatly expand the versatility of the commercial instrument and may result in scientific and economic benefits to Biral as well as further cooperation between academia and industry.
Dr. Bzdek will directly benefit from the proposed work through his establishment in UK academia in an underdeveloped area of atmospheric science. Dr. Bzdek will engage with the GW4+ doctoral training partnership to recruit Ph.D. students and will also mentor final year project students.
One pathway for delivering impact will occur through incorporation of the experimental results into aerosol chemistry models in order to assess the magnitude of atmospheric importance. Although some preliminary studies have suggested its importance, photoinitiated aerosol chemistry is so poorly understood that it currently cannot be included in climate models. To rapidly move the laboratory work into models, Dr. Bzdek will collaborate with Project Partner Hartmut Herrmann to modify an existing and widely used aerosol chemistry model to include the experimental results. The modified model will more accurately describe atmospheric aerosol processing and will be coupled to phase transfer and gas phase models. The magnitude of impact on both aerosol and gas phase product concentrations will be assessed, thereby constraining the impacts on atmospheric chemistry and composition. Future beneficiaries will include climate modellers, as photoinitiated chemistry may represent a key aerosol process that has been previously neglected. The wider science community will also benefit from this work through overlapping research areas, including microdroplet reactivity and synthesis.
Another beneficiary of the proposed experiments includes the commercial sector. WP3 will interface a commercially available optical tweezers instrument (manufactured by Biral) with mass spectrometry in order to determine the molecular composition of the trapped droplet. Successful completion of WP3 will greatly expand the versatility of the commercial instrument and may result in scientific and economic benefits to Biral as well as further cooperation between academia and industry.
Dr. Bzdek will directly benefit from the proposed work through his establishment in UK academia in an underdeveloped area of atmospheric science. Dr. Bzdek will engage with the GW4+ doctoral training partnership to recruit Ph.D. students and will also mentor final year project students.
Organisations
- University of Bristol (Fellow, Lead Research Organisation)
- NORTH BRISTOL NHS TRUST (Collaboration)
- University of Portsmouth (Collaboration)
- University of Minnesota (Collaboration)
- Royal Brompton Hospital (Collaboration)
- University of Oulu (Collaboration)
- LEWISHAM AND GREENWICH NHS TRUST (Collaboration)
- Dyson (Collaboration)
- IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON (Collaboration)
- University of North Dakota (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BRISTOL AND WESTON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST (Collaboration)
- Wexham Park Hospital (Collaboration)
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (Collaboration)
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital (Collaboration)
People |
ORCID iD |
Bryan Bzdek (Principal Investigator / Fellow) |
Publications
Bzdek, B.R.
(2019)
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Individual Aerosol Droplets by Optical Tweezers
in Spectroscopy
Bzdek BR
(2020)
The surface tension of surfactant-containing, finite volume droplets.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Szczepanska A
(2023)
The filtration efficiency of surgical masks for expiratory aerosol and droplets generated by vocal exercises
in Aerosol Science and Technology
Bain A
(2024)
Surfactant Partitioning Dynamics in Freshly Generated Aerosol Droplets.
in Journal of the American Chemical Society
Bain A
(2023)
Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio Determines Surface Tensions in Microscopic, Surfactant-Containing Droplets.
in ACS central science
Miles REH
(2019)
Surface Tensions of Picoliter Droplets with Sub-Millisecond Surface Age.
in The journal of physical chemistry. A
Arnold D
(2021)
Standard pleural interventions are not high-risk aerosol generating procedures
in European Respiratory Journal
Shrimpton AJ
(2022)
Quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during manual facemask ventilation.
in Anaesthesia
Saccente-Kennedy B
(2022)
Quantification of Respirable Aerosol Particles from Speech and Language Therapy Exercises
in Journal of Voice
Bain A
(2023)
Physical properties of short chain aqueous organosulfate aerosol.
in Environmental science: atmospheres
Bzdek BR
(2017)
Perspective: Aerosol microphysics: From molecules to the chemical physics of aerosols.
in The Journal of chemical physics
Bzdek BR
(2020)
Open questions on the physical properties of aerosols.
in Communications chemistry
Saccente-Kennedy B
(2023)
Mitigation of Respirable Aerosol Particles from Speech and Language Therapy Exercises
in Journal of Voice
Gregson FKA
(2022)
Identification of the source events for aerosol generation during oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy.
in Gut
Harrison J
(2023)
Emission rates, size distributions, and generation mechanism of oral respiratory droplets
in Aerosol Science and Technology
Hamilton V
(2023)
Diathermy and bone sawing are high aerosol yield procedures.
in Bone & joint research
Downing G
(2022)
Computational and experimental study of aerosol dispersion in a ventilated room
in Aerosol Science and Technology
Tian J
(2024)
Comparisons of aerosol generation across different musical instruments and loudness
in Journal of Aerosol Science
Newsom RB
(2021)
Comparison of droplet spread in standard and laminar flow operating theatres: SPRAY study group.
in The Journal of hospital infection
Archer J
(2022)
Comparing aerosol number and mass exhalation rates from children and adults during breathing, speaking and singing.
in Interface focus
Gregson F
(2021)
Comparing aerosol concentrations and particle size distributions generated by singing, speaking and breathing
in Aerosol Science and Technology
Gregson F
(2021)
Analytical challenges when sampling and characterising exhaled aerosol
in Aerosol Science and Technology
Hamilton F
(2021)
Aerosol generating procedures: are they of relevance for transmission of SARS-CoV-2?
in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine
Description | We have developed a new approach to measure the surface tension of aerosol droplets, which have opened up new research questions relevant to the formation of cloud droplets. We also provided the first direct evidence that the surface tensions of aerosol droplets can differ significantly from the solutions that produced them. This observation is significant because surface tension is a key parameter that governs whether atmospheric particles grow into cloud droplets and affect climate. We therefore show that a key assumption about the surface tensions of aerosols is unlikely to be reasonable. We have also collected preliminary data where we measure a change in droplet size due to photochemistry in an individual aerosol droplet. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bzdek contributed to the COVID-19 response by leveraging his expertise in aerosols to explore respiratory aerosol generation during activities like breathing, speaking, singing, sport, musical instrument playing, and clinical procedures. Vocalizing is a key driver of respiratory aerosol generation. The amount of aerosol generated is highly sensitive to the loudness of the vocalization. Many clinical procedures classified as aerosol generating in fact do not generate more aerosol than a cough, so the risk classifications for these procedures should be reevaluated. |
Exploitation Route | These outcomes are significant to aerosol modellers as we provide key data they can test their models against. In addition, our results are an important first step in accomplishing our goal of resolving the role of sunlight in atmospheric aerosol chemistry. The COVID-19 results can be used to alter government policies related to infection contol and risk mitigation. |
Sectors | Environment Healthcare |
Description | During the COVID-19 pandemic, the work on aerosol generation during breathing, speaking, singing, and musical instrument playing led directly to changes in UK Government Guidance in the performing arts published on 14 August 2020. This change in guidance allowed the resumption of musical performance in the UK following the initial COVID-19 lockdown. Additionally, work on aerosol generation from Aerosol Generating Procedures led to changes in the NHS England Infection Control and Prevention Manual in 2022. |
First Year Of Impact | 2020 |
Sector | Creative Economy,Healthcare |
Impact Types | Cultural Societal Economic Policy & public services |
Guideline Title | NHS Infection Control and Prevention Manual |
Description | AERATOR Study Leading to Change in NHS England Infection Control and Prevention Manual |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Citation in clinical guidelines |
Impact | Through the AERATOR study, multiple procedures previously listed as Aerosol Generating Procedures, and therefore requiring enhanced personal protective equipment and long delays between patients, were found not to generate much aerosol. This work ultimately fed through to delisting of some of these procedures from the NHS England Infection Control and Prevention Manual, which alters clinical guidance regarding personal protective equipment. |
Description | Aerosol Science Informing COVID-19 Guidance in the Performing Arts |
Geographic Reach | Europe |
Policy Influence Type | Contribution to new or Improved professional practice |
Description | (AeroSurf) - Comprehensive Investigations of Aerosol Droplet Surfaces and Their Climate Impacts |
Amount | € 2,315,245 (EUR) |
Funding ID | 948498 |
Organisation | European Commission |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 02/2021 |
End | 01/2026 |
Description | AERosolisation And Transmission Of SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Settings (AERATOR) |
Amount | £432,784 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MC_PC_20017 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 06/2020 |
End | 06/2021 |
Description | Development of Predictive Frameworks for Indoor Air Quality |
Amount | £3,350 (GBP) |
Organisation | GW4 |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2018 |
End | 03/2019 |
Description | Dynamic Surface Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol and Resulting Climate Impacts |
Amount | £100,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 2274588 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2019 |
End | 09/2023 |
Description | Measurements of Indoor Air Quality in a Victorian Home |
Amount | £3,040 (GBP) |
Organisation | Dyson |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2019 |
End | 04/2020 |
Description | NERC GW4+ DTP Studentship: Impacts of Photoinitiated Chemical Processing on Climate Relevant Aerosol Properties |
Amount | £100,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Natural Environment Research Council |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2018 |
End | 03/2022 |
Description | Novel Approach for Aerosol Chemical Analysis of the 'Invisible' 3-10 nm Size Range |
Amount | £6,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | IES\R1\231208 |
Organisation | The Royal Society |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2023 |
End | 09/2024 |
Description | Philip Leverhulme Prize |
Amount | £100,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | The Leverhulme Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2023 |
End | 05/2026 |
Description | Supporting Early Career Researchers at the University of Bristol |
Amount | £424,999 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/S018050/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2018 |
End | 05/2020 |
Description | The Investigation of Particulate Respiratory Matter to Inform Guidance for the Safe Distancing of Performers in a COVID-19 Pandemic (PERFORM-2) |
Amount | £435,600 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/V050516/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2021 |
End | 12/2021 |
Title | Accurate Representations of the Microphysical Processes Occurring During the Transport of Exhaled Aerosols and Droplets |
Description | Aerosols and droplets from expiratory events play an integral role in transmitting pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 from an infected individual to a susceptible host. However, there remain significant uncertainties in our understanding of the aerosol droplet microphysics occurring during drying and sedimentation, and the effect on the sedimentation outcomes. Here, we apply a new treatment for the microphysical behaviour of respiratory fluid droplets to a droplet evaporation / sedimentation model and assess the impact on sedimentation distance, timescale and particle phase. Above 100 µm initial diameter, the sedimentation outcome for a respiratory droplet is insensitive to composition and ambient conditions. Below 100 µm, and particularly below 80 µm, the increased settling time allows the exact nature of the evaporation process to play a significant role in influencing the sedimentation outcome. For this size range, an incorrect treatment of the droplet composition, or imprecise use of RH or temperature can lead to large discrepancies in sedimentation distance (>1 m, >3 m and >2 m respectively). Additionally, a respiratory droplet is likely to undergo phase change prior to sedimenting if initially |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | N/A |
URL | https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/3kmjloe9687rx2a0gyppw6nxdp/ |
Title | Data from Surface Tensions of Picoliter Droplets with Sub-Millisecond Surface Age |
Description | This data set provides the data underlying the figures in our publication "Surface Tensions of Picoliter Droplets with Sub-Millisecond Surface Age", Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2019. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2019 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Title | Data from The Surface Tension of Surfactant-Containing, Finite Volume Droplets |
Description | These are data supporting a paper entitled The Surface Tension of Surfactant-Containing, Finite Volume Droplets, currently in press at PNAS. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | No impact yet. |
URL | http://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/38lc6czmwnp3b281ba3r7l0bbz |
Title | Surface-Area-To-Volume Ratio Determines Surface Tensions in Microscopic, Surfactant-Containing Droplets |
Description | This data set provides the data underlying the figures in our publication "Surface-Area-To-Volume Ratio Determines Surface Tensions in Microscopic, Surfactant-Containing Droplets", ACS Central Science, 2023. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2023 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Dataset underlying our ACS Central Science publication. |
URL | https://data.bris.ac.uk/data/dataset/bi3umjin511z28gg91upzvcxx/ |
Description | Aerosol Transport in Indoor Environments |
Organisation | Dyson |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Private |
PI Contribution | I organized a field campaign to explore aerosol transport in indoor environments. My team developed and deployed a sensor network. |
Collaborator Contribution | Dyson contributed reference instrumentation and loaned personnel to run the instruments. Dyson also provided personnel time to assist with data analysis. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration (Engineering). A publication is in preparation. |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Investigations of Aerosol Generating Procedures in Clinical Contexts |
Organisation | North Bristol NHS Trust |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol Medical School, Bristol Dental School, and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust to quantify aerosol generation in a range of clinical contexts. My NERC Fellowship paid for my time supporting experimental development and data analysis. This collaboration has led to a funded grant proposal through the NIHR-UKRI Rapid COVID Rolling Call. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners provided the clinical scenarios and measurement locations, as well as the motivating factors for the research. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration (with Medical and Dental Sciences). So far, 11 publications have arisen from this collaboration. The results have been shared with the NIHR Task and Finish Group on Aerosol Generating Procedures and we have consulted with the Infection Prevention and Control Cell, which reports to the Chief Medical Officer. The results led to changes in the NHS England Infection Control and Prevention Manual in 2022. The publications arising from this collaboration include: 1) T. Dudding, S. Sheikh, F. Gregson, J. Haworth, S. Haworth, B. G. Main, A. Shrimpton, G. Hamilton, AERATOR group, A. Ireland, N. Maskell, J.P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, and M. Gormley, "A Clinical Observational Analysis of Aerosol Emissions From Dental Procedures", PLOS One, 2022, 17, e0265076. 2) F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Analytical Challenges when Sampling and Characterising Exhaled Aerosol", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022, 56, 160-175. 3) A. J. Shrimpton, J. M. Brown, F. K. A. Gregson, T. M. Cook, D. A. Scott, F. McGain, R. S. Humphries, R. S. Dhillon, J. P. Reid, F. Hamilton, B. R. Bzdek, and A. E. Pickering, "Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation During Manual Facemask Ventilation", Anaesthesia, 2022, 77, 22-27. 4) F. Hamilton, F. Gregson, D. Arnold, S. Sheikh, K. Ward, J. Brown, E. Moran, C. White, A. Morley, AERATOR Group, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, N. Maskell, and J. Dodd, "Aerosol Emission from the Respiratory Tract: An Analysis of Aerosol Generation from Oxygen Delivery Systems", Thorax, 2022, 77, 276-282. 5) S. Sheikh, F. W. Hamilton, G. W. Nava, F. K. A. Gregson, D. T. Arnold, C. Riley, J. Brown, AERATOR Group, J. P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, N. A. Maskell, J. W. Dodd, "Are Aerosols Generated During Lung Function Testing in Patients and Healthy Volunteers? Results From the AERATOR Study", Thorax, 2022, 77, 292-294. 6) F. K. A. Gregson, A. J. Shrimpton, F. Hamilton, T. M. Cook, J. P. Reid, A. E. Pickering, D. J. Pournaras, B. R. Bzdek, and J. M. Brown, "Identification of the Source Events for Aerosol Generation During Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy," Gut, 2022, 71, 871-878. 7) D. T. Arnold, F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, F. W. Hamilton, H. Welch, A. Dipper, G. W. Nava, J. W. Dodd, A. O. Clive, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, and N. A. Maskell, "Standard Pleural Interventions Are Not High-Risk Aerosol Generating Procedures," European Respiratory Journal, 2021, 58, 2101064, doi: 10.1183/13993003.01064-2021. 8) A. Shrimpton, F. K. A. Gregson, J. Brown, T. Cook, B. R. Bzdek, F. Hamilton, J. P. Reid, A. E. Pickering, and the AERATOR Study Group, "A Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation During Supraglottic Airway Insertion and Removal," Anaesthesia, 2021, 76, 1577-1584. 9) F. Hamilton, D. Arnold, B. R. Bzdek, J. Dodd, AERATOR group, J. Reid, and N. Maskell, "Aerosol Generating Procedures: Are They of Relevance for Transmission of SARS-CoV-2?" The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2021, 9, 687-689. 10) A. Shrimpton, F. K. A. Gregson, T. M. Cook, J. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, and A. E. Pickering, "A Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation During Tracheal Intubation and Extubation: A Reply," Anaesthesia, 2021, 76, 16-18. 11) J. Brown, F. K. A. Gregson, A. Shrimpton, T. M. Cook, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, and A. E. Pickering, "A Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation During Tracheal Intubation and Extubation," Anaesthesia, 2021, 76, 174-181. |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Investigations of Aerosol Generating Procedures in Clinical Contexts |
Organisation | University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Hospitals |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol Medical School, Bristol Dental School, and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust to quantify aerosol generation in a range of clinical contexts. My NERC Fellowship paid for my time supporting experimental development and data analysis. This collaboration has led to a funded grant proposal through the NIHR-UKRI Rapid COVID Rolling Call. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners provided the clinical scenarios and measurement locations, as well as the motivating factors for the research. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration (with Medical and Dental Sciences). So far, 11 publications have arisen from this collaboration. The results have been shared with the NIHR Task and Finish Group on Aerosol Generating Procedures and we have consulted with the Infection Prevention and Control Cell, which reports to the Chief Medical Officer. The results led to changes in the NHS England Infection Control and Prevention Manual in 2022. The publications arising from this collaboration include: 1) T. Dudding, S. Sheikh, F. Gregson, J. Haworth, S. Haworth, B. G. Main, A. Shrimpton, G. Hamilton, AERATOR group, A. Ireland, N. Maskell, J.P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, and M. Gormley, "A Clinical Observational Analysis of Aerosol Emissions From Dental Procedures", PLOS One, 2022, 17, e0265076. 2) F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Analytical Challenges when Sampling and Characterising Exhaled Aerosol", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022, 56, 160-175. 3) A. J. Shrimpton, J. M. Brown, F. K. A. Gregson, T. M. Cook, D. A. Scott, F. McGain, R. S. Humphries, R. S. Dhillon, J. P. Reid, F. Hamilton, B. R. Bzdek, and A. E. Pickering, "Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation During Manual Facemask Ventilation", Anaesthesia, 2022, 77, 22-27. 4) F. Hamilton, F. Gregson, D. Arnold, S. Sheikh, K. Ward, J. Brown, E. Moran, C. White, A. Morley, AERATOR Group, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, N. Maskell, and J. Dodd, "Aerosol Emission from the Respiratory Tract: An Analysis of Aerosol Generation from Oxygen Delivery Systems", Thorax, 2022, 77, 276-282. 5) S. Sheikh, F. W. Hamilton, G. W. Nava, F. K. A. Gregson, D. T. Arnold, C. Riley, J. Brown, AERATOR Group, J. P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, N. A. Maskell, J. W. Dodd, "Are Aerosols Generated During Lung Function Testing in Patients and Healthy Volunteers? Results From the AERATOR Study", Thorax, 2022, 77, 292-294. 6) F. K. A. Gregson, A. J. Shrimpton, F. Hamilton, T. M. Cook, J. P. Reid, A. E. Pickering, D. J. Pournaras, B. R. Bzdek, and J. M. Brown, "Identification of the Source Events for Aerosol Generation During Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy," Gut, 2022, 71, 871-878. 7) D. T. Arnold, F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, F. W. Hamilton, H. Welch, A. Dipper, G. W. Nava, J. W. Dodd, A. O. Clive, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, and N. A. Maskell, "Standard Pleural Interventions Are Not High-Risk Aerosol Generating Procedures," European Respiratory Journal, 2021, 58, 2101064, doi: 10.1183/13993003.01064-2021. 8) A. Shrimpton, F. K. A. Gregson, J. Brown, T. Cook, B. R. Bzdek, F. Hamilton, J. P. Reid, A. E. Pickering, and the AERATOR Study Group, "A Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation During Supraglottic Airway Insertion and Removal," Anaesthesia, 2021, 76, 1577-1584. 9) F. Hamilton, D. Arnold, B. R. Bzdek, J. Dodd, AERATOR group, J. Reid, and N. Maskell, "Aerosol Generating Procedures: Are They of Relevance for Transmission of SARS-CoV-2?" The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2021, 9, 687-689. 10) A. Shrimpton, F. K. A. Gregson, T. M. Cook, J. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, and A. E. Pickering, "A Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation During Tracheal Intubation and Extubation: A Reply," Anaesthesia, 2021, 76, 16-18. 11) J. Brown, F. K. A. Gregson, A. Shrimpton, T. M. Cook, B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, and A. E. Pickering, "A Quantitative Evaluation of Aerosol Generation During Tracheal Intubation and Extubation," Anaesthesia, 2021, 76, 174-181. |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Investigations of Droplet Generation from Coughing and in Clinical Contexts |
Organisation | University of Portsmouth |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with researchers at the University of Portsmouth to quantify the generation of large droplets from a range of activities, including coughing. I provide guidance about aerosol science, how to conduct measurements, and how to interpret those measurements. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners have provided the experimental apparatus, the venue for the measurements, and clinical insights into the appropriate questions to ask. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration, including clinicians in Portsmouth and Southampton, as well as researchers at the Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation. So far, one publication has arisen from this collaboration: R. Newsom, A. Amara, A. Hicks, M. Quint, C. Pattison, B. R. Bzdek, J. Burridge, C. Krawczyk, J. Dinsmore, J. Conway, "Comparison of Droplet Spread in Standard and Laminar Flow Operating Theatres: SPRAY Study Group," Journal of Hospital Infection, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.01.026 |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Modelling of Surfactant Partitioning in Picoliter Aerosol Droplets |
Organisation | University of Oulu |
Country | Finland |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We devised an approach to measure the surface tensions of picoliter droplets containing surfactants in order to study the partitioning behaviour for the surfactants. These experiments are highly relevant to describing cloud droplet nucleation in the atmosphere, as surfactants are important components of aerosol composition. |
Collaborator Contribution | Our partners have developed a state-of-the-art model to describe the partitioning of surfactants to the surface of small droplets. The validation of this model against our experimental data has allowed the collaborators to predict the effect of surfactants on cloud droplet formation through additional simulations. |
Impact | One publication in PNAS (below), with 2 additional publications in preparation. B. R. Bzdek, J. P. Reid, J. Malila, and N. L. Prisle, "The Surface Tension of Surfactant-Containing, Finite Volume Droplets," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020, 117, 8335-8343. |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | Modelling the Surface Tensions of Aerosols |
Organisation | University of Minnesota |
Department | Department of Mechanical Engineering |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have provided experimental data that our collaborators are using to develop models that predict the surface tension of multicomponent systems containing both non-surfactants and surfactants. |
Collaborator Contribution | Our collaborators have modelled our experimental data of the surface tension of multicomponent chemical systems. |
Impact | Multidisciplinary: chemistry and engineering. Output: One publication was accepted into the Journal of Physical Chemistry A (2019). A second publication is in preparation for submission to a scholarly journal. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Modelling the Surface Tensions of Aerosols |
Organisation | University of North Dakota |
Country | United States |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have provided experimental data that our collaborators are using to develop models that predict the surface tension of multicomponent systems containing both non-surfactants and surfactants. |
Collaborator Contribution | Our collaborators have modelled our experimental data of the surface tension of multicomponent chemical systems. |
Impact | Multidisciplinary: chemistry and engineering. Output: One publication was accepted into the Journal of Physical Chemistry A (2019). A second publication is in preparation for submission to a scholarly journal. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | The Investigation of Particulate Respiratory Matter to Inform Guidance for the Safe Distancing of Performers in a COVID-19 Pandemic (PERFORM-2) |
Organisation | Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with clinicians at Imperial College London, Wexham Park Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, and Royal National Ear Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals to investigate aerosol generation from breathing, speaking, singing, and instrument playing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. I provided my time and expertise to design the study, conduct measurements, analyze data, and write papers. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners provided space for the measurements, dealt with ethics, recruited participants, and provided insight into the clinical relevance of the work. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinicians (Medical Sciences). The results have resulted in multiple peer reviewed papers, including: 1) J. Harrison, B. Saccente-Kennedy, C. M. Orton, L. P. McCarthy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, A. Szczepanska, N. A. Watson, W. J. Browne, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. H. Hull, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, P. L. Shah, R. Epstein, J. P. Reid, and B. R. Bzdek, "Emission Rates, Size Distributions, and Generation Mechanism of Oral Respiratory Droplets", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2158778. 2) G. H. Downing, Y. Hardalupas, J. Archer, H. Symons, U. B. Baloglu, D. Schien, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Computational and Experimental Study of Aerosol Dispersion in a Ventilated Room", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2145179. 3) B. Saccente-Kennedy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, and R. Epstein, "Quantification of Respirable Aerosol Particles from Speech and Language Therapy Exercises", Journal of Voice, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.07.006. 4) F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Analytical Challenges when Sampling and Characterising Exhaled Aerosol", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022, 56, 160-175. 5) C. M. Orton, H. E. Symons, B. Moseley, J. Archer, N. A. Watson, K. E. J. Philip, S. Sheikh, B. Saccente-Kennedy, D. Costello, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, J. H. Hull, J. P. Reid, and P. L. Shah, "Exercise, Speaking and Breathing at Rest: a Comparison of Aerosol Mass Emission", Communications Medicine, 2022, 2, 44, doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00103-w. 6) J. Archer, L. P. McCarthy, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Number and Mass Exhalation Rates from Children and Adults During Breathing, Speaking and Singing", Interface Focus, 2022, 12, 20210078. 7) L. P. McCarthy, C. M. Orton, N. A. Watson, F. K. A. Gregson, A. E. Haddrell, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, P. L. Shah, and B. R. Bzdek, "Aerosol and Droplet Generation from Performing with Woodwind and Brass Instruments," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 1277-1287. 8) F. K. A. Gregson, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, A. E. Haddrell, L. P. McCarthy, T. J. R. Finnie, N. Gent, G. C. Donaldson, P. L. Shah, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Concentrations and Particle Size Distributions Generated by Singing, Speaking and Breathing," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 681-691. In addition, the results also altered UK Government Guidance for the performing arts in August 2020. |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | The Investigation of Particulate Respiratory Matter to Inform Guidance for the Safe Distancing of Performers in a COVID-19 Pandemic (PERFORM-2) |
Organisation | Imperial College London |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with clinicians at Imperial College London, Wexham Park Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, and Royal National Ear Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals to investigate aerosol generation from breathing, speaking, singing, and instrument playing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. I provided my time and expertise to design the study, conduct measurements, analyze data, and write papers. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners provided space for the measurements, dealt with ethics, recruited participants, and provided insight into the clinical relevance of the work. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinicians (Medical Sciences). The results have resulted in multiple peer reviewed papers, including: 1) J. Harrison, B. Saccente-Kennedy, C. M. Orton, L. P. McCarthy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, A. Szczepanska, N. A. Watson, W. J. Browne, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. H. Hull, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, P. L. Shah, R. Epstein, J. P. Reid, and B. R. Bzdek, "Emission Rates, Size Distributions, and Generation Mechanism of Oral Respiratory Droplets", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2158778. 2) G. H. Downing, Y. Hardalupas, J. Archer, H. Symons, U. B. Baloglu, D. Schien, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Computational and Experimental Study of Aerosol Dispersion in a Ventilated Room", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2145179. 3) B. Saccente-Kennedy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, and R. Epstein, "Quantification of Respirable Aerosol Particles from Speech and Language Therapy Exercises", Journal of Voice, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.07.006. 4) F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Analytical Challenges when Sampling and Characterising Exhaled Aerosol", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022, 56, 160-175. 5) C. M. Orton, H. E. Symons, B. Moseley, J. Archer, N. A. Watson, K. E. J. Philip, S. Sheikh, B. Saccente-Kennedy, D. Costello, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, J. H. Hull, J. P. Reid, and P. L. Shah, "Exercise, Speaking and Breathing at Rest: a Comparison of Aerosol Mass Emission", Communications Medicine, 2022, 2, 44, doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00103-w. 6) J. Archer, L. P. McCarthy, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Number and Mass Exhalation Rates from Children and Adults During Breathing, Speaking and Singing", Interface Focus, 2022, 12, 20210078. 7) L. P. McCarthy, C. M. Orton, N. A. Watson, F. K. A. Gregson, A. E. Haddrell, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, P. L. Shah, and B. R. Bzdek, "Aerosol and Droplet Generation from Performing with Woodwind and Brass Instruments," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 1277-1287. 8) F. K. A. Gregson, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, A. E. Haddrell, L. P. McCarthy, T. J. R. Finnie, N. Gent, G. C. Donaldson, P. L. Shah, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Concentrations and Particle Size Distributions Generated by Singing, Speaking and Breathing," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 681-691. In addition, the results also altered UK Government Guidance for the performing arts in August 2020. |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | The Investigation of Particulate Respiratory Matter to Inform Guidance for the Safe Distancing of Performers in a COVID-19 Pandemic (PERFORM-2) |
Organisation | Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Hospitals |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with clinicians at Imperial College London, Wexham Park Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, and Royal National Ear Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals to investigate aerosol generation from breathing, speaking, singing, and instrument playing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. I provided my time and expertise to design the study, conduct measurements, analyze data, and write papers. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners provided space for the measurements, dealt with ethics, recruited participants, and provided insight into the clinical relevance of the work. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinicians (Medical Sciences). The results have resulted in multiple peer reviewed papers, including: 1) J. Harrison, B. Saccente-Kennedy, C. M. Orton, L. P. McCarthy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, A. Szczepanska, N. A. Watson, W. J. Browne, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. H. Hull, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, P. L. Shah, R. Epstein, J. P. Reid, and B. R. Bzdek, "Emission Rates, Size Distributions, and Generation Mechanism of Oral Respiratory Droplets", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2158778. 2) G. H. Downing, Y. Hardalupas, J. Archer, H. Symons, U. B. Baloglu, D. Schien, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Computational and Experimental Study of Aerosol Dispersion in a Ventilated Room", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2145179. 3) B. Saccente-Kennedy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, and R. Epstein, "Quantification of Respirable Aerosol Particles from Speech and Language Therapy Exercises", Journal of Voice, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.07.006. 4) F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Analytical Challenges when Sampling and Characterising Exhaled Aerosol", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022, 56, 160-175. 5) C. M. Orton, H. E. Symons, B. Moseley, J. Archer, N. A. Watson, K. E. J. Philip, S. Sheikh, B. Saccente-Kennedy, D. Costello, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, J. H. Hull, J. P. Reid, and P. L. Shah, "Exercise, Speaking and Breathing at Rest: a Comparison of Aerosol Mass Emission", Communications Medicine, 2022, 2, 44, doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00103-w. 6) J. Archer, L. P. McCarthy, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Number and Mass Exhalation Rates from Children and Adults During Breathing, Speaking and Singing", Interface Focus, 2022, 12, 20210078. 7) L. P. McCarthy, C. M. Orton, N. A. Watson, F. K. A. Gregson, A. E. Haddrell, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, P. L. Shah, and B. R. Bzdek, "Aerosol and Droplet Generation from Performing with Woodwind and Brass Instruments," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 1277-1287. 8) F. K. A. Gregson, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, A. E. Haddrell, L. P. McCarthy, T. J. R. Finnie, N. Gent, G. C. Donaldson, P. L. Shah, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Concentrations and Particle Size Distributions Generated by Singing, Speaking and Breathing," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 681-691. In addition, the results also altered UK Government Guidance for the performing arts in August 2020. |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | The Investigation of Particulate Respiratory Matter to Inform Guidance for the Safe Distancing of Performers in a COVID-19 Pandemic (PERFORM-2) |
Organisation | Royal Brompton Hospital |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Hospitals |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with clinicians at Imperial College London, Wexham Park Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, and Royal National Ear Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals to investigate aerosol generation from breathing, speaking, singing, and instrument playing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. I provided my time and expertise to design the study, conduct measurements, analyze data, and write papers. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners provided space for the measurements, dealt with ethics, recruited participants, and provided insight into the clinical relevance of the work. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinicians (Medical Sciences). The results have resulted in multiple peer reviewed papers, including: 1) J. Harrison, B. Saccente-Kennedy, C. M. Orton, L. P. McCarthy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, A. Szczepanska, N. A. Watson, W. J. Browne, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. H. Hull, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, P. L. Shah, R. Epstein, J. P. Reid, and B. R. Bzdek, "Emission Rates, Size Distributions, and Generation Mechanism of Oral Respiratory Droplets", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2158778. 2) G. H. Downing, Y. Hardalupas, J. Archer, H. Symons, U. B. Baloglu, D. Schien, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Computational and Experimental Study of Aerosol Dispersion in a Ventilated Room", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2145179. 3) B. Saccente-Kennedy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, and R. Epstein, "Quantification of Respirable Aerosol Particles from Speech and Language Therapy Exercises", Journal of Voice, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.07.006. 4) F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Analytical Challenges when Sampling and Characterising Exhaled Aerosol", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022, 56, 160-175. 5) C. M. Orton, H. E. Symons, B. Moseley, J. Archer, N. A. Watson, K. E. J. Philip, S. Sheikh, B. Saccente-Kennedy, D. Costello, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, J. H. Hull, J. P. Reid, and P. L. Shah, "Exercise, Speaking and Breathing at Rest: a Comparison of Aerosol Mass Emission", Communications Medicine, 2022, 2, 44, doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00103-w. 6) J. Archer, L. P. McCarthy, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Number and Mass Exhalation Rates from Children and Adults During Breathing, Speaking and Singing", Interface Focus, 2022, 12, 20210078. 7) L. P. McCarthy, C. M. Orton, N. A. Watson, F. K. A. Gregson, A. E. Haddrell, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, P. L. Shah, and B. R. Bzdek, "Aerosol and Droplet Generation from Performing with Woodwind and Brass Instruments," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 1277-1287. 8) F. K. A. Gregson, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, A. E. Haddrell, L. P. McCarthy, T. J. R. Finnie, N. Gent, G. C. Donaldson, P. L. Shah, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Concentrations and Particle Size Distributions Generated by Singing, Speaking and Breathing," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 681-691. In addition, the results also altered UK Government Guidance for the performing arts in August 2020. |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | The Investigation of Particulate Respiratory Matter to Inform Guidance for the Safe Distancing of Performers in a COVID-19 Pandemic (PERFORM-2) |
Organisation | Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Hospitals |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with clinicians at Imperial College London, Wexham Park Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, and Royal National Ear Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals to investigate aerosol generation from breathing, speaking, singing, and instrument playing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. I provided my time and expertise to design the study, conduct measurements, analyze data, and write papers. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners provided space for the measurements, dealt with ethics, recruited participants, and provided insight into the clinical relevance of the work. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinicians (Medical Sciences). The results have resulted in multiple peer reviewed papers, including: 1) J. Harrison, B. Saccente-Kennedy, C. M. Orton, L. P. McCarthy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, A. Szczepanska, N. A. Watson, W. J. Browne, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. H. Hull, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, P. L. Shah, R. Epstein, J. P. Reid, and B. R. Bzdek, "Emission Rates, Size Distributions, and Generation Mechanism of Oral Respiratory Droplets", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2158778. 2) G. H. Downing, Y. Hardalupas, J. Archer, H. Symons, U. B. Baloglu, D. Schien, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Computational and Experimental Study of Aerosol Dispersion in a Ventilated Room", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2145179. 3) B. Saccente-Kennedy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, and R. Epstein, "Quantification of Respirable Aerosol Particles from Speech and Language Therapy Exercises", Journal of Voice, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.07.006. 4) F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Analytical Challenges when Sampling and Characterising Exhaled Aerosol", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022, 56, 160-175. 5) C. M. Orton, H. E. Symons, B. Moseley, J. Archer, N. A. Watson, K. E. J. Philip, S. Sheikh, B. Saccente-Kennedy, D. Costello, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, J. H. Hull, J. P. Reid, and P. L. Shah, "Exercise, Speaking and Breathing at Rest: a Comparison of Aerosol Mass Emission", Communications Medicine, 2022, 2, 44, doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00103-w. 6) J. Archer, L. P. McCarthy, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Number and Mass Exhalation Rates from Children and Adults During Breathing, Speaking and Singing", Interface Focus, 2022, 12, 20210078. 7) L. P. McCarthy, C. M. Orton, N. A. Watson, F. K. A. Gregson, A. E. Haddrell, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, P. L. Shah, and B. R. Bzdek, "Aerosol and Droplet Generation from Performing with Woodwind and Brass Instruments," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 1277-1287. 8) F. K. A. Gregson, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, A. E. Haddrell, L. P. McCarthy, T. J. R. Finnie, N. Gent, G. C. Donaldson, P. L. Shah, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Concentrations and Particle Size Distributions Generated by Singing, Speaking and Breathing," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 681-691. In addition, the results also altered UK Government Guidance for the performing arts in August 2020. |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | The Investigation of Particulate Respiratory Matter to Inform Guidance for the Safe Distancing of Performers in a COVID-19 Pandemic (PERFORM-2) |
Organisation | Wexham Park Hospital |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Hospitals |
PI Contribution | This is a collaboration with clinicians at Imperial College London, Wexham Park Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, and Royal National Ear Nose and Throat and Eastman Dental Hospitals to investigate aerosol generation from breathing, speaking, singing, and instrument playing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. I provided my time and expertise to design the study, conduct measurements, analyze data, and write papers. |
Collaborator Contribution | The partners provided space for the measurements, dealt with ethics, recruited participants, and provided insight into the clinical relevance of the work. |
Impact | This is a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinicians (Medical Sciences). The results have resulted in multiple peer reviewed papers, including: 1) J. Harrison, B. Saccente-Kennedy, C. M. Orton, L. P. McCarthy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, A. Szczepanska, N. A. Watson, W. J. Browne, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. H. Hull, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, P. L. Shah, R. Epstein, J. P. Reid, and B. R. Bzdek, "Emission Rates, Size Distributions, and Generation Mechanism of Oral Respiratory Droplets", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2158778. 2) G. H. Downing, Y. Hardalupas, J. Archer, H. Symons, U. B. Baloglu, D. Schien, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Computational and Experimental Study of Aerosol Dispersion in a Ventilated Room", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2145179. 3) B. Saccente-Kennedy, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, B. R. Bzdek, and R. Epstein, "Quantification of Respirable Aerosol Particles from Speech and Language Therapy Exercises", Journal of Voice, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.07.006. 4) F. K. A. Gregson, S. Sheikh, J. Archer, H. E. Symons, J. S. Walker, A. E. Haddrell, C. M. Orton, F. W. Hamilton, J. M. Brown, B. R. Bzdek, and J. P. Reid, "Analytical Challenges when Sampling and Characterising Exhaled Aerosol", Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022, 56, 160-175. 5) C. M. Orton, H. E. Symons, B. Moseley, J. Archer, N. A. Watson, K. E. J. Philip, S. Sheikh, B. Saccente-Kennedy, D. Costello, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, J. H. Hull, J. P. Reid, and P. L. Shah, "Exercise, Speaking and Breathing at Rest: a Comparison of Aerosol Mass Emission", Communications Medicine, 2022, 2, 44, doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00103-w. 6) J. Archer, L. P. McCarthy, H. E. Symons, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, W. J. Browne, J. Harrison, B. Moseley, K. E. J. Philip, J. D. Calder, P. L. Shah, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Number and Mass Exhalation Rates from Children and Adults During Breathing, Speaking and Singing", Interface Focus, 2022, 12, 20210078. 7) L. P. McCarthy, C. M. Orton, N. A. Watson, F. K. A. Gregson, A. E. Haddrell, W. J. Browne, J. D. Calder, D. Costello, J. P. Reid, P. L. Shah, and B. R. Bzdek, "Aerosol and Droplet Generation from Performing with Woodwind and Brass Instruments," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 1277-1287. 8) F. K. A. Gregson, N. A. Watson, C. M. Orton, A. E. Haddrell, L. P. McCarthy, T. J. R. Finnie, N. Gent, G. C. Donaldson, P. L. Shah, J. D. Calder, B. R. Bzdek, D. Costello, and J. P. Reid, "Comparing Aerosol Concentrations and Particle Size Distributions Generated by Singing, Speaking and Breathing," Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021, 55, 681-691. In addition, the results also altered UK Government Guidance for the performing arts in August 2020. |
Start Year | 2020 |
Description | Contributions to Royal Institute Christmas Lecture |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press) |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Media (as a channel to the public) |
Results and Impact | I contributed to the development of demonstrations about respiratory aerosol generation from activities like breathing and singing for the Royal Institute Christmas Lecture entitled "Going Viral: How COVID Changed Science Forever - The Perfect Storm". The intention was to educate the public about aerosols and disease transmission. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | GW4 Sponsored Workshop on Indoor Air Quality |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I organised a GW4-sponsored workshop on Indoor Air Quality, assembling researchers across Bath, Bristol, Cardiff, and Exeter along with participants from government agencies (Public Health England) and industry. Participants discussed many challenges in indoor air quality, spanning engineering and scientific challenges to social challenges. The outcomes included a ranked list of key problems to address potentially through future grant proposals as well as the development of a diverse collaborative network to find multidisciplinary solutions to complex problems |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | NIHR Task and Finish Group on Aerosol Generating Procedures |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | I sit on an NIHR Task and Finish Group on Aerosol Generating Procedures. Results from COVID-19 research are shared and discussed with this group, which then reports to the Urgent Public Health Group. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Participation in the GW4 Crucible |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Study participants or study members |
Results and Impact | Participated in the 2018 NERC GW4 Crucible (theme: Resilience, Environment, and Sustainability), a series of workshops designed for young faculty to foster interdisciplinary and inter-institutional collaborations as well as engage with government, media, and the public. The goal is to develop collaborations across multiple sectors. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | http://gw4.ac.uk/gw4-crucible-2018/ |
Description | Remote School Visit (Ramapo High School) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | I spoke to high school students in the US about my research on COVID-19 and careers in science. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Remote School Visit - Science Park High School (Newark, NJ) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | I participated in a career day at Science Park High School (Newark, NJ). I spoke to high school students about careers in science and the research process. Approximately 60 students attended in multiple smaller groups. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2021 |
Description | Royal Society Pairing Scheme One-Day Workshop at Houses of Parliament |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Participated in the Royal Society Pairing Scheme one-day workshop at the Houses of Parliament and the Royal Society, which included workshops on how science has impacted policy and a reception with Ministers, MPs, Peers, and Civil Servants at the Houses of Parliament |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | School Visit (Ramapo High School) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Gave a presentation to senior science students (~25 students) about environmental science and careers in research. The teacher was impressed with the outcome and has invited me to do this as a yearly presentation to his students. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |