NEXus Thinking for sustainable AGricultural development in Andean countries (NEXT-AG)
Lead Research Organisation:
CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY
Department Name: School of Water, Energy and Environment
Abstract
Food security is consistently seen as one of the key global challenges for the coming decades. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), currently representing 13% of total food trade, could contribute to solving this challenge given its comparative advantage in terms of water and land availability. Agricultural exports and increasing global food demand represent a big opportunity for the economic development of LAC countries. In the last decades, governments have designed programmes, regulations and institutions aimed at increasing agricultural productivity in countries like Ecuador and Peru. However, there is some evidence of this agricultural expansion already causing some environmental problems (e.g. aquifer overexploitation) and impacts on sectors competing for the same resources (energy). Getting the Water-Energy-Food-Environment (WEFE) nexus right is crucial for LAC countries to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture and the economy without compromising natural resources availability for present and future generations. NEXT-AG's aim is to provide policymakers in those countries with the needed evidence base that allows them to develop new coordinated policies and programmes for increasing resilience and promoting sustainable economic growth in the context of increasing national and global food demand.
The project has five main areas: 1) Data collection; 2) Policy and institutional mapping; 3) Modelling and integration; 4) Dissemination and outreach; 5) Project management. The core part of the project is the modelling of the different components of the WEFE nexus, done in collaboration with stakeholders, and their integration, which results will form the needed evidence base to inform future agricultural policies. Specifically, the project team will 1) collect and synthesise evidence on available water and energy resources and their use in agriculture and interaction with other sectors, showing key dependencies and trade-offs, and how the most relevant national policies and development plans might be influencing those links; 2) develop a participatory modelling framework to study the trade-offs between food production and key biophysical and environmental nexus components under contrasting climate, policy and socio-economic scenarios; 3) inform policymaking on how to better integrate nexus thinking into future coordinated policies and development strategies. The outcomes of the project will not only be relevant for Andean countries, but for other developing countries where food exports are one of the key economic activities.
The project has five main areas: 1) Data collection; 2) Policy and institutional mapping; 3) Modelling and integration; 4) Dissemination and outreach; 5) Project management. The core part of the project is the modelling of the different components of the WEFE nexus, done in collaboration with stakeholders, and their integration, which results will form the needed evidence base to inform future agricultural policies. Specifically, the project team will 1) collect and synthesise evidence on available water and energy resources and their use in agriculture and interaction with other sectors, showing key dependencies and trade-offs, and how the most relevant national policies and development plans might be influencing those links; 2) develop a participatory modelling framework to study the trade-offs between food production and key biophysical and environmental nexus components under contrasting climate, policy and socio-economic scenarios; 3) inform policymaking on how to better integrate nexus thinking into future coordinated policies and development strategies. The outcomes of the project will not only be relevant for Andean countries, but for other developing countries where food exports are one of the key economic activities.
Planned Impact
The project will deliver new theoretical and conceptual understanding of the impacts of agricultural expansion in the context of the Water-Energy-Food-Environment nexus in Andean countries. The immediate beneficiaries of this research will be the policymakers and stakeholders in Peru and Ecuador that will actively participate in this project (e.g., Ministry of Agriculture in Ecuador, National Water Agency in Peru, agribusiness, agricultural levy boards), contributing to the policy mapping exercise, the development of the modelling activities and policy scenarios to consider. Besides, the training activities planned as part of the NEXT-AG project will impact on the capacity of policymakers and practitioners. They will learn how the different models and their integration could be used in the future to inform the design of new integrated policies that take account of the trade-offs of agricultural expansion.
The outputs of the NEXT-AG project will impact on future agricultural policies and irrigation expansion programmes in the two countries under study (Ecuador and Peru). In the long term, the outcomes of this research would encourage more sustainable agricultural expansion policies, without compromising the availability of natural resources for future generations and ensuring sustainable development and economic growth. The main policy recommendations could be also applied to other developing countries experiencing similar issues regarding agricultural expansion to meet international food demand and its impacts on available natural resources. At the global level, this research will contribute to achieving food security, one of the biggest challenges of the coming future. Direct beneficiaries at a global level will also be the academic and research communities building on the conceptual and methodological advances delivered through the project.
A range of communication and engagement techniques and platforms have been identified to engage with all beneficiaries (see work package 4 in the Case for Support, and Pathway to Impacts attachment). These include: newsletters for project partners, workshops and focus group in the case study areas, annual meetings, blog posts, academic journal papers, conference presentations, twitter account.
The outputs of the NEXT-AG project will impact on future agricultural policies and irrigation expansion programmes in the two countries under study (Ecuador and Peru). In the long term, the outcomes of this research would encourage more sustainable agricultural expansion policies, without compromising the availability of natural resources for future generations and ensuring sustainable development and economic growth. The main policy recommendations could be also applied to other developing countries experiencing similar issues regarding agricultural expansion to meet international food demand and its impacts on available natural resources. At the global level, this research will contribute to achieving food security, one of the biggest challenges of the coming future. Direct beneficiaries at a global level will also be the academic and research communities building on the conceptual and methodological advances delivered through the project.
A range of communication and engagement techniques and platforms have been identified to engage with all beneficiaries (see work package 4 in the Case for Support, and Pathway to Impacts attachment). These include: newsletters for project partners, workshops and focus group in the case study areas, annual meetings, blog posts, academic journal papers, conference presentations, twitter account.
Organisations
- CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY (Lead Research Organisation)
- National University of Saint Augustine (Collaboration)
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (Collaboration)
- Wageningen University & Research (Collaboration)
- Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) (Collaboration)
- University of Azuay (Project Partner)
- United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (Project Partner)
- National University Agraria La Molina (Project Partner)
- Ministry Agriculture and Livestock (Project Partner)
Publications
Salmoral G
(2019)
Water diplomacy and nexus governance in a transboundary context: In the search for complementarities.
in The Science of the total environment
Cremades R
(2019)
Ten principles to integrate the water-energy-land nexus with climate services for co-producing local and regional integrated assessments.
in The Science of the total environment
Salmoral G
(2020)
Water-related challenges in nexus governance for sustainable development: Insights from the city of Arequipa, Peru.
in The Science of the total environment
Salmoral G
(2020)
Reconciling irrigation demands for agricultural expansion with environmental sustainability - A preliminary assessment for the Ica Valley, Peru
in Journal of Cleaner Production
Yan X
(2020)
Agave: A promising feedstock for biofuels in the water-energy-food-environment (WEFE) nexus
in Journal of Cleaner Production
Melo O
(2021)
Agricultural and Forestry Land and Labor Use under Long-Term Climate Change in Chile
in Atmosphere
Burgess A
(2022)
The deployment of intercropping and agroforestry as adaptation to climate change
in Crop and Environment
Correa-Cano M
(2022)
A novel modelling toolkit for unpacking the Water-Energy-Food-Environment (WEFE) nexus of agricultural development
in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Pronti A
(2024)
Global exports draining local water resources: Land concentration, food exports and water grabbing in the Ica Valley (Peru)
in World Development
Chengot R
(2024)
Evaluating the impacts of agricultural development and climate change on the water-energy nexus in Santa Elena (Ecuador)
in Environmental Science & Policy
Description | 1. Preliminary assessment of the impacts of agricultural expansion on the long-term sustainability of groundwater resources in the Ica Valley. A period of 3.7-5.9 years was estimated to be needed to replenish water resources consumed by agricultural production. There is thus an urgent need to manage water resources more effectively and promote more sustainable use of water to protect both traditional and agro-export agricultural practices as well as allocations for urban water supply and the environment. 2. In Arequipa (Peru), there is a need to promote adaptation in water and land management (SDG 6) due to perceived impacts of extreme climate events (SDG 13), urban population growth (SDG 11), and increased sectoral water demands. This situation in combination with poor governance and lack of planning has exposed the vulnerability of Arequipa water supply system to future shocks. 3. An evaluation of multiscalar water and energy needs in agricultural land systems in Santa Elena (Ecuador) showed that the system struggles to fully meet water requirements for irrigation during the dry season. Different scenarios were applied to provide evidence to policymakers to promote sustainable food production and water resources planning in a context of climate change and agricultural expansion 4. Design of integrated modelling toolkit combining the biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of agricultural expansion. This toolkit provides insights on the implications of farming practices and future scenarios in the case study areas. This can be applied to other regions/countries experiencing the same issues with the expansion of the agro-export sector, which is a challenge in many other places around the world and has implications for water and energy security, food security and livelihoods of farmers. ODA relevance of research findings: Regarding findings 1 and 3: In most developing countries, the increase in international agricultural trade is promoted as a development strategy due to their high revenue and labour intense production potential. However, significant expansion in the agro-export sector may lead to major detrimental impacts on water resources due to a lack of regulation and weakened controls over irrigation abstraction. The situation may be exacerbated by socio-economic challenges relating to food insecurity and inequalities due to increasing dependency on staple food imports. Regarding findings 2 and 4: to solve the water crisis in Peru and Ecuador, better governance and enforcement are key. To be able to design coherent policies to tackle this multidimensional water problem, a water-food-energy-environment nexus approach is needed to ensure that all the conflicts and synergies are considered and properly addressed. |
Exploitation Route | The key outcomes from the project have been shared with key stakeholders in the case studies (Ica in Peru, Santa Elena in Ecuador). Many of those stakeholders were representing different government agencies related to agriculture, water, energy and the environment. The findings from this project have provided them with 1) scientific evidence of the sustainability issues related to agricultural development; 2) a modelling toolkit to study the implications of agricultural development in the water-energy-food-environment nexus; and 3) a better understanding of the importance of a nexus approach in policymaking. |
Sectors | Agriculture Food and Drink Energy Environment Government Democracy and Justice |
URL | https://nextagproject.wordpress.com/ |
Description | Training with Ecuadorian postgrad students |
Geographic Reach | National |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | This training for posgraduate students have developed their knowledge and skills about sustainable agricultural development, and how a nexus approach can be useful to ensure that agriculture continues to grow while we protect available water resources and the environment. These students are the workforce of tomorrow, and they could use this knowledge to influence policy making in their countries |
Description | Training with Peruvian MSc and PhD students |
Geographic Reach | South America |
Policy Influence Type | Influenced training of practitioners or researchers |
Impact | This training for PhD and MSc students have developed their knowledge and skills about sustainable agricultural development, and how a nexus approach can be useful to ensure that agriculture continues to grow while we protect available water resources and the environment. These students are the workforce of tomorrow, and they could use this knowledge to influence policy making in their countries |
Description | COST Action: Network on water-energy-food nexus for a circular and low-carbon economy in Europe" (NEXUS4EUROPE) |
Amount | € 300,000 (EUR) |
Funding ID | Waiting decision |
Organisation | European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) |
Sector | Public |
Country | Belgium |
Start |
Description | Cranfield University: - Institutional GCRF QR (Ica, Peru) (£ 12710; 2020 - 2021) |
Amount | £12,710 (GBP) |
Organisation | Cranfield University |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 12/2020 |
End | 07/2021 |
Description | Enhancing implementation of nexus research to support sustainable economic development in Peru |
Amount | £9,245 (GBP) |
Organisation | Cranfield University |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2019 |
End | 07/2019 |
Description | Institutional GCRF QR (Santa Elena, Ecuador) |
Amount | £14,280 (GBP) |
Organisation | United Kingdom Research and Innovation |
Department | Global Challenges Research Fund |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2019 |
End | 07/2020 |
Description | NETWORK ON WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS FOR A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY IN EUROPE AND BEYOND |
Amount | € 300,000 (EUR) |
Funding ID | CA20138 |
Organisation | European Commission |
Sector | Public |
Country | European Union (EU) |
Start | 08/2021 |
End | 09/2025 |
Description | Promoting nexus governance to support sustainable development in Ecuador |
Amount | £8,210 (GBP) |
Funding ID | Grant not awarded |
Organisation | SRG |
Sector | Private |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start |
Description | Proyecto Nexo EPN |
Amount | $50,000 (USD) |
Funding ID | PIGR-19-15 |
Organisation | National Polytechnic School |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | Ecuador |
Start | 04/2019 |
End | 05/2022 |
Title | Data collection in Santa Elena (Ecuador) |
Description | Survey with around 300 farmers in the Santa Elena Peninsula in Ecuador to collect key agriculture and socio-economic data. The questions were related to a) Geographical information of the agricultural productive unit; b) producer information; c) agricultural productive unit characteristics; d) crop characteristics; e) area; f) production and sales; g) agrochemicals; h) irrigation; i) employment; j) other costs/agricultural practices; k) associativity (communal lands); l) household characteristics |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2021 |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | No impact yet as data has just been collected |
Description | Enhancing implementation of nexus research to support sustainable economic development in Peru |
Organisation | Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) |
Department | Group for the Analysis of Development |
Country | Peru |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | A total of 16 face-to-face semi-structured interviews involving 26 participants were carried out in Arequipa, Peru. Moreover, a workshop was organised on the 24th May 2019 with a total of 31 participants. |
Collaborator Contribution | Our Peruvian partners GRADE (Grupo de Analisis al Desarrollo), PUCP (Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru) and CEPES (Centro Peruano de Estudio Sociales) participated in monthly skypes and keep the contact by email to: 1) identify the main environmental, socioeconomic and governance challenges in Arequipa; 2) decide how to carry the fieldwork and contact key stakeholders; 3) discuss the most appropriate format for the stakeholder workshop. Later in the collaboration UNSA from Arequipa was involved as a way of connecting with more local stakeholders and supporting the organisation of the workshop. All Peruvian organisations participated actively in the workshop by presenting or facilitating groups. |
Impact | workshop report, scientific publication under work, concept note for proposal under work |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Enhancing implementation of nexus research to support sustainable economic development in Peru |
Organisation | National University of Saint Augustine |
Country | Peru |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | A total of 16 face-to-face semi-structured interviews involving 26 participants were carried out in Arequipa, Peru. Moreover, a workshop was organised on the 24th May 2019 with a total of 31 participants. |
Collaborator Contribution | Our Peruvian partners GRADE (Grupo de Analisis al Desarrollo), PUCP (Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru) and CEPES (Centro Peruano de Estudio Sociales) participated in monthly skypes and keep the contact by email to: 1) identify the main environmental, socioeconomic and governance challenges in Arequipa; 2) decide how to carry the fieldwork and contact key stakeholders; 3) discuss the most appropriate format for the stakeholder workshop. Later in the collaboration UNSA from Arequipa was involved as a way of connecting with more local stakeholders and supporting the organisation of the workshop. All Peruvian organisations participated actively in the workshop by presenting or facilitating groups. |
Impact | workshop report, scientific publication under work, concept note for proposal under work |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | Enhancing implementation of nexus research to support sustainable economic development in Peru |
Organisation | Pontifical Catholic University of Peru |
Country | Peru |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | A total of 16 face-to-face semi-structured interviews involving 26 participants were carried out in Arequipa, Peru. Moreover, a workshop was organised on the 24th May 2019 with a total of 31 participants. |
Collaborator Contribution | Our Peruvian partners GRADE (Grupo de Analisis al Desarrollo), PUCP (Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru) and CEPES (Centro Peruano de Estudio Sociales) participated in monthly skypes and keep the contact by email to: 1) identify the main environmental, socioeconomic and governance challenges in Arequipa; 2) decide how to carry the fieldwork and contact key stakeholders; 3) discuss the most appropriate format for the stakeholder workshop. Later in the collaboration UNSA from Arequipa was involved as a way of connecting with more local stakeholders and supporting the organisation of the workshop. All Peruvian organisations participated actively in the workshop by presenting or facilitating groups. |
Impact | workshop report, scientific publication under work, concept note for proposal under work |
Start Year | 2019 |
Description | NEXT-AG - Nexus Project Cluster |
Organisation | Wageningen University & Research |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The Nexus Project Cluster is a European initiative that brings together research projects working on the Nexus area. NEXT-AG recently become a member of this network to share with other colleagues the research we are doing. As part of this, we participated in an event in Brussels in November 2018 where we will be presenting a poster on the NEXT-AG project. |
Collaborator Contribution | As coordinator of the Nexus Project Cluster, they have put us in contact with other researchers and institutions working on the Nexus. |
Impact | Participation in Nexus Cluster workshop in Brussels |
Start Year | 2018 |
Description | First visit to case study areas in Peru and Ecuador - September 2018 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | The project team travelled to the case study areas: Ica (Peru) and Guayas (Ecuador). They met with relevant stakeholders in the area (e.g., regulator, water user associations, energy companies, agrobusinesses) to better understand the current situation regarding water availability, agricultural development and its impacts on other sectors. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Meeting with Ecuadorian members of the Project Advisory Board (Online) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | This meeting aimed at presenting to the members of the Project Advisory Board (PAB) the key outcomes of the research so far, and get feedback from them on those and next steps. The PAB members were very engaged and gave positive feedback on the work carried out to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | Meeting with Peruvian members of the Project Advisory Board (Online) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | This meeting aimed at presenting to the members of the Project Advisory Board (PAB) the key outcomes of the research so far, and get feedback from them on those and next steps. The PAB members were very engaged and gave positive feedback on the work carried out to date |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2020 |
Description | NEXT-AG Kick-off meeting |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | A meeting was organized in Lima (Peru, 7th Sept 2018) and Quito (Ecuador, 11th Sept 2018) as an initial approach to stakeholders in those countries. The aim was to present the project to them and trigger some initial discussion about how this project can benefit the case study areas and inform future policymaking in those countries. Attendees showed a great interest in the project and their willingness to engage and collaborate with researchers |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://nextagproject.wordpress.com/2018/07/27/kick-off-meeting-coming-soon/ |
Description | NEXT-AG project website |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | A project website has been set up to describe the project, the partners involved in the research and any news related to the research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://nextagproject.wordpress.com/ |
Description | Nexus Cluster Workshop |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | 30 stakeholders attended the Nexus Cluster Workshop in Brussels in November 2018. The workshop brings together EU-funded projects related to the resource nexus as well as other (non-EU funded) related initiatives with the objective to stimulate peer-to-peer and science-to-policy discussions on how to get the most out of nexus research for the benefit of society and policy-making. NEXT-AG, as member of the Nexus Project Cluster, was invited to participate. Prof Oscar Melo presented a brief overview of the project plus a poster. The event was a good opportunity to talk to other researchers working on the Nexus and to engage with policymakers. A similar event will be organized in 2019 and a bigger conference in 2020. NEXT-AG will aim at attending both of them. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://ec.europa.eu/easme/en/nexus-policy-and-cluster-workshop |
Description | Nexus Cluster Workshop 2019 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | Nexus Project cluster meeting at the European Commission premises in Brussels. They aim was to share research methods and outputs between research projects and present them to policymakers. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Nexus thinking about sustainable agricultural development in the Andean countries |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | 17th October 2018: Cranfield University (Gloria Salmoral) presented the talk "Nexus thinking about sustainable agricultural development in the Andean countries." in the morning session of "Stop the buzzword: closing persistent gaps in the implementation of Water-Energy-Food Nexus" at the Water Science for Impact Conference, Wageningen, the Netherlands |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
Description | Participation in Conference 50 Years of Agrarian Reform in Peru: a Balance |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | National |
Primary Audience | Other audiences |
Results and Impact | Eduardo Zegarra (GRADE) presented some initial results from the Nexus Research Project in the Ica Valley. In particular, he focused on the changes in land and water access by different actors during the last 25 years to talk about post-reform process of water and land re-concentration in the Peruvian Coast. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Promoting nexus governance of water, energy, agriculture and mining for sustainable economic development in the urban-rural territory of the province of Arequipa |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Policymakers/politicians |
Results and Impact | A total of 16 face-to-face semi-structured interviews involving 26 participants were carried out. Moreover, in the stakeholders' workshop organised in Arequipa at UNSA (24th May 2019) a total of 31 participants attended, including stakeholders (20), project partners from Peru and the UK (5), note takers (4) and support staff (2). The interviews and workshop activities have promoted an improved understanding by participants and researchers involved of the gaps and barriers to successfully implementing integrated land and water planning at the local level. The collaboration has initiated promising research connections between the largest urban areas in Peru - Lima and Arequipa -, characterised by contrasting cultural differences (e.g., attachment to own region, response to increased immigration). Future collaborations between both economic growth poles from Peru will promote an improved recognition of their own cultural characteristics and lead to collaborations that enrich cultural understanding between both regions. The workshop provided as well an inclusive space for reflection and dialogue, where increased awareness and critical thinking to promote sustainable development for Arequipa region took place. Raising stakeholders' awareness, including governors, water users' associations and water and energy suppliers, regarding the sustainable management of land, energy and water in Arequipa will support in the long-term activities that contribute to economic development and welfare. Peruvian and UK researchers that attended to the workshop are working in a joint academic paper targeting a 4* journal that will use as basis the workshop outcomes. In collaboration with our Peruvian partners we have developed a research proposal outline broadly focussing on "Tools and mechanisms for an integrated planning and management of the urban-rural territory of Arequipa city (Peru)". This concept note will be developed into a full proposal when a suitable funding opportunity arises (likely to be linked to the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF)). |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Workshop: Water Saving Agriculture to mitigate impacts of Climate Change |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Industry/Business |
Results and Impact | Dr Gloria Salmoral attended the Newton Fund workshop "Water Saving Agriculture to mitigate impacts of Climate Change" in September 2018 in Peru. Apart from presenting an overview of the project to other researchers, they visited different irrigated areas around Peru and engage with stakeholders in those areas. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2018 |
URL | https://www.britishcouncil.pe/en/event/newton/pdf/water-saving |