Consolidated grant for interim support of astronomy at Oxford
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Oxford
Department Name: Oxford Physics
Abstract
The proposal addresses three major themes in astronomy - to understand the origin of the Universe and the formation of galaxies, and to discover planetary systems similar to our own.
All that we can see is thought to have emerged 14 gigayears ago when gravity was briefly an intensely repulsive force and blasted outwards a small region of space. After this "Big Bang", the Universe was hot, so it was full of thermal radiation. The density of this radiation was almost but not quite uniform, and the galaxies we see now owe their existence to small inhomogeneities in it. However, the clearest tracer of the primordial inhomogeneities is not the distribution of galaxies but the residual radiation field of the Big Bang, which can still be detected at radio frequencies. Consequently, for several decades astronomers have sought to measure this background radiation with ever greater precision from both the ground and space. The work proposed here is directed at improving measurements from the ground at low frequencies, where most of the detected radiation arises in our Galaxy rather than being relic radiation. Correct interpretation of data currently been taken from space by the Planck satellite requires the better knowledge of emission by our Galaxy that these ground-based measurements will provide. New technologies will also be developed to detect the earliest star formation.
Astronomers have a theory of how galaxies formed. Detailed examination of our own Galaxy provides the strictest test of this theory, so major observational resources are being devoted to minutely examine of the Galaxy. Unfortunately, all observations of our Galaxy are strongly biased by our location within the system - what is near us features largely in the data, while distant objects of greater significance are overlooked. Moreover, we use different instruments, from radio telescopes to the largest optical spectrometers and special space-borne telescopes that measure the positions of stars, to measure different aspects of the Galaxy. To bring all these data data together and to understand the impact of biases on the data we need dynamical models of our Galaxy. This proposal is both to continue development of such models and to develop a new approach to fitting models to data. For the moment the models are being fitted to data from several ground-based survey programs, but towards the end of the decade data will become available from the European Space Agency's "Cornerstone Mission" Gaia, and it is vital that powerful modelling machinery is in place and thoroughly tested before then.
In the last fifteen years astronomers have discovered several hundred planetary systems. The first - the easiest to detect - were very unlike the Solar System: they contained a Jupiter-like planet moving on an orbit like that of Mercury, and they revolutionised our theory of how planetary systems form. As the palette of available detection methods expands, so does the diversity of the systems being uncovered. The current consensus is that most of these systems probably formed in much the same way as the Solar System, but evolved differently in their early years. However, the theory is difficult, and its results uncertain. Therefore, the fascinating question of whether the Solar System is common or rare is best addressed by making an inventory of as many planetary systems as we can. This proposal is to fund continued work on this project. The brightnesses of thousands of stars are monitored with exquisite precision by satellites to look for tiny dips, which occur when a planet passes in front of its host star. By paying careful attention to the impact of noise, these `transits' can be used not only to discover new planets - including
ones resembling the Earth - but also to study the structure and composition of their atmospheres.
All that we can see is thought to have emerged 14 gigayears ago when gravity was briefly an intensely repulsive force and blasted outwards a small region of space. After this "Big Bang", the Universe was hot, so it was full of thermal radiation. The density of this radiation was almost but not quite uniform, and the galaxies we see now owe their existence to small inhomogeneities in it. However, the clearest tracer of the primordial inhomogeneities is not the distribution of galaxies but the residual radiation field of the Big Bang, which can still be detected at radio frequencies. Consequently, for several decades astronomers have sought to measure this background radiation with ever greater precision from both the ground and space. The work proposed here is directed at improving measurements from the ground at low frequencies, where most of the detected radiation arises in our Galaxy rather than being relic radiation. Correct interpretation of data currently been taken from space by the Planck satellite requires the better knowledge of emission by our Galaxy that these ground-based measurements will provide. New technologies will also be developed to detect the earliest star formation.
Astronomers have a theory of how galaxies formed. Detailed examination of our own Galaxy provides the strictest test of this theory, so major observational resources are being devoted to minutely examine of the Galaxy. Unfortunately, all observations of our Galaxy are strongly biased by our location within the system - what is near us features largely in the data, while distant objects of greater significance are overlooked. Moreover, we use different instruments, from radio telescopes to the largest optical spectrometers and special space-borne telescopes that measure the positions of stars, to measure different aspects of the Galaxy. To bring all these data data together and to understand the impact of biases on the data we need dynamical models of our Galaxy. This proposal is both to continue development of such models and to develop a new approach to fitting models to data. For the moment the models are being fitted to data from several ground-based survey programs, but towards the end of the decade data will become available from the European Space Agency's "Cornerstone Mission" Gaia, and it is vital that powerful modelling machinery is in place and thoroughly tested before then.
In the last fifteen years astronomers have discovered several hundred planetary systems. The first - the easiest to detect - were very unlike the Solar System: they contained a Jupiter-like planet moving on an orbit like that of Mercury, and they revolutionised our theory of how planetary systems form. As the palette of available detection methods expands, so does the diversity of the systems being uncovered. The current consensus is that most of these systems probably formed in much the same way as the Solar System, but evolved differently in their early years. However, the theory is difficult, and its results uncertain. Therefore, the fascinating question of whether the Solar System is common or rare is best addressed by making an inventory of as many planetary systems as we can. This proposal is to fund continued work on this project. The brightnesses of thousands of stars are monitored with exquisite precision by satellites to look for tiny dips, which occur when a planet passes in front of its host star. By paying careful attention to the impact of noise, these `transits' can be used not only to discover new planets - including
ones resembling the Earth - but also to study the structure and composition of their atmospheres.
Planned Impact
The general public is very much interested in origins, and the three themes constitute work that probes the origin of the Universe, the origin of the Galaxy, and the origin of the Solar System. All four investigators regularly give talks to lay audiences on their work. These activities stimulate interest in science and technology, particularly amongst young people.
In addition to this cultural impact, Theme 2 (experimental cosmology) will have commercial and technological impact through the development of both more sensitive and cost-effective radio receivers and more energy-efficient cryogenics. The latter aspects have drawn two industrial partners into the project, both of whom expect to make commercial gain from their involvement in this research.
In addition to this cultural impact, Theme 2 (experimental cosmology) will have commercial and technological impact through the development of both more sensitive and cost-effective radio receivers and more energy-efficient cryogenics. The latter aspects have drawn two industrial partners into the project, both of whom expect to make commercial gain from their involvement in this research.
Publications
Anguiano B
(2015)
Identification of globular cluster stars in RAVE data - I. Application to stellar parameter calibration
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Aumer M
(2016)
The quiescent phase of galactic disc growth
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Aumer M
(2017)
The structural evolution of galaxies with both thin and thick discs
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Aumer M
(2017)
Migration and kinematics in growing disc galaxies with thin and thick discs
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2020)
Modelling our galaxy
in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
Binney J
(2015)
The distribution function of the Galaxy's dark halo
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2020)
The shearing sheet and swing amplification revisited
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2015)
Torus mapper: a code for dynamical models of galaxies
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2016)
Chemodynamical modelling of the Milky Way
in Astronomische Nachrichten
Binney J
(2012)
More dynamical models of our Galaxy More dynamical models of our Galaxy
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2020)
Trapped orbits and solar-neighbourhood kinematics
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2014)
New distances to RAVE stars
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2013)
Dynamics for galactic archaeology
in New Astronomy Reviews
Binney J
(2020)
Angle-action variables for orbits trapped at a Lindblad resonance
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2014)
Galactic kinematics and dynamics from Radial Velocity Experiment stars
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2012)
Actions for axisymmetric potentials Actions for axisymmetric potentials
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2017)
Modelling the Milky Way's globular cluster system
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2018)
The origin of the Gaia phase-plane spiral
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2014)
Dynamical models and Galaxy surveys
in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
Binney J
(2014)
Self-consistent flattened isochrones
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney J
(2017)
Orbital tori for non-axisymmetric galaxies
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney James
(2015)
TM: Torus Mapper
in Astrophysics Source Code Library
Binney James
(2017)
Modelling the Milky Way's globular cluster system
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Binney James
(2015)
Chemodynamical modelling of the Milky Way
in ArXiv e-prints
Cole D
(2017)
A centrally heated dark halo for our Galaxy
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Das P
(2016)
Characterizing stellar halo populations II: the age gradient in blue horizontal-branch stars
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Das P
(2016)
Characterizing stellar halo populations - I. An extended distribution function for halo K giants
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Featherstone K
(2015)
Greece: Greek politics stall research reforms.
in Nature
Fouvry J
(2015)
SELF-GRAVITY, RESONANCES AND ORBITAL DIFFUSION IN STELLAR DISKS
in The Astrophysical Journal
Fraternali F
(2013)
IONIZED ABSORBERS AS EVIDENCE FOR SUPERNOVA-DRIVEN COOLING OF THE LOWER GALACTIC CORONA
in The Astrophysical Journal
Hamilton C
(2018)
Revisiting relaxation in globular clusters
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Jackson R
(2015)
The Gaia -ESO Survey: Empirical determination of the precision of stellar radial velocities and projected rotation velocities
in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jackson R. J.
(2015)
VizieR Online Data Catalog: Velocity precision in the Gaia-ESO Survey (Jackson+, 2015)
in VizieR Online Data Catalog
Kordopatis G
(2013)
THE RADIAL VELOCITY EXPERIMENT (RAVE): FOURTH DATA RELEASE
in The Astronomical Journal
Kordopatis G
(2015)
The rich are different: evidence from the RAVE survey for stellar radial migration
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Kordopatis G.
(2016)
Chemodynamics of the Milky Way and disc formation history: insight from the RAVE and Gaia-ESO surveys
in ArXiv e-prints
Kos J
(2013)
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BAND AT 8620 Å IN RAVE: A NEW METHOD FOR DETECTING THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BAND IN SPECTRA OF COOL STARS
in The Astrophysical Journal
Kos J
(2014)
Interstellar medium. Pseudo-three-dimensional maps of the diffuse interstellar band at 862 nm.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Lanzafame A
(2015)
Gaia -ESO Survey: Analysis of pre-main sequence stellar spectra
in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Lau J
(2019)
Relaxation of spherical stellar systems
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Marasco A
(2012)
Supernova-driven gas accretion in the Milky Way SN-driven gas accretion in the Milky Way
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
McMillan P
(2018)
Improved distances and ages for stars common to TGAS and RAVE
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
McMillan P
(2012)
Analysing surveys of our Galaxy - I. Basic astrometric data Analysing surveys of our Galaxy
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
McMillan P
(2013)
Analysing surveys of our Galaxy - II. Determining the potential
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Minchev I
(2014)
A NEW STELLAR CHEMO-KINEMATIC RELATION REVEALS THE MERGER HISTORY OF THE MILKY WAY DISK
in The Astrophysical Journal
Monari G
(2017)
Distribution functions for resonantly trapped orbits in the Galactic disc
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Nipoti C
(2015)
Early flattening of dark matter cusps in dwarf spheroidal galaxies
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Pascale R
(2018)
Action-based dynamical models of dwarf spheroidal galaxies: application to Fornax
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Pezzulli G
(2017)
The angular momentum of cosmological coronae and the inside-out growth of spiral galaxies
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Pezzulli G.
(2016)
The angular momentum of hot coronae around spiral galaxies and its impact on the evolution of star forming discs
in The Interplay between Local and Global Processes in Galaxies,
Description | Advanced Awards |
Amount | € 1,950,000 (EUR) |
Organisation | European Research Council (ERC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | Belgium |
Start | 03/2013 |
End | 03/2018 |
Description | A new generation of Galaxy models |
Organisation | Max Planck Society |
Department | Max Planck Institute For Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) |
Country | Germany |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Expertise in dynamical modelling |
Collaborator Contribution | Participation in several worthwhile papers |
Impact | The paper Sharma et al in the publications list. Also a contribution to a paper Burnett et al that has been submitted & is under review |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | A new generation of Galaxy models |
Organisation | University of Sydney |
Department | School of Physics |
Country | Australia |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Expertise in dynamical modelling |
Collaborator Contribution | Participation in several worthwhile papers |
Impact | The paper Sharma et al in the publications list. Also a contribution to a paper Burnett et al that has been submitted & is under review |
Start Year | 2010 |
Description | Galactic fountains and gas accretion |
Organisation | University of Bologna |
Department | Department of Physics and Astronomy |
Country | Italy |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Expertise in dynamical modelling and in the theory of the intergalactic medium |
Collaborator Contribution | Fellowships to suport work in Oxford by colleagues from Bologna and through this participation in several publications (only 1 of these appeared after the grant start date and a further one has been submitted & is under review) |
Impact | Several well-cited papers |
Description | Modelling the chemodynamical evolution of the Milky Way |
Organisation | Max Planck Society |
Department | Max Planck Institute For Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) |
Country | Germany |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Expertise in dynamical modelling |
Collaborator Contribution | Participation in significant papers |
Impact | We have published three joint papers so far (two in the publication list, one appeared before the grant start date) and several in preparation. These are already widely cited papers |
Start Year | 2007 |
Description | Morning of Theoretical Physics |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Supporters |
Results and Impact | 3 times a year we hold events with 3 talks on a theme |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2015 |
URL | http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/gravitational-lensing-one-sharpest-tools-astronomers-toolbox |