Reading solar system science
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Reading
Department Name: Meteorology
Abstract
The projects within this proposal advance our common research area of effects and nature of energetic particles within the sun's atmosphere, the earth's magnetosphere and the heliosphere. Modulation of energetic particles from both the sun and galactic sources determines their abundance and energies in the Sun-earth environment, which, together with wave-particle interaction within the radiation belts establishes the longevity of such particles within the radiation belts. Exposure to energetic particles is an important parameter in the reliability of spacecraft instrument systems. Characterising changes in the Heliospheric Magnetic Field associated with short and rapid variations in the solar wind, such as Coronal Mass Ejections and Co-rotating Interaction Regions, are important in determining the effectiveness with which these large Space Weather disturbance impact the Earth's space environment.
Planned Impact
The common theme throughout this proposal is an improved understanding of how energetic particles interact with magnetic fields. Solar and geomagnetic fields vary over centennial, decadal, diurnal and hourly timescales. This leads to modulation of energetic particles (of both solar and galactic origins) over similar timescales with implications for long-term changes in the flux, acceleration and energy spectrum of particles in the heliosphere. The space environment and atmosphere at Earth are sensitive to the efficiency of these processes, as are modern technological systems such as spacecraft, aircraft and ground-based power grids. Our research will improve the ability to predict the environmental and economic impact of such events.
Direct beneficiaries of our research will include;
- Commercial airlines requiring information about the radiation environment and reliability of HF communications for high-altitude long-haul aircraft. The atmospheric profile of a particle population is determined by its energy spectrum, which affects the radiation environment of aircraft.
- Meteorologists studying phenomena that are sensitive to the presence of charge in the atmosphere such as cloud charging, lightning, pollution and the monitoring of global weather systems via the Global Electric Circuit.
- Satellite operators requiring enhanced information about the potential impact of changes to the Earth's space environment both in terms of the immediate impact of coronal mass ejections but also through an improved understanding of the Earth's radiation belts. Understanding wave-particle interaction in the radiation belts is desirable for improved prediction of particle acceleration, loss to the Earth's atmosphere and the timescales such particles would be retained within the radiation belts. The passage of spacecraft through the Earth's radiation environment can decrease the lifetime and reliability of spacecraft. The expansion of the thermosphere is a function of the energy spectrum of precipitating particles. Thermospheric expansion is important in predicting atmospheric drag on low-altitude satellites.
- Space weather forecasting services such as the UK Met Office who could use information about heliospheric magnetic field structures to assess the geoeffectiveness of solar wind transients thereby improving the accuracy and lead-time of their forecasts. Using STEREO data to locate such structures, while studying their modulation of GCRs will enable us to remotely sense the magnitude of a CMEs enhanced field.
- The UK government who list extreme space weather events in the national risk register. Investigating the efficiency with which solar wind transients propagate through the heliosphere under the wide variety of solar wind conditions constructed from historic data will constrain the current uncertainty in extreme space weather events at Earth.
The general public will benefit indirectly through improved airline efficiency, more reliable power systems and spacecraft operations such as GPS navigation systems, communications and remote sensing of the Earth.
Our group works closely with the UK Met Office, already contributing to their current operational space weather service. We are experienced at promoting our science, both to specialist audiences (through peer-reviewed articles and international scientific conferences) and to more general audiences (through public talks, TV, radio and magazine articles). We will continue to apply ourselves to such tasks in order to maximise the impact of our science.
Direct beneficiaries of our research will include;
- Commercial airlines requiring information about the radiation environment and reliability of HF communications for high-altitude long-haul aircraft. The atmospheric profile of a particle population is determined by its energy spectrum, which affects the radiation environment of aircraft.
- Meteorologists studying phenomena that are sensitive to the presence of charge in the atmosphere such as cloud charging, lightning, pollution and the monitoring of global weather systems via the Global Electric Circuit.
- Satellite operators requiring enhanced information about the potential impact of changes to the Earth's space environment both in terms of the immediate impact of coronal mass ejections but also through an improved understanding of the Earth's radiation belts. Understanding wave-particle interaction in the radiation belts is desirable for improved prediction of particle acceleration, loss to the Earth's atmosphere and the timescales such particles would be retained within the radiation belts. The passage of spacecraft through the Earth's radiation environment can decrease the lifetime and reliability of spacecraft. The expansion of the thermosphere is a function of the energy spectrum of precipitating particles. Thermospheric expansion is important in predicting atmospheric drag on low-altitude satellites.
- Space weather forecasting services such as the UK Met Office who could use information about heliospheric magnetic field structures to assess the geoeffectiveness of solar wind transients thereby improving the accuracy and lead-time of their forecasts. Using STEREO data to locate such structures, while studying their modulation of GCRs will enable us to remotely sense the magnitude of a CMEs enhanced field.
- The UK government who list extreme space weather events in the national risk register. Investigating the efficiency with which solar wind transients propagate through the heliosphere under the wide variety of solar wind conditions constructed from historic data will constrain the current uncertainty in extreme space weather events at Earth.
The general public will benefit indirectly through improved airline efficiency, more reliable power systems and spacecraft operations such as GPS navigation systems, communications and remote sensing of the Earth.
Our group works closely with the UK Met Office, already contributing to their current operational space weather service. We are experienced at promoting our science, both to specialist audiences (through peer-reviewed articles and international scientific conferences) and to more general audiences (through public talks, TV, radio and magazine articles). We will continue to apply ourselves to such tasks in order to maximise the impact of our science.
Organisations
- University of Reading (Lead Research Organisation)
- Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) (Collaboration)
- Predictive Science (United States) (Project Partner)
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Project Partner)
- University of Maryland, College Park (Project Partner)
Publications
Allanson O
(2020)
Particle-in-Cell Experiments Examine Electron Diffusion by Whistler-Mode Waves: 2. Quasi-Linear and Nonlinear Dynamics
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Allanson O
(2019)
Particle-in-cell Experiments Examine Electron Diffusion by Whistler-mode Waves: 1. Benchmarking With a Cold Plasma
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Aplin K
(2015)
Further considerations of cosmic ray modulation of infra-red radiation in the atmosphere
in Astroparticle Physics
Asvestari E
(2017)
Assessment of different sunspot number series using the cosmogenic isotope 44 Ti in meteorites
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Bakrania M
(2020)
Statistics of solar wind electron breakpoint energies using machine learning techniques
in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Barnard L
(2019)
Extracting Inner-Heliosphere Solar Wind Speed Information From Heliospheric Imager Observations
in Space Weather
Barnard L
(2018)
What can the annual 10 Be solar activity reconstructions tell us about historic space weather?
in Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
Barnard L
(2015)
Differences between the CME fronts tracked by an expert, an automated algorithm, and the Solar Stormwatch project
in Space Weather
Barnard L
(2017)
Testing the current paradigm for space weather prediction with heliospheric imagers
in Space Weather
Barnard L
(2015)
Solar Stormwatch: tracking solar eruptions
in Astronomy & Geophysics
Barnard L
(2016)
The National Eclipse Weather Experiment: an assessment of citizen scientist weather observations.
in Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
Bentley S
(2020)
Random Forest Model of Ultralow-Frequency Magnetospheric Wave Power
in Earth and Space Science
Bentley S
(2019)
Capturing Uncertainty in Magnetospheric Ultralow Frequency Wave Models
in Space Weather
Bentley S
(2018)
ULF Wave Activity in the Magnetosphere: Resolving Solar Wind Interdependencies to Identify Driving Mechanisms
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Bloch T
(2020)
Data-Driven Classification of Coronal Hole and Streamer Belt Solar Wind
in Solar Physics
Degeling A
(2018)
Control of ULF Wave Accessibility to the Inner Magnetosphere by the Convection of Plasma Density
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Finley A
(2020)
The Solar Wind Angular Momentum Flux as Observed by Parker Solar Probe
in The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Finley A
(2019)
Direct Detection of Solar Angular Momentum Loss with the Wind Spacecraft
in The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Forsyth C
(2016)
What effect do substorms have on the content of the radiation belts?
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Forsyth C
(2020)
Forecasting GOES 15 >2 MeV Electron Fluxes From Solar Wind Data and Geomagnetic Indices
in Space Weather
Frühauff D
(2015)
Extracting planetary waves from geomagnetic time series using Empirical Mode Decomposition
in Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
Hartley D
(2016)
Using the cold plasma dispersion relation and whistler mode waves to quantify the antenna sheath impedance of the Van Allen Probes EFW instrument
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Hayakawa H
(2021)
Graphical evidence for the solar coronal structure during the Maunder minimum: comparative study of the total eclipse drawings in 1706 and 1715
in Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
Huntingford C
(2015)
Reply to 'Drivers of the 2013/14 winter floods in the UK'
in Nature Climate Change
Ineson S
(2015)
Regional climate impacts of a possible future grand solar minimum.
in Nature communications
James M
(2017)
Interplanetary magnetic field properties and variability near Mercury's orbit
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Jones S
(2017)
Tracking CMEs using data from the Solar Stormwatch project; observing deflections and other properties
in Space Weather
Kalmoni N
(2017)
Statistical azimuthal structuring of the substorm onset arc: Implications for the onset mechanism
in Geophysical Research Letters
Kalmoni NM
(2015)
Statistical characterization of the growth and spatial scales of the substorm onset arc.
in Journal of geophysical research. Space physics
Kalmoni NME
(2018)
A diagnosis of the plasma waves responsible for the explosive energy release of substorm onset.
in Nature communications
Lang M
(2019)
A Variational Approach to Data Assimilation in the Solar Wind
in Space Weather
Lang M
(2020)
The evolution of inverted magnetic fields through the inner heliosphere
in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Lapworth A
(2016)
Letters
in Weather
Li B
(2016)
Magnetic field inversions at 1 AU: Comparisons between mapping predictions and observations
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Lockwood M
(2016)
Tests of Sunspot Number Sequences: 2. Using Geomagnetic and Auroral Data
Lockwood M
(2017)
Space climate and space weather over the past 400 years: 1. The power input to the magnetosphere
in Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
Lockwood M
(2018)
A homogeneous aa index: 2. Hemispheric asymmetries and the equinoctial variation
in Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
Lockwood M
(2019)
The Development of a Space Climatology: 3. Models of the Evolution of Distributions of Space Weather Variables With Timescale
in Space Weather
Lockwood M
(2020)
Semi-annual, annual and Universal Time variations in the magnetosphere and in geomagnetic activity: 3. Modelling
in Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
Lockwood M
(2016)
Tests of Sunspot Number Sequences: 4. Discontinuities Around 1946 in Various Sunspot Number and Sunspot-Group-Number Reconstructions
in Solar Physics
Lockwood M
(2016)
Jim Dungey, The Open Magnetosphere, and Space Weather
in Space Weather
Lockwood M
(2020)
Semi-annual, annual and Universal Time variations in the magnetosphere and in geomagnetic activity: 2. Response to solar wind power input and relationships with solar wind dynamic pressure and magnetospheric flux transport
in Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
Lockwood M
(2016)
AN ASSESSMENT OF SUNSPOT NUMBER DATA COMPOSITES OVER 1845-2014
in The Astrophysical Journal
Lockwood M
(2021)
A Survey of 25 Years' Transpolar Voltage Data From the SuperDARN Radar Network and the Expanding-Contracting Polar Cap Model
in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Description | (1) We have developed a "space climatology" of solar wind data stretching back centuries. Data from multiple datasets have been carefully inter-calibrated to provide a robust long term dataset to perform studies of long term trends in space before the "space age". (2) We have used physics-based computer simulations to explain features of electromagnetic radiation in near-Earth space. This radiation is important for the acceleration and scattering of high-energy electrons in the Radiation Belts. |
Exploitation Route | The outcomes from this award continue to inform methods and data that are used (or will soon be used) by services that provide space weather information and forecasts (e.g. Met Office Space Weather Operations Centre and NOAA). |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Energy Environment |
Description | STFC Quota studentships |
Amount | £77,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 08/2017 |
End | 03/2021 |
Title | Output of 3D model simulating externally driven ULF waves in Earth's magnetosphere, including the effect of convection on plasmaspheric density |
Description | This data set contains the ULF wave model output data required to produce the figures in the article: A. W. Degeling, I. J. Rae, C. E. J. Watt, Q. Q. Shi, R. Rankin and Q. G. Zong, "Control of ULF Wave Accessibility to the Inner Magnetosphere by the Convection of Plasma Density", J. Geophys. Res. (accepted Dec. 2017) doi:10.1002/2017JA024874 The dataset has a Matlab binary file format. It consists of a structure array "d" (with 325 elements). These elements correspond to the 2D parameter scan in driver frequency and elapsed time during plume development performed for this study. The elapsed time parameter has 25 elements, ranging 0 to 24 hours (i.e. 1 hour spacing), and the driver frequency parameter has 13 elements ranging from 1 to 7 mHz (with 0.5 mHz spacing). e.g. use "d = reshape(d,25,13);" to reshape the structure array into 2D with columns for the frequency scan and rows for the elapsed time scan. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Description | Simulating whistler-mode wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere |
Organisation | Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) |
Department | Distributed Research Utilising Advanced Computing |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | The Earth's magnetosphere traps plasma across a wide range of energies, where the most energetic particles are stored in the Radiation Belts. Plasma in the Earth's Radiation Belts can be described by gyrating, bounce and drift motions of the particles. These motions are disrupted by wave-particle interactions which can transfer energy between electrons of different velocities, causing rapid variations in the flux and energy of Radiation Belt electrons. Kinetic simulations require tens of thousands of core hours to treat this interaction over a few seconds of real time, but long-time predictions are necessary to investigate changes in the Radiation Belts that can occur over hours and days. Whistler-mode waves are an important contributor as they resonate with electrons over a wide range of energies, and can efficiently energise electrons to relativistic speeds. This project aims to derive time-averaged particle diffusion coefficients self-consistently, including non-linear effects, by performing particle-in-cell simulations of whistler-mode waves generated by an anisotropic electron population in 1 and 2-D and obtain saturated wave levels from analysis of the electric and magnetic fields. We shall also explore the wave-particle interaction for different magnetospheric parameters. |
Collaborator Contribution | DiRAC have contributed 600,000 core hours on a number of HPC machines in their network in order to carry out the above work over a period of 6 months from January to July 2016. |
Impact | Manuscript in preparation |
Start Year | 2016 |
Description | School Visits (Berkshire) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | PI makes multiple individual visits to schools across Berkshire, Hampshire and in London area (KS1-KS5). Presentations made on importance and impact of project, and advertising careers in space sector to pupils, especially focussing on girls' schools. Presentations spark questions and discussion - pupils in KS4-KS5 often blog about visit afterwards, or write article for school newsletter/newspaper. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017,2018,2019 |