Liverpool Telescope Operations 2020-2023
Lead Research Organisation:
Liverpool John Moores University
Department Name: Astrophysics Research Institute
Abstract
The Liverpool Telescope (LT ) (https://telescope.livjm.ac.uk/) is the world's largest and most sophisticated (in terms of range of science programmes, flexibility of scheduling, and sophistication of instrumentation) robotic telescope with a dual role to carry out internationally competitive research and deliver the key observing resource to the National Schools Observatory. The NSO offers school children near-immediate access to a world-class observatory. Since its launch in 2004, this has led to over 160,000 observing requests from over 4,000 schools. The NSO currently works with over 4000 teachers throughout the UK and Ireland. At the core of the NSO is the website which provides support material for a range of subjects and receives over 1.5 million hits each year.
Since operations began in 2004, LT has specialised in delivering high impact results in time domain astrophysics. Indeed, the observatory is unique in actively encouraging rapid-response and difficult-to-schedule monitoring projects from the U.K. and Spanish communities. Refereed publications that include LT data typically average 46 citations/paper, three time the average for all astronomy papers; to date 22 such papers have appeared in the high-profile journals Nature or Science, these having on average 166 citations/paper.
The telescope has high impact science programmes in five key areas of time domain astrophysics:
* Spectroscopy simultaneous with in-situ spacecraft measurements (e.g. ESA Rosetta and NASA New Horizons)
* Exoplanet Characterization
* Cataclysmic Variables, Novae and Supernovae
* Gravitational Wave and Gamma Ray Burst counterparts
* Active Galactic Nuclei
From the outset, the goal has been to provide a wide variety of instrumentation to cater for the broad interests of the LJMU and U.K./Spanish communities. Currently, optical photometry, spectroscopy and polarimetry and infrared photometry are offered with instruments and a software environment that are capable of sampling timescales from <1 second to >10 years. A continuous programme of instrument upgrades has been aggressively pursued throughout the last decade. This has kept the facility competitive and ensures its position at the forefront of time domain astronomy for at least the next five years when we plan to transition to a joint operations model with a new 4m robotic telescope.
This application is for an STFC contribution over the period 2020-2023 to the funding for the maintenance and operation of the Liverpool Telescope, and hence the continuation of its role as a major resource both for the LJMU Astrophysics Research Institute and the wider UK community.
Since operations began in 2004, LT has specialised in delivering high impact results in time domain astrophysics. Indeed, the observatory is unique in actively encouraging rapid-response and difficult-to-schedule monitoring projects from the U.K. and Spanish communities. Refereed publications that include LT data typically average 46 citations/paper, three time the average for all astronomy papers; to date 22 such papers have appeared in the high-profile journals Nature or Science, these having on average 166 citations/paper.
The telescope has high impact science programmes in five key areas of time domain astrophysics:
* Spectroscopy simultaneous with in-situ spacecraft measurements (e.g. ESA Rosetta and NASA New Horizons)
* Exoplanet Characterization
* Cataclysmic Variables, Novae and Supernovae
* Gravitational Wave and Gamma Ray Burst counterparts
* Active Galactic Nuclei
From the outset, the goal has been to provide a wide variety of instrumentation to cater for the broad interests of the LJMU and U.K./Spanish communities. Currently, optical photometry, spectroscopy and polarimetry and infrared photometry are offered with instruments and a software environment that are capable of sampling timescales from <1 second to >10 years. A continuous programme of instrument upgrades has been aggressively pursued throughout the last decade. This has kept the facility competitive and ensures its position at the forefront of time domain astronomy for at least the next five years when we plan to transition to a joint operations model with a new 4m robotic telescope.
This application is for an STFC contribution over the period 2020-2023 to the funding for the maintenance and operation of the Liverpool Telescope, and hence the continuation of its role as a major resource both for the LJMU Astrophysics Research Institute and the wider UK community.
Planned Impact
LT has a long tradition of strong industrial engagement. The initial build of the telescope was based around the establishment of a spinout company (TTL, Telescope Technologies Ltd) which was subsequently sold in 2005 to an ex-Google employee to build a global network of small (0.4 and 1 metre) robotic telescopes.
Knowledge Transfer is strongly encouraged at all levels within the University, and the ARI is pro-active in supporting staff members who seek out external partnerships. Recent projects include:
* Working with the LJMU Ecology group on a GCRF and Newton funded project to exploit imaging techniques developed in astronomy to identify animals and humans in aerial thermal-imaging video footage, overcoming a fundamental bottleneck in monitoring animal populations around the globe.
* We have undertaken a design study with QINETIQ on the feasibility of a non-GPS based geo-location device based on astronomical principles
* We have signed a contract with SAAO to build a modified version of our SPRAT spectrograph for their new 1-m Leseidi robotic telescope
* We have used an Innovate UK voucher to carry out a feasibility study on the potential of a small CubeSat instrument (based on the LOTUS design) to identify potential targets for asteroid mining and are working with a UK company to develop the business case and apply for further funding to the UK Space Agency and UK Satellite Catapult.
Skills and knowledge transfer are furthered by the direct involvement of students (undergraduate and postgraduate) in development projects. The LT team has consistently included undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD students in instrument and software design and development with these projects forming the basis of several PhD theses. Most of these students have left academic research for wider industry.
LT has also had success in licensing software and hardware developed for the telescope to the Faulkes/LCOGT organization. License income of £160k plus telescope time worth an additional £180k on the LCO telescopes has been received by LJMU from this activity.
LT is a focus for a significant fraction of the extensive Public Engagement programme at ARI. As well as many talks and workshops to schools and the general public the LT is also key to the success of a suite of Distance Learning courses in Astronomy that attract around 200 students a year, many of whom have little or no prior experience of Higher Education.
LT is the key resource of the National Schools Observatory, which has delivered over 150,000 unique observations to over 4,000 UK and Irish schools and over 1,500,000 website hits/year. NSO taps into natural astronomy interest in children to further the pupil's knowledge of science and mathematics, while at the same time improve their computer literacy and communications skills, strengthen critical thinking and give experience of the real-world application of science and technology. This is done primarily by providing an interface whereby schoolchildren and their teachers throughout the UK and Ireland can request their own observations from the LT, allowing them to work alongside the research users of the telescope and gain an insight into modern science and the technology that underpins it.
Over the past 3 years LT has taken significant advantage in the opportunities for international engagement afforded by Newton and GCRF funding. We have developed a number of international, multi-disciplinary partnerships grants with both academic and industrial impact under three broad themes (Thailand, Indonesia and Astro-Ecology)
Future planned activities include:
* New Engagements with the Liverpool Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) and Knowledge Quarter
* Greater Engagement with Local Industry via LCR4.0
* Greater Engagement with ESA and the UK Space Catapult
* Greater Engagement with the Newton and GCRF funding opportunities
Knowledge Transfer is strongly encouraged at all levels within the University, and the ARI is pro-active in supporting staff members who seek out external partnerships. Recent projects include:
* Working with the LJMU Ecology group on a GCRF and Newton funded project to exploit imaging techniques developed in astronomy to identify animals and humans in aerial thermal-imaging video footage, overcoming a fundamental bottleneck in monitoring animal populations around the globe.
* We have undertaken a design study with QINETIQ on the feasibility of a non-GPS based geo-location device based on astronomical principles
* We have signed a contract with SAAO to build a modified version of our SPRAT spectrograph for their new 1-m Leseidi robotic telescope
* We have used an Innovate UK voucher to carry out a feasibility study on the potential of a small CubeSat instrument (based on the LOTUS design) to identify potential targets for asteroid mining and are working with a UK company to develop the business case and apply for further funding to the UK Space Agency and UK Satellite Catapult.
Skills and knowledge transfer are furthered by the direct involvement of students (undergraduate and postgraduate) in development projects. The LT team has consistently included undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD students in instrument and software design and development with these projects forming the basis of several PhD theses. Most of these students have left academic research for wider industry.
LT has also had success in licensing software and hardware developed for the telescope to the Faulkes/LCOGT organization. License income of £160k plus telescope time worth an additional £180k on the LCO telescopes has been received by LJMU from this activity.
LT is a focus for a significant fraction of the extensive Public Engagement programme at ARI. As well as many talks and workshops to schools and the general public the LT is also key to the success of a suite of Distance Learning courses in Astronomy that attract around 200 students a year, many of whom have little or no prior experience of Higher Education.
LT is the key resource of the National Schools Observatory, which has delivered over 150,000 unique observations to over 4,000 UK and Irish schools and over 1,500,000 website hits/year. NSO taps into natural astronomy interest in children to further the pupil's knowledge of science and mathematics, while at the same time improve their computer literacy and communications skills, strengthen critical thinking and give experience of the real-world application of science and technology. This is done primarily by providing an interface whereby schoolchildren and their teachers throughout the UK and Ireland can request their own observations from the LT, allowing them to work alongside the research users of the telescope and gain an insight into modern science and the technology that underpins it.
Over the past 3 years LT has taken significant advantage in the opportunities for international engagement afforded by Newton and GCRF funding. We have developed a number of international, multi-disciplinary partnerships grants with both academic and industrial impact under three broad themes (Thailand, Indonesia and Astro-Ecology)
Future planned activities include:
* New Engagements with the Liverpool Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) and Knowledge Quarter
* Greater Engagement with Local Industry via LCR4.0
* Greater Engagement with ESA and the UK Space Catapult
* Greater Engagement with the Newton and GCRF funding opportunities
Publications
Holoien T
(2022)
Investigating the Nature of the Luminous Ambiguous Nuclear Transient ASASSN-17jz
in The Astrophysical Journal
Cruz-Sáenz De Miera F
(2022)
Recurrent Strong Outbursts of an EXor-like Young Eruptive Star Gaia20eae
in The Astrophysical Journal
Pellegrino C
(2023)
SN 2020bio: A Double-peaked, H-poor Type IIb Supernova with Evidence of Circumstellar Interaction
in The Astrophysical Journal
U V
(2022)
The Lick AGN Monitoring Project 2016: Velocity-resolved Hß Lags in Luminous Seyfert Galaxies
in The Astrophysical Journal
Burke J
(2021)
A Bright Ultraviolet Excess in the Transitional 02es-like Type Ia Supernova 2019yvq
in The Astrophysical Journal
Villafaña L
(2022)
The Lick AGN Monitoring Project 2016: Dynamical Modeling of Velocity-resolved Hß Lags in Luminous Seyfert Galaxies
in The Astrophysical Journal
Lewin C
(2023)
X-Ray/UVOIR Frequency-resolved Time Lag Analysis of Mrk 335 Reveals Accretion Disk Reprocessing
in The Astrophysical Journal
Wang Y
(2022)
GRB 190829A-A Showcase of Binary Late Evolution
in The Astrophysical Journal
Ahumada T
(2022)
In Search of Short Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Counterparts with the Zwicky Transient Facility
in The Astrophysical Journal
Sharma Y
(2023)
A Systematic Study of Ia-CSM Supernovae from the ZTF Bright Transient Survey
in The Astrophysical Journal
Mikolajewska J
(2022)
The Donor of the Black Hole X-Ray Binary MAXI J1820+070
in The Astrophysical Journal
Mei A
(2022)
Constraints on the Physics of the Prompt Emission from Distant and Energetic Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 220101A
in The Astrophysical Journal
Homayouni Y
(2022)
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: UV-Optical Accretion Disk Measurements with the Hubble Space Telescope
in The Astrophysical Journal
Das K
(2023)
Probing the Low-mass End of Core-collapse Supernovae Using a Sample of Strongly-stripped Calcium-rich Type IIb Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility
in The Astrophysical Journal
Irani I
(2024)
SN 2022oqm-A Ca-rich Explosion of a Compact Progenitor Embedded in C/O Circumstellar Material
in The Astrophysical Journal
Hinkle J
(2022)
The Curious Case of ASASSN-20hx: A Slowly Evolving, UV- and X-Ray-Luminous, Ambiguous Nuclear Transient
in The Astrophysical Journal
Fraija N
(2022)
Modeling Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Observations with an Off-axis Jet Emission
in The Astrophysical Journal
Chen Y
(2023)
Late-time Hubble Space Telescope Observations of AT 2018cow. I. Further Constraints on the Fading Prompt Emission and Thermal Properties 50-60 days Post-discovery
in The Astrophysical Journal
Bruch R
(2023)
The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors
in The Astrophysical Journal
Jordana-Mitjans N
(2022)
A Short Gamma-Ray Burst from a Protomagnetar Remnant
in The Astrophysical Journal
Karambelkar V
(2023)
Volumetric Rates of Luminous Red Novae and Intermediate-luminosity Red Transients with the Zwicky Transient Facility
in The Astrophysical Journal
Kara E
(2021)
AGN STORM 2. I. First results: A Change in the Weather of Mrk 817
in The Astrophysical Journal
Andreoni I
(2021)
Fast-transient Searches in Real Time with ZTFReST: Identification of Three Optically Discovered Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and New Constraints on the Kilonova Rate
in The Astrophysical Journal
Perley D
(2022)
The Type Icn SN 2021csp: Implications for the Origins of the Fastest Supernovae and the Fates of Wolf-Rayet Stars
in The Astrophysical Journal
Chen Z
(2023)
The Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Phase I Survey. II. Light-curve Modeling and Characterization of Undulations
in The Astrophysical Journal
Yao Y
(2022)
The Tidal Disruption Event AT2021ehb: Evidence of Relativistic Disk Reflection, and Rapid Evolution of the Disk-Corona System
in The Astrophysical Journal
Dgany Y
(2023)
Needle in a Haystack: Finding Supermassive Black Hole-related Flares in the Zwicky Transient Facility Public Survey
in The Astrophysical Journal
Zhu Z
(2023)
Optical and Near-infrared Observations of the Distant but Bright "New Year's Burst" GRB 220101A
in The Astrophysical Journal
Scotton L
(2023)
Fermi Constraints on the Ejecta Speed and Prompt Emission Region of the Distant GRB 220101A
in The Astrophysical Journal
Dhawan S
(2022)
A Uniform Type Ia Supernova Distance Ladder with the Zwicky Transient Facility: Absolute Calibration Based on the Tip of the Red Giant Branch Method
in The Astrophysical Journal
Ma Q
(2023)
The Ha Broadband Photometric Reverberation Mapping of Four Seyfert 1 Galaxies
in The Astrophysical Journal
Irani I
(2022)
Less Than 1% of Core-collapse Supernovae in the Local Universe Occur in Elliptical Galaxies
in The Astrophysical Journal
Shalyapin V
(2023)
Andromeda's Parachute: Time Delays and Hubble Constant
in The Astrophysical Journal
Hsu B
(2024)
An Extensive Hubble Space Telescope Study of the Offset and Host Light Distributions of Type I Superluminous Supernovae
in The Astrophysical Journal
Könyves-Tóth R
(2022)
Premaximum Spectroscopic Diversity of Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae
in The Astrophysical Journal
Van Velzen S
(2021)
Seventeen Tidal Disruption Events from the First Half of ZTF Survey Observations: Entering a New Era of Population Studies
in The Astrophysical Journal
Zhu J
(2023)
SN 2017egm: A Helium-rich Superluminous Supernova with Multiple Bumps in the Light Curves
in The Astrophysical Journal
Khatu V
(2023)
Supermassive Black Holes with High Accretion Rates in Active Galactic Nuclei. XIII. Ultraviolet Time Lag of Hß Emission in Mrk 142
in The Astrophysical Journal
Lam M
(2023)
Automated SpectroPhotometric Image REDuction (ASPIRED)
in The Astronomical Journal
Szkody P
(2021)
Cataclysmic Variables in the Second Year of the Zwicky Transient Facility
in The Astronomical Journal
Wang T
(2023)
Science with the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST)
in Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy
Poutanen J
(2022)
Black hole spin-orbit misalignment in the x-ray binary MAXI J1820+070.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Xin Y
(2022)
YFPOL: A Linear Polarimeter of Lijiang 2.4 m Telescope
in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Hambleton K
(2023)
Rubin Observatory LSST Transients and Variable Stars Roadmap
in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Batty K
(2022)
Laboratory and On-sky Testing of an InGaAs Detector for Infrared Imaging
in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Duverne P
(2022)
MUPHOTEN: A MUlti-band PHOtometry Tool for TElescope Network
in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Assafin M
(2023)
Differential aperture photometry and digital coronagraphy with PRAIA
in Planetary and Space Science
Zacharias M
(2021)
Studying the Influence of External Photon Fields on Blazar Spectra Using a One-Zone Hadro-Leptonic Time-Dependent Model
in Physics
Stein R
(2021)
A tidal disruption event coincident with a high-energy neutrino
in Nature Astronomy
Title | The Cosmic Collection |
Description | The LT and NRT projects use a variety of artistic and creative products as engagement and communication tools. The 'Cosmic Collection' was a collaboration with Aloë earrings, Liverpool-based earring makers, for British Science Week in 2020. A set of earrings were designed and created based on 6 themes from the Liverpool Telescope and New Robotic Telescope: telescope mirrors, gravitational waves, jets, the moon, planetary nebulae and gravitational lenses. Thirty pairs of earrings were sold from this collection and a portion of the profits were donated to The Girls' Network: a charity providing women mentors for young women from a wide variety of backgrounds. |
Type Of Art | Artefact (including digital) |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Impact | wider awareness of astronomy amongst young women and girls |
URL | https://www.aloeearrings.co.uk |
Title | The Liverpool Telescope - Hannah Newport painting |
Description | A painting of the Liverpool Telescope commissioned by the project team from Hannah Newport, which is used in talks and engagement materials. In addition copies of the painting are sold via the artists website. |
Type Of Art | Artwork |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Impact | wider awareness of project amongst non-traditional audience for STEM. |
URL | https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/875997606/liverpool-telescope-print-a3 |
Title | robotic astronomy |
Description | procedures, hardware and software systems for the automation of astronomical observations. |
Type Of Material | Improvements to research infrastructure |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | widespread adoption of robotic observing |
URL | https://telescope.livjm.ac.uk/ |