L-H transition studies on the ST40 tokamak

The plasma transition from the low to high (L-H) confinement regime in tokamaks, one of the most remarkable discoveries in fusion history, refers to the sudden improvement of confinement when input power is increased above a critical value. The L-H transition is accompanied by the formation of a pedestal at confined plasma edges, a relatively narrow edge plasma region with significantly enhanced pressure profile gradients and reduced transport. This in turn boosts the temperature of the core plasma thus improving the fusion performance compared to L-mode. This phenomenon has been reliably reproduced in different fusion devices since its first discovery in 1980s; the study of the L-H transition, the backwards H-L transition and the pedestal, has remained one of the most important research topics in Magnetically Confined Fusion ever since.
For ITER, questions on how to enter and exit the H-mode with the available heating power remain a crucial part of the practical machine operation planning. Recently, new tokamak concepts wandering further away from the conventional design of ITER, JET, etc., have been proposed, which require understanding of the access to H-mode in new regimes. The topic of L-H transitions is thus rapidly evolving, with a growing number of experimental studies planned on existing machines. These studies involve upgraded suites of edge, core and divertor plasma diagnostics and utilise advanced analysis techniques.
This project will make a unique and important contribution to ongoing world-wide H-mode access studies through the analysis of experimental results on the new ST40 super-conducting spherical tokamak at Tokamak Energy Ltd. To facilitate this, a novel interpretative model will be developed. ST40 plasmas will occupy new domains of low and high confinement operation with this spherical tokamak's exceptional combination of high magnetic field, low aspect ratio and augmented heating power. The validity of traditional analysis methodology, using mean values or variance across the instantaneous transitions into and out of H-mode, has limitations due to large, time-dependent fluctuations. Thus, the particular emphasis of this project will be on the investigation of the time-evolution of the L-H/H-L transitions, the edge pedestal where
available and the development of a novel probability distribution function (PDF) statistical method.
The experimental aspect of the project will be to map out the operational space for L-H (and H-L) transitions over a series of available parameter scans, such as density, magnetic field, Ip, torque or additional heating scheme. These results are expected to make a significant contribution to ongoing cross-spherical tokamak H-mode access studies on MAST, MAST-U and NSTX. On the theoretical and computational side, the project will employ an existing simulation code to solve the 3D Fokker-Planck equation and use it to develop and tune the lighter PDF statistical model. The code will need to be parallelised to speed up computations and upgraded to include a wider range of noise sources.

It cannot be overstated how important reducing CO2 emissions are in both electricity production for homes and industry but also in reducing road pollution by replacing petrol/diesel cars with electric cars in the next 20 years. These ambitions will require a large growth in electricity production from low carbon sources that are both reliable and secure and must include nuclear power in this energy mix. Such a future will empower the vision of a prosperous, secure nation with clean energy. To do this the UK needs more than 100 PhD level people per year to enter the nuclear industry. This CDT will impact this vision by producing 70, or more, both highly and broadly trained scientists and engineers, in nuclear power technologies, capable of leading the UK new build and decommissioning programmes for future decades. These students will have experience of international nuclear facilities e.g. ANSTO, ICN Pitesti, Oak Ridge, Mol, as well as a UK wide perspective that covers aspects of nuclear from its history, economics, policy, safety and regulation together with the technical understanding of reactor physics, thermal hydraulics, materials, fuel cycle, waste and decommissioning and new reactor designs. These individuals will have the skill set to lead the industry forward and make the UK competitive in a global new build market worth an estimated £1.2tn. Equally important is reducing the costs of future UK projects e.g. Wylfa, Sizewell C by 30%, to allow the industry and new build programme to grow, which will be worth £75bn domestically and employ tens of thousands per project.

We will deliver a series of bespoke training courses, including on-line e-learning courses, in Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Waste and Decommissioning; Policy and Regulation; Nuclear Safety Management; Materials for Reactor Systems, Innovation in Nuclear Technology; Reactor Operation and Design and Responsible Research. These courses can be used more widely than just the CDT educating students in other CDTs with a need for nuclear skills, other university courses related to nuclear energy and possibly for industry as continual professional development courses and will impact the proposed Level 8 Apprenticeship schemes the nuclear industry are pursuing to fill the high level skills gap.

The CDT will deliver world-class research in a broad field of nuclear disciplines and disseminate this work through outreach to the public and media, international conferences, published journal articles and conference proceedings. It will produce patents where appropriate and deliver impact through start-up companies, aided by Imperial Innovations, who have a track record of turning research ideas into real solutions. By working and listening to industry, and through the close relationships supervisory staff have with industrial counterparts, we can deliver projects that directly impact on the business of the sponsors and their research strategies. There is already a track record of this in the current CDT in both fission and fusion fields. For example there is a student (Richard Pearson) helping Tokamak Energy engage with new technologies as part of his PhD in the ICO CDT and as a result Tokamak Energy are offering the new CDT up to 5 studentships.

Another impact we expect is an increasing number of female students in the CDT who will impact the industry as future leaders to help the nuclear sector reach its target of 40% by 2030.
The last major impact of the CDT will be in its broadening scope from the previous CDT. The nuclear industry needs to embrace innovation in areas such as big data analytics and robotics to help it meet its cost reduction targets and the CDT will help the industry engage with these areas e.g. through the Bristol robotics hub or Big Data Institute at Imperial.

All this will be delivered at a remarkable value to both government and the industry with direct funding from industry matching the levels of investment from EPSRC.