Skyrmionics: From Magnetic Excitations to Functioning Low-Energy Devices
Lead Research Organisation:
Durham University
Department Name: Physics
Abstract
Tony Skyrme proposed that under special circumstances it is possible to stabilize vortex-like whirls in fields to produce topologically stable objects. This idea, effectively of creating a new type of fundamental particle, has been realised with the recent discovery of skyrmions in magnetic materials. The confirmation of the existence of skyrmions in chiral magnets and of their self-organization into a skyrmion lattice has made skyrmion physics arguably the hottest topic in magnetism research at the moment. Skyrmions are excitations of matter whose occurrence and collective properties are mysterious, but which hold promise for advancing our basic understanding of matter and also for technological deployment as highly efficient memory elements. Following the discovery of skyrmions in a variety of materials, several urgent questions remain which are holding back the field: what are the general properties of the phase transitions that lead to the skyrmion lattice phase, the nature of its structure, excitations and stability and how might we exploit the unique magnetic properties of this matter in future devices? These questions have only recently begun to be addressed by several large international consortia and are far from being resolved. For the UK to contend in this highly competitive field a major project is required that brings together UK experts in materials synthesis and state-of-the-art theoretical and experimental techniques. We propose the first funded UK national programme to investigate skyrmions, skyrmion lattices and skyrmionic devices. Our systematic approach, combining experts from different fields is aimed at answering basic questions about the status of magnetic skyrmions and working with industrial partners to develop technological applications founded on this physics.
Planned Impact
{Knowledge impact: scientific}
Our research will generate immediate and significant cross-disciplinary impact that will benefit physicists, chemists and materials scientists studying magnetism, the wider community of many-body quantum mechanics and topological physics, and the areas of technological applications of magnetism and materials simulation. We are especially excited that this will impact across disciplines, enabling us to extend our research to those in the areas of materials discovery, thin film growth, topological physics and technological development.
{Knowledge impact: technical}
We will work towards the design of a skymionic device that will open up prospects for ultra-low power information and storage technologies. This will address the ever-increasing demands for processing and storing extraordinarily large amounts of data. Current spintronic devices work by reversing the magnetic ordering within micron-sized ferromagnetic domains. Skyrmions are of size 10 - 100 nm and are remarkably mobile. They can be created, transported and manipulated by electric and magnetic fields. Electrical current densities of 10^6 Am^-2 can cause skyrmion motion, which compares with 10^11 Am^-2 required to move ferromagnetic domains. Skyrmions therefore represent a potential route to high-density, low-energy magnetic storage and the smallest micromagnetic configuration objects for novel ultra low-power magnetoelectrical devices. We aim to develop skyrmionic materials towards the point of deployment in device applications in collaboration with our industrial partners. Also key to our proposal is the development and use of state-of-the-art measurement technologies and theoretical techniques. Working closely with industry we will align our scientific programme with the engineering and commercial realities of modern-day information technologies.
{Economic impact and IP}
The potential economic impact of skyrmionics is enormous. Ultra high density magnetic storage and low energy magnetic sensors could result from our research. IP generated in fields such as magnetic devices and information processing/computing will be identified and protected with the assistance of the knowledge transfer services from the institutions involved.
{People and training}
A project of this scale which involves significant staff time provides an opportunity to exploit a powerful and varied platform for training. This will centre around the cohort of PDRAs, who will be trained in a variety of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical techniques including crystal and film growth, physical characterization and experimentation, theoretical modelling and industrial work. Each will benefit from the diverse range of techniques we will employ as part of the project and also from the range of working environments involved. Senior PDRAs will play a role in mentoring junior colleagues and supervising the work of PhD students. The PDRAs will manage and organise internal project meetings and seminars along with writing an electronic project newsletter and blog on the project website.
{Outreach}
Topological objects are not limited to skyrmions, but include domain walls (used in memory applications), vortices (used in superconducting devices) and monopoles (thought to exist in the early Universe). These are of increasing importance in modern science and technology but are relatively unexplored in the classroom, despite the fact that they are most easily explained with pictures rather than sophisticated mathematics. We will initiate an outreach effort as part of this project combining workshops for Key Stage 3 students along with an outreach website aimed at the established web-based community of popular science enthusiasts. Our outreach project aims to introduce the ideas of topological physics to a broad audience and stress its great potential for applications in future technologies.
Our research will generate immediate and significant cross-disciplinary impact that will benefit physicists, chemists and materials scientists studying magnetism, the wider community of many-body quantum mechanics and topological physics, and the areas of technological applications of magnetism and materials simulation. We are especially excited that this will impact across disciplines, enabling us to extend our research to those in the areas of materials discovery, thin film growth, topological physics and technological development.
{Knowledge impact: technical}
We will work towards the design of a skymionic device that will open up prospects for ultra-low power information and storage technologies. This will address the ever-increasing demands for processing and storing extraordinarily large amounts of data. Current spintronic devices work by reversing the magnetic ordering within micron-sized ferromagnetic domains. Skyrmions are of size 10 - 100 nm and are remarkably mobile. They can be created, transported and manipulated by electric and magnetic fields. Electrical current densities of 10^6 Am^-2 can cause skyrmion motion, which compares with 10^11 Am^-2 required to move ferromagnetic domains. Skyrmions therefore represent a potential route to high-density, low-energy magnetic storage and the smallest micromagnetic configuration objects for novel ultra low-power magnetoelectrical devices. We aim to develop skyrmionic materials towards the point of deployment in device applications in collaboration with our industrial partners. Also key to our proposal is the development and use of state-of-the-art measurement technologies and theoretical techniques. Working closely with industry we will align our scientific programme with the engineering and commercial realities of modern-day information technologies.
{Economic impact and IP}
The potential economic impact of skyrmionics is enormous. Ultra high density magnetic storage and low energy magnetic sensors could result from our research. IP generated in fields such as magnetic devices and information processing/computing will be identified and protected with the assistance of the knowledge transfer services from the institutions involved.
{People and training}
A project of this scale which involves significant staff time provides an opportunity to exploit a powerful and varied platform for training. This will centre around the cohort of PDRAs, who will be trained in a variety of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical techniques including crystal and film growth, physical characterization and experimentation, theoretical modelling and industrial work. Each will benefit from the diverse range of techniques we will employ as part of the project and also from the range of working environments involved. Senior PDRAs will play a role in mentoring junior colleagues and supervising the work of PhD students. The PDRAs will manage and organise internal project meetings and seminars along with writing an electronic project newsletter and blog on the project website.
{Outreach}
Topological objects are not limited to skyrmions, but include domain walls (used in memory applications), vortices (used in superconducting devices) and monopoles (thought to exist in the early Universe). These are of increasing importance in modern science and technology but are relatively unexplored in the classroom, despite the fact that they are most easily explained with pictures rather than sophisticated mathematics. We will initiate an outreach effort as part of this project combining workshops for Key Stage 3 students along with an outreach website aimed at the established web-based community of popular science enthusiasts. Our outreach project aims to introduce the ideas of topological physics to a broad audience and stress its great potential for applications in future technologies.
Organisations
- Durham University (Lead Research Organisation)
- RIKEN (Collaboration)
- Toshiba (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (Project Partner)
- Institut Laue-Langevin (Project Partner)
- CARDIFF UNIVERSITY (Project Partner)
- Technical University of Munich (Project Partner)
- PSI (Switzerland) (Project Partner)
- Dalhousie University (Project Partner)
- Samsung (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- Seagate (United States) (Project Partner)
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Project Partner)
- IBM (United States) (Project Partner)
- Diamond Light Source (Project Partner)
- Tamkang University (Project Partner)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (Project Partner)
- University of Parma (Project Partner)
Publications
Maskery I
(2016)
Bulk crystal growth and surface preparation of NiSb, MnSb, and NiMnSb
in Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena
Carey R
(2016)
Hysteresis of nanocylinders with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
in Applied Physics Letters
Zhang S
(2016)
Resonant elastic x-ray scattering from the skyrmion lattice in Cu 2 OSeO 3
in Physical Review B
Zhang S
(2016)
Imaging and manipulation of skyrmion lattice domains in Cu2OSeO3
in Applied Physics Letters
Lancaster T
(2016)
Transverse field muon-spin rotation measurement of the topological anomaly in a thin film of MnSi
in Physical Review B
Liu HJ
(2016)
A Metal-Insulator Transition of the Buried MnO2 Monolayer in Complex Oxide Heterostructure.
in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
Zhang S
(2016)
The magneto-Hall difference and the planar extraordinary Hall balance
in AIP Advances
Vousden M
(2016)
Skyrmions in thin films with easy-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy
in Applied Physics Letters
Zhang SL
(2016)
Multidomain Skyrmion Lattice State in Cu2OSeO3.
in Nano letters
Leonov AO
(2016)
Three-dimensional chiral skyrmions with attractive interparticle interactions.
in Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal
Leonov A
(2016)
Spintronics via non-axisymmetric chiral skyrmions
in Applied Physics Letters
Kravchuk V
(2016)
Topologically stable magnetization states on a spherical shell: Curvature-stabilized skyrmions
in Physical Review B
Figueroa A
(2016)
Strain in epitaxial MnSi films on Si(111) in the thick film limit studied by polarization-dependent extended x-ray absorption fine structure
in Physical Review B
Balakrishnan G
(2017)
Structural and magnetic investigations of new skyrmion phases
in Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances
Bosson C
(2017)
Cation disorder and phase transitions in the structurally complex solar cell material Cu 2 ZnSnS 4
in Journal of Materials Chemistry A
Beg M
(2017)
User interfaces for computational science: A domain specific language for OOMMF embedded in Python
in AIP Advances
Cortés-Ortuño D
(2017)
Thermal stability and topological protection of skyrmions in nanotracks
in Scientific Reports
Zhang S
(2017)
Direct experimental determination of spiral spin structures via the dichroism extinction effect in resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering
in Physical Review B
Zhang SL
(2017)
Room-temperature helimagnetism in FeGe thin films.
in Scientific reports
Frawley T
(2017)
Elucidation of the helical spin structure of FeAs
in Physical Review B
Balakrishnan Geetha
(2017)
Structural and magnetic investigations of new skyrmion phases
in ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES
Baker A
(2017)
Proposal of a micromagnetic standard problem for ferromagnetic resonance simulations
in Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Hesjedal Thorsten
(2017)
Engineered heterostructures
in NATURE MATERIALS
Beg M
(2017)
Dynamics of skyrmionic states in confined helimagnetic nanostructures
in Physical Review B
Bosson C
(2017)
Polymorphism in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 and New Off-Stoichiometric Crystal Structure Types
in Chemistry of Materials
Pepper R
(2018)
Skyrmion states in thin confined polygonal nanostructures
in Journal of Applied Physics
Zhang SL
(2018)
Direct Observation of Twisted Surface skyrmions in Bulk Crystals.
in Physical review letters
Loudon J
(2018)
Direct observation of attractive skyrmions and skyrmion clusters in the cubic helimagnet Cu 2 OSeO 3
in Physical Review B
Franke K
(2018)
Magnetic phases of skyrmion-hosting GaV 4 S 8 - y Se y ( y = 0 , 2 , 4 , 8 ) probed with muon spectroscopy
in Physical Review B
Frisk A
(2018)
Magnetic X-ray spectroscopy of two-dimensional CrI3 layers
in Materials Letters
Zhang SL
(2018)
Manipulation of skyrmion motion by magnetic field gradients.
in Nature communications
Jiang W
(2018)
Dynamics of Magnetic Skyrmion Clusters Driven by Spin-Polarized Current With a Spatially Varied Polarization
in IEEE Magnetics Letters
Zhang S
(2018)
Real-Space Observation of Skyrmionium in a Ferromagnet-Magnetic Topological Insulator Heterostructure.
in Nano letters
Birch M
(2018)
Increased lifetime of metastable skyrmions by doping
Wang W
(2018)
Current-induced instability of domain walls in cylindrical nanowires
in Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
Dean P
(2018)
A Spin-Canted Antiferromagnetic Ground State in CeRu 2 Al 10
in Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
Venkat G
(2018)
Enhanced spin wave propagation in magnonic rings by bias field modulation
in AIP Advances
Cortés-Ortuño D
(2018)
Proposal for a micromagnetic standard problem for materials with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
in New Journal of Physics
Štefancic A
(2018)
Origin of skyrmion lattice phase splitting in Zn-substituted Cu 2 OSeO 3
in Physical Review Materials
Bisotti M
(2018)
Fidimag - A Finite Difference Atomistic and Micromagnetic Simulation Package
in Journal of Open Research Software
Ku ST
(2018)
Low temperature magnetic properties of Nd2Ru2O7.
in Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal
Zhang S
(2018)
Reciprocal space tomography of 3D skyrmion lattice order in a chiral magnet.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Bowden G
(2019)
Expanding the Lorentz concept in magnetism
in New Journal of Physics
Description | Members of the Skyrmion project have discovered a method of measuring the topological charge, or winding number, of topological objects such as Skyrmions using polarised x-rays |
Exploitation Route | A new way to experimentally determine the topological winding number of a system has been discovered The elegant mathematical concept of topology generally describes a system's protected symmetry, which cannot be captured by the well-established symmetry-breaking theories. Driven by the enormous success of topological insulators and magnetic skyrmions, topologically protected materials are at the centre of attention. However, until now, the experimental determination of topological properties of materials was very indirect, and heavily relying on theoretical modelling in support of the experimental data. In a recent article in Nature Communications, scientists report on a new general physical principle that allows direct access to the topological property of materials. |
Sectors | Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Electronics,Energy |
URL | http://www.diamond.ac.uk/Science/Research/Highlights/2017/topological-knots.html |
Description | Participation in Science Festival Durham for School children Participation in Celebrate Science festival for children and families Saturday Morning Science Lecture for Children and families |
Sector | Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Education,Electronics,Energy |
Impact Types | Cultural,Societal,Economic |
Description | JSPS Summer scholarship for PhD student Max Birch to undertake research in Japan |
Organisation | RIKEN |
Department | Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) |
Country | Japan |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | PhD student Max Birch applied to JSPS and was awarded a Summer fellowship which covered return travel to Japan and living expenses for 10 weeks in 2018. During his time in Japan he undertook research on skyrmions which led to joint publications. |
Collaborator Contribution | Supervision of PhD student, cost of equipment and consumables used. Travel by RIKEN staff to UK for research meetings. |
Impact | Research papers written. Details supplied under outputs. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | JSPS Summer scholarship for PhD student Sam Moody |
Organisation | RIKEN |
Country | Japan |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Student preparing research programme, producing samples to take to Japan. Joint research undertaken with RIKEN. |
Collaborator Contribution | Supervision of PhD student for 10 week period. Joint research undertaken with Durham. |
Impact | The visit in Summer 2020 was delayed because of Covid until 2021. The visit happened August 2022 - November 2022. |
Start Year | 2019 |
Title | ubermag/micromagnetictests: Universal micromagnetic tests for different calculators. |
Description | Micromagnetic tests for Ubermag calculators |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
URL | https://zenodo.org/record/3707736 |
Title | ubermag/micromagnetictests: Universal micromagnetic tests for different calculators. |
Description | Micromagnetic tests for Ubermag calculators |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
URL | https://zenodo.org/record/3707737 |